Glommish
Glommish (/ɬʲuːtʲsk/; from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz) is a Germanic language spoken in Northern France and Western Germany on the alt-hist of Lõis. It has the most speakers on Lõis out of any Germanic language. Glommish is intended to have a pseudo-Slavic aesthetic.
1-10: ýn, tvý, llrí, fiór, finf, siaks, siaven, acht, nión, tiachn /ɨːn, tvɨː, ɬʲrʲiː, fʲoːr, fʲinf, sʲæks, sʲævən, axt, nʲoːn, tʲæxn/
11-19: ýlьf, tvalьf, llrítián, fiórъtián, finfъtián, siaksъtián, siafъtián, achъtián, nióntián /ɨːlʲf, tvalʲf, ɬʲrʲiːtʲæːn, fʲoːrtʲæːn, fʲinftʲæːn, sʲækstʲæːn, sʲæftʲæːn, axtʲæːn, nʲoːnʲtʲæːn/
20-90: tvýntiech, llrítiech, ... achъtiech, nióntiech /tvɨːnʲtʲəx, etc./
100: hunderll /hundərɬ/
1000: llúsendь /ɬuːzənʲdʲ/
Phonology
Like its southern neighbor Ufirlandisg, Glommish phonology is characterized by hard and soft consonants.
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | plain | pal. | plain | pal. | |||||
| Nasal | m m | mь mʲ | n n̪ | nь nʲ | ||||||
| Stop /Affricate |
voiceless | p p | pь pʲ | t t̪ | tь tʲ | č tʃ | k k | |||
| voiced | b b | bь bʲ | d t̪ | dь dʲ | dž dʒ | g g | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f f | fь fʲ | s s~z | sь sʲ~zʲ | ll ɬ~ɮ | llь ɬʲ~ɮʲ | š ʃ~ʒ | ch x~ɣ | h h |
| voiced | v v | vь vʲ | ||||||||
| Liquid | r r | rь rʲ | l ɫ | lь lʲ | j j | |||||
Orthographical note: The soft sign ь and the palatalizing i soften every consonant in the cluster by default; however, the hard sign ъ prevents the softening of consonants to the left of it.
- Notes
- Hard /ɬ~ɮ/ is strongly velarized [ɬˠ~ɮˠ].
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /ɪ/ | í /iː/ | y /ɨ/ | ý /ɨː/ | u /ʊ/ | ú /uː/ |
| Mid | e /ɛ/ | é /eː/ | e [ə] | o /ɔ/ | ó /oː/ | |
| Open | a /a/ | á /aː/ | ||||
Morphology
Nouns
Like German, Glommish has 4 noun cases.
Articles
Glommish uses the indefinite article ýn (declined as an adjective) and the definite article llar.
| case | singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | n. | ||
| nom. | llar | llí | llat | llí |
| acc. | llan | llí | llat | llí |
| dat. | llam | lliar | llam | llím |
| gen. | llas | lliar | llas | lliar |
Consonant stems
| a-stem: vulf (m.) 'wolf' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | vulf | vulfe |
| Accusative | vulf | vulfe |
| Dative | vulf, vulfe | vulfem |
| Genitive | vulfs | vulfe |
| ja-stem: basь (n.) 'berry' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | basь | basie |
| Accusative | basь | basie |
| Dative | basь, basie | basiem |
| Genitive | basies | basie |
n-stems
Declined like weak adjectives. (The masculines have -n in the accusative singular; the feminines and neuters have the accusative singular identical to the nominative singular.)
| a-stem: name (n.) 'name' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | name | namen |
| Accusative | name | namen |
| Dative | namenь | namem |
| Genitive | namenь | namen |
Vowel stems
Various Proto-Germanic stems. Almost always feminine in modern Glommish.
| ō-stem: nase (f.) 'nose' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | nase | naser |
| Accusative | nase | naser |
| Dative | nase | nasem |
| Genitive | naser | nase |
| u-stem: side (f.) 'custom' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | side | sider |
| Accusative | side | sider |
| Dative | side | sidem |
| Genitive | sider | side |
| i-stem: burllie (f.) 'birth' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | burllie | burllier |
| Accusative | burllie | burllier |
| Dative | burllie | burlliem |
| Genitive | burllier | burllie |
Grab bag
| z-stem: lamb (n.) 'lamb' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | lamb | lambier |
| Accusative | lamb | lambier |
| Dative | lambe | lambiem |
| Genitive | lambs | lambie |
| z-stem: fadier (m.) 'father' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | fadier | fadrie |
| Accusative | fadier | fadrie |
| Dative | fadrie | fadriem |
| Genitive | fadiers | fadrie |
Adjectives
Adjectives are declined, like in German but unlike in Ufirlandisg. For attributive adjectives, the weak declension is used when the noun is preceded by a definite article or demonstratives. The strong declension is used otherwise. Below are the strong and weak declensions of the adjective gád 'good':
Template:Col-2| case | singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | n. | ||
| nom. | gáder | gáde | gádet | gáde |
| acc. | gáden | gáde | gádet | gáde |
| dat. | gádme | gáder | gádme | gádem |
| gen. | gádes | gáder | gádes | gáder |
| case | singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | n. | ||
| nom. | gáde | gáde | gáde | gáden |
| acc. | gáden | gáde | gáde | gáden |
| dat. | gádenь | gádenь | gádenь | gádem |
| gen. | gádenь | gádenь | gádenь | gáden |
Soft-stem adjectives such as skónь 'beautiful' can be declined similarly.
| case | singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | n. | ||
| nom. | skónier | skónie | skóniet | skónie |
| acc. | skónien | skónie | skóniet | skónie |
| dat. | skónьme | skónier | skónьme | skóniem |
| gen. | skónies | skónier | skónies | skónier |
| case | singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | n. | ||
| nom. | skónie | skónie | skónie | skónien |
| acc. | skónien | skónie | skónie | skónien |
| dat. | skónienь | skónienь | skónienь | skóniem |
| gen. | skónienь | skónienь | skónienь | skónien |
Pronouns
Personal
| case | 1sg. | 2sg. | 3sg. | 1pl. | 2pl. | 3pl. | reflexive | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | n. | |||||||
| nom. | ik | llú | er | sí | it | wír | júr | í | - |
| acc. | mik | llik | ín | sí | it | unsь | jú | í | sik |
| dat. | mir | llir | ime | jar | ime | unsь | jú | ím | sir |
| gen. | mín | llín | is | jar | is | unsier | júrer | jar | sín |
Demonstrative
lliser = this; jéner = that
Verbs
Thematic verbs
-an verbs
This is the most productive class of verbs.
| tense | jac | zū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | jā |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | maka | makaś | makaź | makam | makaz | makanź |
| present subjunctive | maka | makas | maka | makam | makaz | makan |
| past indicative | makadie | makadiesd | makadie | makadiem | makadied | makadien |
| past subjunctive | makadi | makadisd | makadi | makadim | makadid | makadin |
| imperative | - | maka! | - | - | makaz! | - |
| present participle | makand | |||||
| past participle | makad | |||||
Also: liaufan 'love', lirnan 'learn'
-in verbs
| tense | jac | zū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | jā |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | rēci | rēciś | rēciź | rēcim | rēciz | rēcinź |
| present subjunctive | rēci | rēcis | rēci | rēcim | rēciz | rēcin |
| past indicative | rēcidie | rēcidiesd | rēcidie | rēcidiem | rēcidied | rēcidien |
| past subjunctive | rēcidi | rēcidisd | rēcidi | rēcidim | rēcidid | rēcidin |
| imperative | - | rēci! | - | - | rēciz! | - |
| present participle | rēcind | |||||
| past participle | rēcid | |||||
Also: arbēdin 'work'; haurin 'hear'; lērin 'teach'; sagin 'say'; ertalin 'tell, recount'; ranin 'run (transitive), execute, set into motion'
Verbs with a long vowel and dental suffix t in the past tense, e.g. bringin, brātie, brāt 'bring'; bugin, būtie, būt 'buy'; zancin, zātie, zāt - 'think' form a small subclass of the -in verbs.
Athematic verbs
Weak
Strong class 1
| tense | jac | zū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | jā |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | bīta | bītier | bītied́ | bītem | bītied | bītend́ |
| present subjunctive | bīte | bīter | bīte | bītem | bīted | bīten |
| past indicative | bēt | bētsd | bēt | bētam | bētad | bētan |
| past subjunctive | biti | bitisd | biti | bitim | bitid | bitin |
| imperative | - | bīt! | - | - | bītied! | - |
| present participle | bītend | |||||
| past participle | biten | |||||
Also: śgīnen, sgēn, śginen 'shine', drīfen, drēf, drifen 'drive', clīfen, clēf, clifen 'stick, cling', rīten, rēt, riten 'write'
Strong class 2
| tense | jac | zū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | jā |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | ciausa | ciausier | ciausied́ | ciausem | ciausied | ciausend́ |
| present subjunctive | ciause | ciauser | ciause | ciausem | ciaused | ciausen |
| past indicative | caus | causd | caus | causam | causad | causan |
| past subjunctive | curi | curisd | curi | curim | curid | curin |
| imperative | - | ciaus! | - | - | ciausied! | - |
| present participle | ciausend | |||||
| past participle | curen | |||||
Also: biauden, baud, buden 'offer, bid', biaugen, baug, bugen 'bow', fliaugen, flaug, flugen 'fly', fliawen, flau, fluwen 'flee, escape', friausen, fraus, fruren 'freeze'
Strong class 3
| tense | jac | zū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | jā |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | binda | bindier | bindied́ | bindem | bindied | bindend́ |
| present subjunctive | binde | binder | binde | bindem | binded | binden |
| past indicative | band | bandsd | band | bandam | bandad | bandan |
| past subjunctive | bundi | bundisd | bundi | bundim | bundid | bundin |
| imperative | - | bind! | - | - | bindied! | - |
| present participle | bindend | |||||
| past participle | bunden | |||||
Also: bieginen, biegan, biegunen 'begin'; drincen, dranc, druncen 'drink'; finzen, fanz, funzen 'find'; grinden, grand, grunden 'grind'; rinen, ran, runen 'run'; śbringen, sbrang, sbrungen 'burst, explode'; singen, sang, sungen 'sing'; wierpen, warp, wurpen 'throw'; źringen, zrang, zrungen 'press, force, push through'
Strong class 4
In Glommish, Proto-Germanic class 3b strong verbs have merged with class 4 strong verbs.
| tense | jac | zū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | jā |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | biara | biarier | biaried́ | biarem | biaried | biarend́ |
| present subjunctive | biare | biarer | biare | biarem | biared | biaren |
| past indicative | bar | barsd | bar | baram | barad | baran |
| past subjunctive | buri | burisd | buri | burim | burid | burin |
| imperative | - | biar! | - | - | biaried! | - |
| present participle | biarend | |||||
| past participle | buren | |||||
Also: briaken, brak, bruken 'break', niamen, nam, numen 'take', cüemen, kam, kumen 'come', śbriaken, sbrak, sbruken 'speak', śdialen, sdal, sdulen 'steal', hialpen, halp, hulpen 'help', driasg, drasg, drusgen 'thresh', śdiarf, sdarf, sdurfen 'die'
Strong class 5
| tense | jac | zū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | jā |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | giafa | giafier | giafied́ | giafem | giafied | giafend́ |
| present subjunctive | giafe | giafer | giafe | giafem | giafed | giafen |
| past indicative | gaf | gafsd | gaf | gafam | gafad | gafan |
| past subjunctive | giafi | giafisd | giafi | giafim | giafid | giafin |
| imperative | - | giaf! | - | - | giafied! | - |
| present participle | giafend | |||||
| past participle | giafen | |||||
Also: driapen, drap, driapen 'hit, meet', fergiaten, fergat, fergiaten 'forget', liasen, las, liaren 'read', siawen, saw, siawen 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs bidin, bad, biaden 'beg, pray', ligin, lag, liagen 'lie'
Strong class 6
| tense | jac | zū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | jā |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | grafa | grafier | grafied́ | grafem | grafied | grafend́ |
| present subjunctive | grafe | grafer | grafe | grafem | grafed | grafen |
| past indicative | grāf | grāfsd | grāf | grāfam | grāfad | grāfan |
| past subjunctive | grafi | grafisd | grafi | grafim | grafid | grafin |
| imperative | - | graf! | - | - | grafied! | - |
| present participle | grafend | |||||
| past participle | grafen | |||||
Also: faren, fār, faren 'spread', slagen, slāg, slagen 'strike', sdanden, sdānd, sdanden 'stand', wagsen, wāgs, wagsen 'grow', wasgen, wāsg, wasgen 'wash', jaten, jāt, jaten 'eat' (reclassified from class 5)
Strong class 7
hēten, hīt, hīten - to be called
laupen, liaup, liaupen - to leap
sdauten, śdiaut, śdiauten - to bump, crash
hald, hiald, hialden - to hold
liāten, līt, liāten - to let
siān, siādie, siād - to sow (regularized)
Preterite-present verbs
witen 'to know'
| tense | jac | zū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | jā |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | wōt | wōsd | wōt | witam | witad | witan |
| present subjunctive | witi | witir | witi | witim | witid | witin |
| past indicative | wiśdie | wiśdiesd | wiśdie | wiśdiem | wiśdied | wiśdien |
| past subjunctive | wiśdi | wiśdisd | wiśdi | wiśdim | wiśdid | wiśdin |
| imperative | - | wit! | - | - | witad! | - |
| present participle | witend | |||||
| past participle | wisd | |||||
cunen 'can, be able to'
| tense | jac | zū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | jā |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | can | cansd | can | cunam | cunad | cunan |
| present subjunctive | cuni | cunir | cuni | cunim | cunid | cunin |
| past indicative | cundie | cundiesd | cundie | cundiem | cundied | cundien |
| past subjunctive | cundi | cundisd | cundi | cundim | cundid | cundin |
Similarly sgulen 'should', zurfen 'have to'.
magen 'may'
The present forms of this verb are derived from Gmc *maganą (~ Eng. may, might), and the past forms are from PGmc *mōtaną (~ Eng. must).
| tense | jac | zū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | jā |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | mag | magsd | mag | muogam | muogad | muogan |
| present subjunctive | magi | magir | magi | magim | magid | magin |
| past indicative | māsdie | māsdiesd | māsdie | māsdiem | māsdied | māsdien |
| past subjunctive | māsdi | māsdisd | māsdi | māsdim | māsdid | māsdin |
Other irregular verbs
wilen 'want to, will'
| tense | jac | zū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | jā |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | wī | wīsd | wī | wīm | wīd | wīn |
| present subjunctive | wili | wilir | wili | wilim | wilid | wilin |
| past indicative | wildie | wildiesd | wildie | wildiem | wildied | wildien |
| past subjunctive | wildi | wildisd | wildi | wildim | wildid | wildin |
biaun 'be'
| tense | jac | zū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | jā |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | im | ir | iś | wiram | wirad | wiranź |
| present subjunctive | sije | sijer | sije | sijem | sijed | sijen |
| past indicative | was | wasd | was | wiēram | wiērad | wiēran |
| past subjunctive | wiēri | wiērisd | wiēri | wiērim | wiērid | wiērin |
| imperative | - | biau! | - | - | biaud! | - |
| present participle | wiesend | |||||
| past participle | wiēren | |||||
han 'have (auxiliary)'
| tense | jac | zū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | jā |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | ha | haś | haź | ham | haz | hanź |
| present subjunctive | hafe | hafis | hafi | hafim | hafiz | hafin |
| past indicative | hadie | hadiesd | hadie | hadiem | hadied | hadien |
| past subjunctive | hadi | hadisd | hadi | hadim | hadid | hadin |
| imperative | - | ha! | - | - | haz! | - |
| present participle | hafind | |||||
| past participle | had | |||||
dān 'do'
| tense | jac | zū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | jā |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | dā | dāś | dāź | dām | dāz | dānź |
| present subjunctive | dā | dās | dā | dām | dāz | dān |
| past indicative | diadie | diadiesd | diadie | diadiem | diadied | diadien |
| past subjunctive | diadi | diadisd | diadi | diadim | diadid | diadin |
| imperative | - | dā! | - | - | dāz! | - |
| present participle | dānd | |||||
| past participle | dān | |||||
gān 'go'
| tense | jac | zū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | jā |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | gā | gāś | gāź | gām | gāz | gānź |
| present subjunctive | gā | gās | gā | gām | gāz | gān |
| past indicative | giang | giangsd | giang | giangam | giangad | giangan |
| past subjunctive | giangi | giangisd | giangi | giangim | giangid | giangin |
| imperative | - | gā! | - | - | gāz! | - |
| present participle | gānd | |||||
| past participle | giangen | |||||
Also: fān - to get, to obtain