Aryan

Pronouns [...]

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Personal Pronouns=

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	PRONOUN DECLENSION
	Singular			Dual			Plural
	1st-person	2nd-person	3rd-person	1st-person	2nd-person	3rd-person	1rd-person	2nd-person	3rd-person
Nominative	*aiǵṓn	*tū́	*aíh0i, *aī́h0, *aíts	*ōi̯ṓn	*ūi̯ū́	*aī́, *īu̯ī́h0, *īu̯ī́	*ṓns	*ū́s	*aī́s, *ī́h0s, *ī́a
Accusative	*nh0	*tu̯h0	*ím, *íh0m, *íts	*nóh0	*úh0	*aím, *aíh0m, *aíts	*nsh0	*u̯sh0	*ísm, *íh0sm, *ía
Genitive	*ni̯a	*tu̯i̯a	*ítsi̯a, *íh0tsi̯a, *ítsi̯a	*nói̯a	*úi̯a	*aítsi̯a, *aíh0tsi̯a, *aítsi̯a	*nsi̯a	*u̯si̯a	*ítsi̯am, *íh0tsi̯am, *ítsi̯am
Locative	*ni	*tu̯i	*ítsi, *íh0tsi, *ítsi	*nói	*úi	*aítsi, *aíh0tsi, *aítsi	*nsi	*u̯si	*ítsim, *íh0tsi̯am, *ítsi̯am
Dative	*nai̯	*tu̯ai̯	*ítsai̯, *íh0tsai̯, *ítsai̯	*nóai̯	*úai̯	*aísai̯, *aíh0sai̯, *aídai̯	*nsai̯	*u̯sai̯	*ítsai̯m, *íh0tsai̯m, *ítsai̯m

• The particle <*m> gains the property of the serial particle <*s> when the latter conflates with the absolute particle *ts (this contamination was likely encouraged due the presence of *m in the accusative).
  • Vide the genitive plural of the third-person:
    • *ítsi̯am (Aryan) > *éysom (PIE) ⇒ eum (Latin)
  • The PIE emphatic*h₁eǵHóm is more archaic than *h₁eǵH, as Homeric Greek ἐγών and Sanskrit अहम् suggest. The primordial form of *aiǵṓn (PIE *h₁eǵHóm) is ˈʕɨ̀ː-ɔː (Codex), which would regularly yield *aíō, yet it is observed that in Aryan the consonant <*ǵ> is inserted, plus the affixation of <*n>, a borrowing from Diluvian nao "I".
    • Thus another sense was rendered, the emphatic particle *-om (PIE).
• The nasal in *aiǵṓn "I" was subsequently labialized by the preceding vowel, shortening the nucleus (i.e. /ɔːn/ ⇒ /ɔwn/ ⇒ /ɔm/).
  • This sound change affected all other inflections of the first person singular.
    • e.g. the Aryan form *nh₀ "me" became *mh₀, then PIE *me.
• The dual is formed by erasing sounds of the singular, then reduplicating it (e.g. *aiǵṓn ⇒ *ōi̯ṓn; *tū́ ⇒ *ūi̯ū́; *aíh0i ⇒ *aī́), while the plural is formed by erasing the reduplication of the dual, then adding the serial particle *-s- (e.g. *ōi̯ṓn ⇒ *ṓns; *ūi̯ū́ ⇒ *ū́s; *aī́ ⇒ *aís). Medial *i̯ ~ *u̯ is inserted to avoid diphthongs.
  • The products of this process would eventually substitute the plural forms of the first and second-person (i.e. *ṓns "we (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by *ōi̯ṓn "we (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ *wéy "we (plural)" (PIE); *ūs "you (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by *ūi̯ū́ "you (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ *yū́ "you (plural)" (PIE)).
• In Aryan, third-person pronouns possess a shorter form when complemented by a noun (e.g. *aíh₀i "he" > *h₀naír h₀í "he, the man"). The reason for this is that in the Codex, pronouns used to be morphologically treated as affixes, and therefore couldn't stand by themselves except when linked to a root (e.g. ˈə-e̞ː "he/she/it", but not **e̞ː).
  • As a result, the clitic counterparts gained a sense as proximal demonstratives of PIE, being evident in forms such as Latin is "he", ea "she", and id "it", whose anaphoric use prohibts them to stand by themselves.
    • e.g. *h₀í "he" ⇒ *éy "this/he"; *íh₀ "she" ⇒ *íh₂ "this/she"; *íts "it" ⇒ *íd "this/it".

Demonstrative Pronouns

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tsar > tsats > *tad "that"

	PRONOUN DECLENSION
	Singular			Dual			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*h0tsar	*tsah0r	*tsar	*ōi̯ṓn	*ūi̯ū́	*aī́, *īu̯ī́h0, *īu̯ī́	*ṓns	*ū́s	*aī́s, *ī́h0s, *ī́a
Accusative	*nh0	*tu̯h0	*ím, *íh0m, *íd	*nóh0	*úh0	*aím, *aíh0m, *aíd	*nsh0	*u̯sh0	*ísm, *íh0sm, *ía
Genitive	*ni̯a	*tu̯i̯a	*ísi̯a, *íh0si̯a, *ídi̯a	*nói̯a	*úi̯a	*aísi̯a, *aíh0si̯a, *aídi̯a	*nsi̯a	*u̯si̯a	*ísi̯am, *íh0si̯am, *ídi̯am
Locative	*ni	*tu̯i	*ísi, *íh0si, *ídi	*nói	*úi	*aísi, *aíh0si, *aídi	*nsi	*u̯si	*ísim, *íh0si̯am, *ídi̯am
Dative	*nai̯	*tu̯ai̯	*ísai̯, *íh0sai̯, *ídai̯	*nóai̯	*úai̯	*aísai̯, *aíh0sai̯, *aídai̯	*nsai̯	*u̯sai̯	*ísai̯m, *íh0sai̯m, *ídai̯m

*aítsaras "one there" > *h₁íteros "(an)other"

-tar (loc.)

• íta "there/then/thus"
• h1itH "thus" EX: ita
• h1idH "here" EX: ibi
• tor "there"

tso -r "locative"

ítar > h1itH tsatar "that > tor