Sudrey Norse: Difference between revisions

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Created page with "{{privatelang}} {{Infobox language |name=Sudrey Norse |nativename={{lang|snon|sudraèsce}} |pronunciation=sʊd.ˈre.sʲkʲə |ethnicity=Norse Scots |states=Suðreyjar |fam1=Indo-European |fam2=Germanic |fam3=North Germanic |fam4=West Scandinavian |fam5=Gaelo-Nordic<sup>?</sup> |script1=Runr |script2=Latn |ancestor=Old Norse |ancestor2=w:O..."
 
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=====Masculines=====
=====Masculines=====
These first few are masculine a-stems.
{{snon-decl-m-a|eld|1l=h-eld|1n=n-eld}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|hàt|hòt|1e=hàet|1l='àt|2l='òt|1el='àet|1n=nhàt|2n=nhòt|1en=nhàet}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|hàmer|hòmer|1l='àmer|2l='òmer|1n=nhàmer|2n=nhòmer}}
=====Feminines=====
=====Feminines=====
{{snon-decl-f-ōn|aerv|orv|1l=h-aerv|2l=h-orv|1n=n-aerv|2n=n-orv}}
=====Neuters=====
=====Neuters=====
Here we have the neuter a-stem.
{{snon-decl-n-a|post|post|1e=poest|1l=phost|1n=most|1en=moest|2n=most}}
In "post", notice the lack of change in the nom/acc plural, this is due to umlaut only occuring on -a- in this pattern, as in this next pattern.
{{snon-decl-n-a|màl|mòl|1e=màel|1l=mhàel|1n=màel|1en=màel|2n=mòl}}
Now here in "màl", notice how the difference is present.
===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
As with nouns, the definiteness distinction has been lost in adjectives, though it was lost far earlier than in nouns, this is attributed to the increasing reliance on the noun for definiteness. (Which itself too eventually fell to the use of "hi")
As with nouns, the definiteness distinction has been lost in adjectives, though it was lost far earlier than in nouns, this is attributed to the increasing reliance on the noun for definiteness. (Which itself too eventually fell to the use of "hi")
The forms of adjectives quickly began falling together, with the nominative/accusative distinction being lost quite early on.
{{snon-decl-adj|sèl|r=l}}


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
Scots Norse has a very, very simple system of inflected prepositions, only inflecting for person and number, but never for case or gender, likely because it can usually be told through context.
A large amount of speakers simply don't use inflected prepositions, though the majority does.
{{snon-infl-prep|lem=ì|in|1l=inh|1ol=ionh|1v=im}}
{{snon-infl-prep|til|1l=tilh|1ol=tiolh|1v=tilv}}
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The oppositive happened in the mediopassive, with the subjunctive becoming the future and stative, while the indicative was lost.
Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The oppositive happened in the mediopassive, with the subjunctive becoming the future and stative, while the indicative was lost.
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The stative doesn't exist for every verb, but the forms are still displayed for convenience's sake.
The stative doesn't exist for every verb, but the forms are still displayed for convenience's sake.


The original mediopassive indicative only remains in a small set of verbs acting as a reciprocal, typically physical actions taken towards others, like {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to fight"), {{lang|snon|{{term|slà}}}} ("to hit"), {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to embrace"), as well as a few abstract verbs, such as {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to love"). Otherwise it's been replaced by {{lang|snon|{{term|hìnu n-onnu}}}}
The original mediopassive indicative only remains in a small set of verbs acting as a reciprocal, typically physical actions taken towards others, like {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to fight"), {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to hit"), {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to embrace"), as well as a few abstract verbs, such as {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to love"). Otherwise it's been replaced by {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}
====Strong verbs====
====Strong verbs====
Strong verbs have survived rather well into Scots Norse, at times weak verbs have been made strong (though the opposite has also happened).
Strong verbs have survived rather well into Scots Norse, at times weak verbs have been made strong (though the opposite has also happened).
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=====Class 6=====
=====Class 6=====
=====Class 7=====
=====Class 7=====
====Weak verbs====
====Weak verbs====
=====Class 1=====
=====Class 1=====
The original distinction between "heavy" and "light" stems has long been lost in Scots Norse, the distinction between them having either been leveled out or sound changes led to its loss.
The original distinction between "heavy" and "light" stems has long been lost in Scots Norse, the distinction between them having either been leveled out or sound changes led to its loss.
{{snon-conj-weak1|mèl|mèlt|1o=mèol|2o=mèolt}}


=====Class 2=====
=====Class 2=====
{{snon-conj-weak2|tàl|tàldh|1e=tàel|2e=tàeldh|1u=tòl|2u=tòldh}}
=====Class 3=====
=====Class 3=====
====Suppletive verbs====
====Suppletive verbs====


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'''Old Norse (modern translation)''':
'''Old Norse (modern translation)''':
:Allir menn eru bornir frjálsir ok jafnir at virðingu ok réttum. Þeir eru allir viti gœddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gøra hvárr til annars bróðurliga.
:Allir menn eru bornir frjálsir ok jafnir at virðingu ok réttum. Þeir eru allir viti gœddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gøra hvárr til annars bróðurliga.
'''Scots Norse''':
:{{lang|snon|alirr me n-èor bhornirr friàlsirr o hiavnirr, hàevn vhirding h-o rhèot h-at tèrr. tèrr èor h-alirr vìt ghaèddirr o shanviosc, h-o shcùl ghaèr vhàrr til anarr bhròdhurligh.}}
:(alirr me n-èor bhornirr friàlsirr o hiavnirr, hàevn vhirding h-o rhèot h-at tèrr. tèrr èor h-alirr vìt ghaèddirr o shanviosc, h-o shcùl ghaèr vhàrr til anarr bhròdhurligh.)
:/ˈa.ʎɪr ˈmʲɛ ˈɲeɾˠ ˈvˠɔrˠ.ɲɪrˠ ˈfʲrʲol.ʃɪrʲ ɔ ˈçav.ɲɪrʲ ˈhovʲɲ ˈvʲɪrʲ.dʲɪŋ hɔ ˈɾʲetˠ çətʲ tʲerʲ ˈtʲerʲ ˈeɾ ˈha.ʎɪr ˈvʲitʲ ˈɣe.dʲɪrʲ ɔ ˈhã.vɪsˠk hɔ ʰkul ˈɣeɾʲ ˈɣor tʲɪʎ ˈa.ɲərʲ ˈvˠrˠo.ðˠur.ʎɪʝ/
:'''English translation'''
::lit: "all men are born free and equal, being dignity and rights at them. they are all endowed to reason and to conscience, and should act each to others to brotherly(ness)"
::"all men are born free and equal, having dignity and rights. they are all endowed with reason and conscience, and should act to eachother as a brotherhood"


==Lexical comparison==
==Lexical comparison==

Latest revision as of 16:59, 14 April 2026


Sudrey Norse
sudraèsce
Pronunciation[sʊd.ˈre.sʲkʲə]
Created byMelinoë
DateApril 3rd, 2026
Native toSuðreyjar
EthnicityNorse Scots
EraEvolved from Old Norse in the late 1200's, developed into Scots Norse by the mid 1800's
Early forms
Dialects
  • Inner
  • Outer
  • Mannish
Official status
Official language in
Scotland
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Sudrey Norse (endonym: sudraèsce; /sʊd.ˈre.sʲkʲə/) was a West Nordic language natively spoken throughout Suðreyjar, being the dominant language of the isles. It had recieved heavy influence from Scots Gaelic over the centuries, Gaelic contributing heavily to the spelling conventions of the language, and likely being the primary pushing force behind the development of the broad/slender distinction in Sudrey Norse.

Sudrey Norse had three main dialects, Inner, Outer, and Mannish (or Monsk), corresponding to the inner and outer Hebrides, as well as the Isle of Man. These dialects were largely intelligible and often didn't differ all that much from each other. Reportedly the Mannish dialect is still spoken in a few small villages in the north of the isle, though the language of those villages needs far more research in order to conclude what the language is, and if it's even a singular language.

History

Pre-Modern

Sudrey Norse originates in the mid to late 13th century, around the time Suðreyjar was handed over to Scotland with the Treaty of Perth. Though the language would continue to be largely unchanged from the Old Norse of the 12th century, 1266AD is often used as a dividing date between Old Norse and the earliest forms of Sudrey Norse. While 1266 is a relatively arbitrary date, it serves its purpose as a convenient divide between two stages, as following the Treaty of Perth, the Hebrides would gain a much larger population of Gaelic and English speakers (At this point still Middle Irish and Middle English), and from roughly 1450AD onward, Scots Norse would be increasingly influenced by Scots Gaelic and, to a lesser extent, Scots.

Having been spoken throughout Suðreyjar, Sudrey Norse had a dialect within the Isle of Mann (Sudrey Norse Monaèirr). Little is known about Manx Norse (Monaèsce), as it is very poorly recorded, the most extensive description being a short document from around 1500AD that contains a list of about 150 words, with a very poor description of the pronunciations. Though from this description we can gather that Manx Norse still had the dental fricatives that had been lost in other dialects (merging with t/d), we get this from the description "... these [th and dh] are like that of the Saxons' beloved þ"

Following the treaty of Perth, the usage of Norse began declining significantly, with evidence it was nearly extinct by 1550. A small revitalization occured in the mid 18th century when several of the last native speakers (at the time, Sudrey Norse had no more than 150 remaining speakers) gathered together to document the language so it could be taught to children. This effort was mostly effective, leading to the first noticeable rise in speaker count since it began declining. By the 1880's, there would be upwards of 1,500 native speakers, a majority of them young.

Modern

Sudrey Norse is typically considered extinct, having developed into Scots Norse centuries ago, though some claims have sparked the idea it may still be spoken in the north of the Isle of Man. Though these claims are largely lacking evidence, there is some truth, a Nordic language has been noted in the north of the Isle, but it's critically under-researched, so it cannot currently be claimed to be a form of Sudrey Norse.

Phonology

labial dental alveolar velar
Nasal m n
Stop Unvoiced p t k
Voiced b d g
Fricative Unvoiced f θ¹ s h
Voiced v ð¹ z ɣ
Approximant r, l j
  1. Only distinct in Mannish.
Front Back
Unround Round
High i u
Near-High ɪ ʊ
Mid-High e (ə) o
Mid-Low ɛ ɔ
Low a

Long vowels had likely long been lost, influencing the stress patterns of the language instead.

Morphology

Nouns

A major development in nouns is the complete loss of the definite forms, being replaced by the independent "hinn", which precedes the noun, triggering nasal mutation in some forms.

Strong nouns

There are two strong neuter, three masculine, and three feminine declensions. The masculine and feminine each have an A, an I, and an R stem, after the defining difference in the nominative singular of the Proto-Germanic form.

Though the masculine a-stems tend for an -s genitive singular, and the i- and r-stems tend for -ar, there are many words that don't follow.

First to be shown will be the masculine patterns, then the feminines, and lastly the neuters, with several examples for each pattern. Take notice of how the case system is starting to collapse.

Masculines
Feminines
Neuters

Adjectives

As with nouns, the definiteness distinction has been lost in adjectives, though it was lost far earlier than in nouns, this is attributed to the increasing reliance on the noun for definiteness. (Which itself too eventually fell to the use of "hi")

Prepositions

Verbs

Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The oppositive happened in the mediopassive, with the subjunctive becoming the future and stative, while the indicative was lost.

The stative doesn't exist for every verb, but the forms are still displayed for convenience's sake.

The original mediopassive indicative only remains in a small set of verbs acting as a reciprocal, typically physical actions taken towards others, like [Term?] ("to fight"), [Term?] ("to hit"), [Term?] ("to embrace"), as well as a few abstract verbs, such as [Term?] ("to love"). Otherwise it's been replaced by [Term?]

Strong verbs

Strong verbs have survived rather well into Scots Norse, at times weak verbs have been made strong (though the opposite has also happened).

Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
Class 5
Class 6
Class 7

Weak verbs

Class 1

The original distinction between "heavy" and "light" stems has long been lost in Scots Norse, the distinction between them having either been leveled out or sound changes led to its loss.

Class 2
Class 3

Suppletive verbs

Syntax

Texts

UDHR Article 1

Original (English):

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Old Norse (modern translation):

Allir menn eru bornir frjálsir ok jafnir at virðingu ok réttum. Þeir eru allir viti gœddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gøra hvárr til annars bróðurliga.

Lexical comparison

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