Pre-Húsnorsk

(still adjusting from the copied Jugsnorsk article)

Pre-Húsnorsk
*hōsanorzka
Created by	Melinoë
Native to	Northern Kievan Rus
Language family	Indo-European Germanic North Germanic Pre-Húsnorsk
Early form	Proto-Norse
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	phus

Pre-Húsnorsk was the North Germanic language ancestral to the Húsnorsk language(s), it is extremely notable for its archaic state, often noted as being "hyper-archaic", consistently preserving Proto-Germanic *z as distinct in all positions, even where lost in Old Norse, such as in *foglăʀ, vs. Old Norse fogl. (note that "ă" was historically written without the diacritic, and signifies a syllabic consonant. Also note that ʀ was historically written z, though the sound is reconstructed as *[ʝ].)

History

Name

"Húsnorsk" is believed to originate from Pre-Húsnorsk as *hósanorzka (note the "hús" is from Old Norse, not Húsnorsk), a term for all the vernacular dialects spoken in the period (roughly 1000AD-1400AD, around the same period as Old Norwegian), eventually coming to refer to the vernacular dialect of the region specifically.

Development

The development of Pre-Húsnorsk is poorly understood at best, it seems to follow Old Norse for the most part, but misses some of the vital shifts that define Old Norse.

Phonology

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Velar
Nasal		m		n
Stop	Unvoiced	p		t	k
	Voiced	b		d	g
Fricative	Unvoiced	f~v	θ~ð	s	x
	Voiced				ʀ¹
Approximant	Unvoiced	ʍ²		r̥, l̥
	Voiced	w		r, l³	j

1. probably [ʝ].
2. exact value unknown.
3. likely [ʟ] in coda position.

	Front		Back
	Unround	Round
High	i	y	u
Mid-High	e	ø	o
Mid-Low	ɛ	œ¹	ɔ
Low			a

1. it's not clear if this exists or not, it may have merged with */ø/

Orthography

Latin orthography of Pre-Húsnorsk
Phoneme	/i/	/iː/	/e/	/eː/	/æ/	/æː/	/y/	/y(ː)/	/ø/	/øː/	/u/	/uː/	/o/	/oː/	/ɔ/	/ɔː/	/a/	/aː/	/øy/	/ɛi/
Letter	i	ī	e	ē	æ	ǣ	y	ȳ	ø	ø̄	u	ū	o	ō	ǫ	ǭ	a	ā	øy	æi
Phoneme	/p/	/b/	/m/	/f/	/θ/	/t/	/d/	/n/	/l/	/s/	/r/	/ʝ/	/j/	/w/	/k/	/ɡ/	/x/	[ts]	/Cː/
Letter	p	b	m	f	þ	t	d	n	l	s	r	ʀ	j	w	k	g	h	z	CC

Morphology

Umlaut

Umlaut is a series of alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is not nearly as so in Húsnorsk, u-umlaut having been largely analogized out (it remains in some words where the u-umlaut occurred through enough forms for the umlauted root to be used rather than the basic one), this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. mál and mál). i-umlaut, however, is largely preserved, even extended at times. An odd phenomena occurs wherein words where the stressed vowel is i, when undergoing i-umlaut, instead exhibit u-umlaut (eg. i > y), the cause for this is entirely unknown.

The later vowel alternations from l-vocalization have yet to occur, as l seemingly had not yet to vocalize.

Nouns

Pre-Húsnorsk seems to exhibit the beginnings of the masculine/feminine collapsing into the common, though it had not been completed yet, this being one of the main distinctions between Pre-Húsnorsk (a dialect of Old Norse) from Varhúsnorsk (a distinct language).

The strong/weak distinction for nouns is largely unused in Húsnorsk linguistics.

Common patterns

Inflection of avli (common a-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	avli	avljī	avlæ	avlæní
accusative	avl	avlī	avla	avlana
vocative	j'avl	j'avlī	j'avla	j'avlana
dative	avli	avlinū	avlū	avlunū
genitive	avlis	avlinūs	avlūs	avlunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	avlsi	avlsjī	avlsæ	avlsæní
accusative	avls	avlsī	avlsa	avlsana
vocative	j'avls	j'avlsī	j'avlsa	j'avlsana
dative	avlsi	avlsinū	avlsū	avlsunū
genitive	avlsis	avlsinūs	avlsūs	avlsunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	avlgi	avlgjī	avlgæ	avlgæní
accusative	avlg	avlgī	avlga	avlgana
vocative	j'avlg	j'avlgī	j'avlga	j'avlgana
dative	avlgi	avlginū	avlgū	avlgunū
genitive	avlgis	avlginūs	avlgūs	avlgunūs

Inflection of úvi (common a-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	úvi	újī	úvæ	úvæní
accusative	ú	úvī	úva	úvana
vocative	j'ú	j'úvī	j'úva	j'úvana
dative	úvi	úvinū	úvū	úvunū
genitive	úvis	úvinūs	úvūs	úvunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	úsi	úsjī	úsæ	úsæní
accusative	ús	úsī	úsa	úsana
vocative	j'ús	j'úsī	j'úsa	j'úsana
dative	úsi	úsinū	úsū	úsunū
genitive	úsis	úsinūs	úsūs	úsunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	úgi	úgjī	úgæ	úgæní
accusative	úg	úgī	úga	úgana
vocative	j'úg	j'úgī	j'úga	j'úgana
dative	úgi	úginū	úgū	úgunū
genitive	úgis	úginūs	úgūs	úgunūs

Inflection of ǿ (common i-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ǿ	ójī	alí	alíní
accusative	ó	alī	ali	alina
vocative	j'ó	j'alī	j'ali	j'alina
dative	ali	alinū	alū	alunū
genitive	alis	alinūs	alūs	alunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ósj	ósjī	ósí	ósíní
accusative	ós	ósī	ósi	ósina
vocative	j'ós	j'ósī	j'ósi	j'ósina
dative	ósi	ósinū	ósū	ósunū
genitive	ósis	ósinūs	ósūs	ósunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ógj	ógjī	ógí	ógíní
accusative	óg	ógī	ógi	ógina
vocative	j'óg	j'ógī	j'ógi	j'ógina
dative	ógi	óginū	ógū	ógunū
genitive	ógis	óginūs	ógūs	ógunūs

As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.

Inflection of ásj (common u-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ásj	ásjī	æsí	æsíní
accusative	ás	ásī	ási	ásina
vocative	j'ás	j'ásī	j'ási	j'ásina
dative	ási	ásinū	ásū	ásunū
genitive	ásis	ásinūs	ásūs	ásunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ássj	ássjī	æssí	æssíní
accusative	áss	ássī	ássi	ássina
vocative	j'áss	j'ássī	j'ássi	j'ássina
dative	ássi	ássinū	ássū	ássunū
genitive	ássis	ássinūs	ássūs	ássunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	áskj	áskjī	æskí	æskíní
accusative	ásk	áskī	áski	áskina
vocative	j'ásk	j'áskī	j'áski	j'áskina
dative	áski	áskinū	áskū	áskunū
genitive	áskis	áskinūs	áskūs	áskunūs

The u-stem has largely become identical to the i-stem, the only difference being the i-umlaut in the nominative plural.

Inflection of najlj (common consonant-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	najlj	najljī	najl	najliní
accusative	najl	najlī	najl	najlina
vocative	j'najl	j'najlī	j'najl	j'najlina
dative	najli	najlinū	najlū	najlunū
genitive	najlis	najlinūs	najlūs	najlunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	najlsj	najlsjī	najls	najlsiní
accusative	najls	najlsī	najls	najlsina
vocative	j'najls	j'najlsī	j'najls	j'najlsina
dative	najlsi	najlsinū	najlsū	najlsunū
genitive	najlsis	najlsinūs	najlsūs	najlsunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	najlgj	najlgjī	najlg	najlginí
accusative	najlg	najlgī	najlg	najlgina
vocative	j'najlg	j'najlgī	j'najlg	j'najlgina
dative	najlgi	najlginū	najlgū	najlgunū
genitive	najlgis	najlginūs	najlgūs	najlgunūs

In najlj, you see how historic sound shifts occasionally flatten umlaut variations, such as here with the old /a/-/ɛ/ dynamic, where in Jugsnorsk /ɛ/ has merged with /a/. This should not be thought of as the removal of umlaut, but rather the loss of the distinction, as the umlaut variations can still be seen in other words, such as the following word:

Inflection of figgj (common consonant-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	figgj	figgjī	fygg	fygginí
accusative	figg	figgī	fygg	fyggina
vocative	j'figg	j'figgī	j'fygg	j'fyggina
dative	figgi	figginū	figgū	figgunū
genitive	figgis	figginūs	figgūs	figgunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	figgsj	figgsjī	fyggs	fyggsiní
accusative	figgs	figgsī	fyggs	fyggsina
vocative	j'figgs	j'figgsī	j'fyggs	j'fyggsina
dative	figgsi	figgsinū	figgsū	figgsunū
genitive	figgsis	figgsinūs	figgsūs	figgsunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	figgj	figgjjī	fyggj	fyggjiní
accusative	figgj	figgjī	fyggj	fyggjina
vocative	j'figgj	j'figgjī	j'fyggj	j'fyggjina
dative	figgji	figgjinū	figgjū	figgjunū
genitive	figgjis	figgjinūs	figgjūs	figgjunūs

Here in figgj you see how i-umlauted i becomes y, instead of the expected outcome of being unaffected.

Feminine patterns

The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment.

feminine ō-stem:

Inflection of nasi (common a-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	nasi	nasjī	nasæ	nasæní
accusative	nas	nasī	nasa	nasana
vocative	j'nas	j'nasī	j'nasa	j'nasana
dative	nasi	nasinū	nasū	nasunū
genitive	nasis	nasinūs	nasūs	nasunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	nassi	nassjī	nassæ	nassæní
accusative	nass	nassī	nassa	nassana
vocative	j'nass	j'nassī	j'nassa	j'nassana
dative	nassi	nassinū	nassū	nassunū
genitive	nassis	nassinūs	nassūs	nassunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	naski	naskjī	naskæ	naskæní
accusative	nask	naskī	naska	naskana
vocative	j'nask	j'naskī	j'naska	j'naskana
dative	naski	naskinū	naskū	naskunū
genitive	naskis	naskinūs	naskūs	naskunūs

feminine ōn-stem

Inflection of akka (common ōn-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	akka	akkā	akký	akkýní
accusative	akku	akkū	akký	akkýna
vocative	j'akku	j'akkū	j'akký	j'akkýna
dative	akki	akkinū	akkū	akkunū
genitive	akkis	akkinūs	akkūs	akkunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	akksa	akksā	akksý	akksýní
accusative	akksu	akksū	akksý	akksýna
vocative	j'akksu	j'akksū	j'akksý	j'akksýna
dative	akksi	akksinū	akksū	akksunū
genitive	akksis	akksinūs	akksūs	akksunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	akkja	akkjā	akkjý	akkjýní
accusative	akkju	akkjū	akkjý	akkjýna
vocative	j'akkju	j'akkjū	j'akkjý	j'akkjýna
dative	akkji	akkjinū	akkjū	akkjunū
genitive	akkjis	akkjinūs	akkjūs	akkjunūs

Neuter patterns

Inflection of mó (neuter a-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	mó	málit	mó	málī
accusative	mó	málit	mó	málī
vocative	j'mó	j'málit	j'mó	j'málī
dative	máli	málinū	málū	málunū
genitive	mális	málinūs	málūs	málunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	mós	mósit	mós	mósī
accusative	mós	mósit	mós	mósī
vocative	j'mós	j'mósit	j'mós	j'mósī
dative	mósi	mósinū	mósū	mósunū
genitive	mósis	mósinūs	mósūs	mósunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	móg	mógit	móg	mógī
accusative	móg	mógit	móg	mógī
vocative	j'móg	j'mógit	j'móg	j'mógī
dative	mógi	móginū	mógū	mógunū
genitive	mógis	móginūs	mógūs	mógunūs

Inflection of ísladd (neuter a-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ísladd	ísladdit	ísladd	ísladdī
accusative	ísladd	ísladdit	ísladd	ísladdī
vocative	j'ísladd	j'ísladdit	j'ísladd	j'ísladdī
dative	ísladdi	ísladdinū	ísladdū	ísladdunū
genitive	ísladdis	ísladdinūs	ísladdūs	ísladdunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ísladds	ísladdsit	ísladds	ísladdsī
accusative	ísladds	ísladdsit	ísladds	ísladdsī
vocative	j'ísladds	j'ísladdsit	j'ísladds	j'ísladdsī
dative	ísladdsi	ísladdsinū	ísladdsū	ísladdsunū
genitive	ísladdsis	ísladdsinūs	ísladdsūs	ísladdsunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ísladdg	ísladdgit	ísladdg	ísladdgī
accusative	ísladdg	ísladdgit	ísladdg	ísladdgī
vocative	j'ísladdg	j'ísladdgit	j'ísladdg	j'ísladdgī
dative	ísladdgi	ísladdginū	ísladdgū	ísladdgunū
genitive	ísladdgis	ísladdginūs	ísladdgūs	ísladdgunūs

forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi

Adjectives

Positive inflection of sý

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sý	sǿt	sélí	sǿ
accusative	sélā	sǿt	séla	sǿ
dative	séli	séli	sélū	sélū
genitive	sélis	sélis	sélūs	sélūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sǿjī	sǿtit	sélíní	sélī
accusative	sélī	sǿtit	sélana	sélī
dative	sélinū	sélinū	sélunū	sélunū
genitive	sélinūs	sélinūs	sélunūs	sélunūs

Comparative inflection of sý

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélé	sélat	sélarí	séla
accusative	sélarā	sélat	sélara	séla
dative	sélari	sélari	sélū	sélū
genitive	sélaris	sélaris	sélūs	sélūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélajī	sélatit	sélaríní	sélarī
accusative	sélarī	sélatit	sélarana	sélarī
dative	sélarinū	sélarinū	sélarunū	sélarunū
genitive	sélarinūs	sélarinūs	sélarunūs	sélarunūs

Superlative inflection of sý

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélastj	sélast	sélastí	sélast
accusative	sélastā	sélast	sélasta	sélast
dative	sélasti	sélasti	sélustū	sélustū
genitive	sélastis	sélastis	sélustūs	sélustūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélastjī	sélastit	sélastíní	sélastī
accusative	sélastī	sélastit	sélastana	sélastī
dative	sélastinū	sélastinū	sélustunū	sélustunū
genitive	sélastinūs	sélastinūs	sélustunūs	sélustunūs

Pronouns

Jugsnorsk personal pronouns

singular	1st	2nd	reflexive	3rd
				common	neuter
nominative	ak, a(h)¹, k', a'	þú, þ', u'	—	hán	þat, þan²
accusative	mik, mi(h)¹	þik, þi(h)¹	sik, si(h)¹
dative	mí	þí	sí	háni	þati, þani¹, þwí³
genitive	mínj	þínj	sínj	hánj	þatj, þanj¹
plural	1st	2nd	reflexive	3rd
				common	neuter
nominative	ví, ý	í	—	þí	þò
accusative	os	i, í	sik, si(h)¹	þé, þí
dative	osj	í	sí	þè
genitive	ork	ivé	sinj	þéja

1: colloquial
2: analogized with hán
3: archaic

Verbs

Húsnorsk has begun using -at far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs. -at appears as -t after vowels.

The plural imperative is usually -ið, but it's occasionally seen as -að, the origin of this new suffix is unknown, but likely comes from differentiating it from the subjunctive.

Strong verbs

Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs. The different classes exist as each has a different characteristic ablaut pattern.

Class 1

Class 1 is characterized by -ī- in the present and -i- in the past.

Positive conjugation of grīpa — (strong class 1)

	present			past
infinitive	grīpa			gripa
participle	grīpaddi			gripþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{ind_1sg}}}	{{{sub_1sg}}}		{{{pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	grīpuʀ	grīpiʀ		gripu	gripi
wīʀ	grīpum	grīpim		gripum	gripim
īʀ	grīpuþ	grīpiþ		gripuþ	gripiþ
þæiʀ	grīpun	grīpin		gripun	gripin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	grīpusk	grīpisk		gripusk	gripisk
wīʀ	{{{mp_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_sub_1pl}}}		{{{mp_pa_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_pa_sub_1pl}}}
īʀ/þæiʀ	grīpuzk	grīpizk		gripuzk	gripizk

Negative conjugation of grīpa — (strong class 1)

	present			past
infinitive	grīpat			gripat
participle	grīpaddit			gripzt
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{neg_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_sub_1sg}}}		{{{neg_pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	grīpust	grīpist		griput	gripit
plural	grīputt	grīpitt		griputt	gripitt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	grīpuszk	grīpiszk		gripuzk	gripizk
plural	grīputzk	grīpitzk		griputzk	gripitzk

Class 2

Class 2 is characterized by -jō- in the present and -u- in the past.

Positive conjugation of ljōga — (strong class 2)

	present			past
infinitive	ljōga			luga
participle	ljōgaddi			lugþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{ind_1sg}}}	{{{sub_1sg}}}		{{{pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	ljōguʀ	ljōgiʀ		lugu	lugi
wīʀ	ljōgum	ljōgim		lugum	lugim
īʀ	ljōguþ	ljōgiþ		luguþ	lugiþ
þæiʀ	ljōgun	ljōgin		lugun	lugin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	ljōgusk	ljōgisk		lugusk	lugisk
wīʀ	{{{mp_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_sub_1pl}}}		{{{mp_pa_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_pa_sub_1pl}}}
īʀ/þæiʀ	ljōguzk	ljōgizk		luguzk	lugizk

Negative conjugation of ljōga — (strong class 2)

	present			past
infinitive	ljōgat			lugat
participle	ljōgaddit			lugzt
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{neg_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_sub_1sg}}}		{{{neg_pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	ljōgust	ljōgist		lugut	lugit
plural	ljōgutt	ljōgitt		lugutt	lugitt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	ljōguszk	ljōgiszk		luguzk	lugizk
plural	ljōgutzk	ljōgitzk		lugutzk	lugitzk

Class 3

Class is split into several sub-classes, as there's multiple patterns contained in it. All patterns have -u- in the indicative past and -y- in the subjunctive past.

Class 3-e

Characterized by -e- in the present. This -e- is cognate to Old Norse -i-, the value is likely through a-umlaut, though this is debated.

Positive conjugation of wedda — (strong class 3-e)

	present			past
infinitive	wedda			udda
participle	weddaddi			uddþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{ind_1sg}}}	{{{sub_1sg}}}		{{{pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	wedduʀ	weddiʀ		uddu	yddi
wīʀ	weddum	weddim		uddum	yddim
īʀ	wedduþ	weddiþ		udduþ	yddiþ
þæiʀ	weddun	weddin		uddun	yddin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	weddusk	weddisk		uddusk	yddisk
wīʀ	{{{mp_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_sub_1pl}}}		{{{mp_pa_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_pa_sub_1pl}}}
īʀ/þæiʀ	wedduzk	weddizk		udduzk	yddizk

Negative conjugation of wedda — (strong class 3-e)

	present			past
infinitive	weddat			uddat
participle	weddaddit			uddzt
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{neg_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_sub_1sg}}}		{{{neg_pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	weddust	weddist		uddut	yddit
plural	weddutt	wedditt		uddutt	ydditt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	wedduszk	weddiszk		udduzk	yddizk
plural	weddutzk	wedditzk		uddutzk	ydditzk

Class 3-æ

Characterized by -æ- in the present.

Positive conjugation of wænna — (strong class 3-æ)

	present			past
infinitive	wænna			unna
participle	wænnaddi			unnþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{ind_1sg}}}	{{{sub_1sg}}}		{{{pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	wænnuʀ	wænniʀ		unnu	ynni
wīʀ	wænnum	wænnim		unnum	ynnim
īʀ	wænnuþ	wænniþ		unnuþ	ynniþ
þæiʀ	wænnun	wænnin		unnun	ynnin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	wænnusk	wænnisk		unnusk	ynnisk
wīʀ	{{{mp_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_sub_1pl}}}		{{{mp_pa_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_pa_sub_1pl}}}
īʀ/þæiʀ	wænnuzk	wænnizk		unnuzk	ynnizk

Negative conjugation of wænna — (strong class 3-æ)

	present			past
infinitive	wænnat			unnat
participle	wænnaddit			unnzt
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{neg_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_sub_1sg}}}		{{{neg_pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	wænnust	wænnist		unnut	ynnit
plural	wænnutt	wænnitt		unnutt	ynnitt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	wænnuszk	wænniszk		unnuzk	ynnizk
plural	wænnutzk	wænnitzk		unnutzk	ynnitzk

Old Norse -ja- is also under 3-æ, such as bærga (Old Norse bjarga)

Positive conjugation of bærga — (strong class 3-æ)

	present			past
infinitive	bærga			burga
participle	bærgaddi			burgþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{ind_1sg}}}	{{{sub_1sg}}}		{{{pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	bærguʀ	bærgiʀ		burgu	byrgi
wīʀ	bærgum	bærgim		burgum	byrgim
īʀ	bærguþ	bærgiþ		burguþ	byrgiþ
þæiʀ	bærgun	bærgin		burgun	byrgin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	bærgusk	bærgisk		burgusk	byrgisk
wīʀ	{{{mp_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_sub_1pl}}}		{{{mp_pa_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_pa_sub_1pl}}}
īʀ/þæiʀ	bærguzk	bærgizk		burguzk	byrgizk

Negative conjugation of bærga — (strong class 3-æ)

	present			past
infinitive	bærgat			burgat
participle	bærgaddit			burgzt
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{neg_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_sub_1sg}}}		{{{neg_pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	bærgust	bærgist		burgut	byrgit
plural	bærgutt	bærgitt		burgutt	byrgitt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	bærguszk	bærgiszk		burguzk	byrgizk
plural	bærgutzk	bærgitzk		burgutzk	byrgitzk

Class 3-ø

Characterized by -ø- in the present. -ø- is cognate to Old Norse -ø- and -y-.

This first verb is cognate to Old Norse þryngva.

Positive conjugation of þrøgga — (strong class 3-ø)

	present			past
infinitive	þrøgga			þrugga
participle	þrøggaddi			þruggþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{ind_1sg}}}	{{{sub_1sg}}}		{{{pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	þrøgguʀ	þrøggiʀ		þruggu	þryggi
wīʀ	þrøggum	þrøggim		þruggum	þryggim
īʀ	þrøgguþ	þrøggiþ		þrugguþ	þryggiþ
þæiʀ	þrøggun	þrøggin		þruggun	þryggin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	þrøggusk	þrøggisk		þruggusk	þryggisk
wīʀ	{{{mp_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_sub_1pl}}}		{{{mp_pa_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_pa_sub_1pl}}}
īʀ/þæiʀ	þrøgguzk	þrøggizk		þrugguzk	þryggizk

Negative conjugation of þrøgga — (strong class 3-ø)

	present			past
infinitive	þrøggat			þruggat
participle	þrøggaddit			þruggzt
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{neg_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_sub_1sg}}}		{{{neg_pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	þrøggust	þrøggist		þruggut	þryggit
plural	þrøggutt	þrøggitt		þruggutt	þryggitt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	þrøgguszk	þrøggiszk		þrugguzk	þryggizk
plural	þrøggutzk	þrøggitzk		þruggutzk	þryggitzk

This next verb is cognate with Old Norse søkkva.

Positive conjugation of søkka — (strong class 3-ø)

	present			past
infinitive	søkka			sukka
participle	søkkaddi			sukkþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{ind_1sg}}}	{{{sub_1sg}}}		{{{pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	søkkuʀ	søkkiʀ		sukku	sykki
wīʀ	søkkum	søkkim		sukkum	sykkim
īʀ	søkkuþ	søkkiþ		sukkuþ	sykkiþ
þæiʀ	søkkun	søkkin		sukkun	sykkin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	søkkusk	søkkisk		sukkusk	sykkisk
wīʀ	{{{mp_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_sub_1pl}}}		{{{mp_pa_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_pa_sub_1pl}}}
īʀ/þæiʀ	søkkuzk	søkkizk		sukkuzk	sykkizk

Negative conjugation of søkka — (strong class 3-ø)

	present			past
infinitive	søkkat			sukkat
participle	søkkaddit			sukkzt
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{neg_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_sub_1sg}}}		{{{neg_pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	søkkust	søkkist		sukkut	sykkit
plural	søkkutt	søkkitt		sukkutt	sykkitt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	søkkuszk	søkkiszk		sukkuzk	sykkizk
plural	søkkutzk	søkkitzk		sukkutzk	sykkitzk

Class 5

Positive conjugation of gæta — (strong class 5)

	present			past
infinitive	gæta			gāta
participle	gætaddi			gāttăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{ind_1sg}}}	{{{sub_1sg}}}		{{{pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	gætuʀ	gætiʀ		gātu	gāti
wīʀ	gætum	gætim		gātum	gātim
īʀ	gætuþ	gætiþ		gātuþ	gātiþ
þæiʀ	gætun	gætin		gātun	gātin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	gætusk	gætisk		gātusk	gātisk
wīʀ	{{{mp_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_sub_1pl}}}		{{{mp_pa_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_pa_sub_1pl}}}
īʀ/þæiʀ	gætuzk	gætizk		gātuzk	gātizk

Negative conjugation of gæta — (strong class 5)

	present			past
infinitive	gætat			gātat
participle	gætaddit			gātzt
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{neg_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_sub_1sg}}}		{{{neg_pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	gætust	gætist		gātut	gātit
plural	gætutt	gætitt		gātutt	gātitt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	gætuszk	gætiszk		gātuzk	gātizk
plural	gætutzk	gætitzk		gātutzk	gātitzk

Class 7

Positive conjugation of gagga — (strong class 7)

	present			past
infinitive	gagga			gægga
participle	gaggaddi			gæggþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{ind_1sg}}}	{{{sub_1sg}}}		{{{pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	gægguʀ	gaggiʀ		gæggu	gæggi
wīʀ	gaggum	gaggim		gæggum	gæggim
īʀ	gagguþ	gaggiþ		gægguþ	gæggiþ
þæiʀ	gaggun	gaggin		gæggun	gæggin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	gaggusk	gaggisk		gæggusk	gæggisk
wīʀ	{{{mp_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_sub_1pl}}}		{{{mp_pa_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_pa_sub_1pl}}}
īʀ/þæiʀ	gagguzk	gaggizk		gægguzk	gæggizk

Negative conjugation of gagga — (strong class 7)

	present			past
infinitive	gaggat			gæggat
participle	gaggaddit			gæggzt
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{neg_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_sub_1sg}}}		{{{neg_pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	gæggust	gaggist		gæggut	gæggit
plural	gaggutt	gaggitt		gæggutt	gæggitt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	gagguszk	gaggiszk		gægguzk	gæggizk
plural	gaggutzk	gaggitzk		gæggutzk	gæggitzk

Weak verbs

Weak verbs are defined by a -þ- in the past tense, with the forms otherwise identical to the present.

weak verbs have largely been leveled to two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, bøygja, is a j-weak.

Positive conjugation of bøygja — (j-weak)

	present			past
infinitive	bøygą			bøygþą
participle	bøygaddăʀ			bøygþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	bøygi	bøygą		bøygþą	bøygþį
þū/hānăʀ	bøygiʀ	bøygiʀ		bøygþiʀ	bøygþiʀ
wīʀ	bøygum	bøygim		bøygþum	bøygþim
īʀ	bøyguþ	bøygiþ		bøygþuþ	bøygþiþ
þæiʀ	bøygų	bøygį		bøygþų	bøygþį
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	bøygisk	bøygisk		bøygþisk	bøygþisk
wīʀ	bøygumsk	bøygimsk		bøygþuzk	bøygþimsk
īʀ/þæiʀ	bøyguzk	bøygizk		bøygþuzk	bøygþizk

Negative conjugation of bøygja — (j-weak)

	present			past
infinitive	bøygąt			bøygþąt
participle	bøygatzt			bøygþst
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	bøygit	bøygąt		bøygþąt	bøygþįt
þū/hānăʀ	bøygist	bøygist		bøygþist	bøygþist
plural	bøygutt	bøygitt		bøygþutt	bøygþitt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	bøygizk	bøygizk		bøygþizk	bøygþizk
plural	bøygutzk	bøygitzk		bøygþutzk	bøygþitzk

This next verb, hafa, is a plain weak.

Positive conjugation of hafa — (weak)

	present			past
infinitive	hafą			hafþą
participle	hafaddăʀ			hafþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	hafi	hafą		hafþą	hafþį
þū/hānăʀ	hafiʀ	hafiʀ		hafþiʀ	hafþiʀ
wīʀ	hafum	hafim		hafþum	hafþim
īʀ	hafuþ	hafiþ		hafþuþ	hafþiþ
þæiʀ	hafų	hafį		hafþų	hafþį
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	hafisk	hafisk		hafþisk	hafþisk
wīʀ	hafumsk	hafimsk		hafþuzk	hafþimsk
īʀ/þæiʀ	hafuzk	hafizk		hafþuzk	hafþizk

Negative conjugation of hafa — (weak)

	present			past
infinitive	hafąt			hafþąt
participle	hafatzt			hafþst
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	hafit	hafąt		hafþąt	hafþįt
þū/hānăʀ	hafist	hafist		hafþist	hafþist
plural	hafutt	hafitt		hafþutt	hafþitt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	hafizk	hafizk		hafþizk	hafþizk
plural	hafutzk	hafitzk		hafþutzk	hafþitzk

Suppletive verbs

Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.

This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.

Positive conjugation of wæsa — active only (suppletive, or irregular strong class 5)

	present			past
infinitive	wæsa			wāʀa, wāsa⁴
participle	wæsaddi			wāstăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{ind_1sg}}}	{{{sub_1sg}}}		{{{pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	(w)æsuʀ²	wæsiʀ		wāʀu, wās⁴	wāʀi
wīʀ	(w)æsum³	wæsim		wāʀum	wāʀim
īʀ	(w)æsuþ³	wæsiþ		wāʀuþ	wāʀiþ
þæiʀ	(w)æsun³	wæsin		wāʀun	wāʀin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	—	—		—	—
wīʀ	—	—		—	—
īʀ/þæiʀ	—	—		—	—

2: regularized to the root wæs-
3: see note 2; -s- is younger, originally had -ʀ-
4: older

Negative conjugation of wæsa — active only (suppletive, or irregular strong class 5)

	present			past
infinitive	wæsat			wāʀat
participle	wæsaddit			wāstast
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{neg_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_sub_1sg}}}		{{{neg_pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	(w)æsust	wæsist		wāʀut	wāʀit
plural	(w)æsutt	wæsitt		wāʀutt	wāʀitt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	—	—		—	—
plural	—	—		—	—

2: regularized to the root wæs-
3: see note 2; -s- is younger, originally had -ʀ-
4: older

The regularized wæs- root was generally rare till late Pre-Húsnorsk, where it starts becoming the dominant forms (with wāʀ- retained for the past)

Numerals

The following table will present the cardinal 1-10.

Number	Pre-Húsnorsk
1	æinaʀ (/æinăʀ/)
2	twæi(ʀ)
3	þrīʀ
4	fæþwiʀ
5	*fæmf
6	sæks
7	*sævu(n)
8	*āhtu(n)?
9	*n(j)u(n)
10	*t(j)u(n)

Positive inflection of énj

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	énj	étt	éní	én
accusative	énā	étt	éna	én
dative	éni	éni	énū	énū
genitive	énis	énis	énūs	énūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	—	—	—	—
accusative	—	—	—	—
dative	—	—	—	—
genitive	—	—	—	—

This next table is the ordinal 1-10, these were largely regularized to variants of -ði in Pre-Húsnorsk.

Number	Pre-Húsnorsk
1	æinþi
2	twæiþi
3	þrīþi
4	fæþþi (< *fæþwiþi)
5	fæddi (< *fæmdi)
6	sæhti
7	*sæfti
8	atti (/ātti/), *āhti?
9	*ny(n)þi
10	*ty(n)þi

Syntax

Pre-Húsnorsk syntax is relatively the same as Old Norse, and incredibly well preserved by Jugsnorsk, having relatively free word order, outside of requiring V2, allowing nouns to appear anywhere in the sentence as long as they're marked correctly.

These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Pre-Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).

maðpjoldin wāʀ 1.500 —The population was 1,500

In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.

In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.

ārit 2000 wāʀ maðpjoldin 1.500—In 2000, the population was 1,500 (lit. The year 2000 was the population 1,500)

The prepositional phrase "ārit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after 2000 rather than ārit.

V2 order seemingly has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following examples, you'll see the different methods that were used for question marking:

Ari wæsi soltin — Ari is hungry (lit. Ari has hungry)

and as a question:

Ari wæsi soltin? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Ari has hungry?)

Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).

Another method is SO inversion, as in:

soltin wæsi Ari? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Hungry has Ari?)

Lexical comparison

Leipzig-Jakarta List
Rank	Meaning	Old West Norse	Old East Norse	Pre-Húsnorsk
1	fire	eldr	eldʀ	eldăʀ
2	nose	nǫs	nǫs	nas
3	to go	ganga	ganga	gagga
4	water	vatn	watn	watn
5	mouth	(body) munnr (river) mynni (river) óss	(body) munþʀ (river) mynni (river) ōss	(body) munþăʀ (river) mynþi (river) ōsăʀ
6	tongue	tunga	tunga	tugga
7	blood	blóð	blōþ	blōþ
8	bone	bein	bēn	bæin
9	2sg pronoun (you)	þú	þū	þū
10	root	rót	rōt	rōt
11	to come (move)	kuma, koma	koma, kuma	koma
12	breast	brjóst	brjōst?	brjost
13	rain	regn	rægn	rægn
14	1sg pronoun (I)	ek	iak	æk
15	name	nafn	nafn (naβn?)	namn
16	louse (Phthirapteron)
17	wing
18	flesh/meat
19	arm/hand
20	fly (Dipteron)
21	night (time)	nátt	nāt	nāt
22	ear
23	neck
24	far (prep.)
25	to do/make
26	house/structure
27	stone/rock (singular)
28	bitter
29	to say	tala	tala	spā¹, tala
30	tooth
31	hair
32	big
33	one (number)	einn	ēn(?)	æin
34	who?
35	3sg pronoun (they)	hann (m) hǫ́n (f) þat (n)	han(n) (m) hōn (f) þæt? (n)	hān (m/f) þat (n)
36	to hit/beat
37	leg/foot
38	horn
39	this (pron.)	sá	sa	sa
40	fish	fiskr	fiskʀ	feskăʀ
41	yesterday
42	to drink
43	black (color)
44	navel
45	to stand
46	to bite
47	back (body)
48	wind
49	smoke (substance)
50	what?
51	child (kin term)
52	egg
53	to give
54	new (adj.)
55	to burn (intr.)
56	not (adj./adv.)	eigi (verbal) -at	ēgi (verbal) -at	æigi, æi (verbal) -(a)t
57	good
58	to know	kunna (a person) kenna	kunna (a person) kænna	konna (a person) kænna
59	knee
60	sand
61	to laugh
62	to hear
63	soil
64	leaf
65	red (color)
66	liver (organ)
67	to hide
68	skin/hide	feldr (animal) skinn (general) húð	feldʀ (animal) skin(n) (general) hūþ	feldăʀ (animal) skenþ³ (general) hūþăʀ (human)
69	to suck
70	to carry
71	ant (Formid)
72	heavy
73	to take
74	old
75	to eat	eta	æta	æta
76	thigh
77	thick
78	long (spacially)
79	to blow
80	wood
81	to run
82	to fall
83	eye (body-part)
84	ash
85	tail
86	dog
87	to cry/weep
88	to tie
89	to see
90	sweet
91	rope
92	shade/shadow
93	bird	fugl, fogl	fogl	foglăʀ
94	salt
95	small
96	wide
97	star
98	in	í	ī	ī
99	hard (materially)
100	to crush/grind

1. cognate to Old Norse "spá" ("to foretell")
2. a form with a-umlaut.
3. a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic.