Glommish/Old

Glommish/Old is the most recent common ancestor of Þiúdьsk and Ufirlandisg.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Velar
Nasal		m m	n n
Stop /Affricate	voiceless	p p	t t		k c~k
	voiced	b b	d d		g ɟ~g
Fricative		f f~v	þ θ~ð	s s~z	h ç~x~h
Resonant		w ʋ	r r	l l	j j

All consonants except *j can be allophonically palatalized before front vowels (*e *ē *ö *ȫ *i *ī *ü *ǖ *eu *iu). The palatalization is still allophonic in Glommish/Old but the allophonic palatalization may have been especially strong in k/g.

• -anz, -inz, -unz > -ąz, -įz, -ųz > -ār, -īr, -ūr

Vowels

a ā e ē ъi i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ au eu iu ъ ь (e ē were probably very open, close to /æ æː/)

U-umlaut: a ā e ē i ī > o ō ö ȫ ü ǖ (from PGmc *a *ō/ā *e *ē *i *ī)

Vowel reflexes in stressed syllables:

a ā e ē ə̄ i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ au eu iu

Þiúd'sk: > a á ia/ie iá ý i í o ó ie ié iu iú i í ó ió iú

Ufirlandisg: > a ā ia(üe after w) iā(üē after w) ē(uō after w) i(ü after w) ī(ǖ after w) uo uō üe üē u ū ü ǖ au iau ieu

Morphology

Nouns

a-stem: wulfъ (m.) 'wolf'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	wulfъ	wulfa
Genitive	wulfъs	wulfa
Dative	wulfъi	wulfъmъ
Instrumental	wulfa	wulfъmь

a-stem: jukъ (m.) 'yoke'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	jukъ	juka
Genitive	jukъs	juka
Dative	jukъi	jukъmъ
Instrumental	juka	jukъmь

ā-stem: gefa (f.) 'gift'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	gefa	gefar
Genitive	gefar	gefa
Dative	gefai	gefamъ
Instrumental	gefa	gefamь

i-stem: gastь (m.) 'guest'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	gastь	gastir
Genitive	gastir	gastijā
Dative	gasti	gastьmъ
Instrumental	gasti	gastьmь

i-stem: marь (n.) 'sea'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	marь	mari
Genitive	marir	marja
Dative	mari	marьmъ
Instrumental	mari	marьmь

u-stem: sunъ (m.) 'son'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	sunъ	sunir
Genitive	sunor	sunьwa
Dative	suni	sunъmъ
Instrumental	sunu	sunъmь

an-stems: auga (m.) 'eye'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	auga	augana
Genitive	augьnь	augana
Dative	augьnь	augъmmъ
Instrumental	augьne	augъmmь

Syntax