User:IlL/Sketchbook

Polykhmer

Phonology

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/	nh /ɲ/	ng /ŋ/
Plosive	plain	p /p/	t /t/	ch /c/	k /k/		[ʔ]
	aspirated	ph /pʰ/	th /tʰ/	chh /cʰ/	kh /kʰ/
	implosive	b /ɓ~b/	d /ɗ~d/
Fricative		v /v~w/	s /z~s~ʃ/	h [-ç]		h [-χ]	h /h/
Trill/App.			r [r]1 2	y /j/		r /ʀ~ɐ̯/
Lat. app.			l /l/

¹ Used in traditional/classical singing and stage performances.
² Dialectal.

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i~ɨ/	í /iː/		ue /ɨː/	u /u/	ú /uː/
Close-mid	e /e~ə/	é /eː/			o /o/	ó /oː/
Open-mid					ô /ɔ/
Open	a /a/	a /aː/			â /ɒ/

Romanization	éa	uo	ei	ou	ea	oa	éi	ao	ai	au	ey	eu
IPA	/iːə̯/	/uːə̯/	/əi/	/ou/	/eə̯/	/oə̯/	/ei/	/aˑo/	/ai/	/au/	/ɨj/	/ɨw/

Grammar

• PCW *spor-a=mē > PPK *sparamā > spârômea - I eat
• PCW *spor-a=dhē > PPK *sparadhā > spârôthea - you eat
• PCW *spora-mē-azo, *spora-dhē-azo > PPK *sparamāha, *sparadhāha > PK spârômeah [ʃpɑrɔmiəχ] 'we eat', spârôtheah [ʃpɑrɔtʰiəχ] 'ye eat'
• 'silver, money': vaṃśātaṃ (nom), vaṃśātinā (acc); vaṃśātahaṃ (nom), vaṃśātahinā > vaṃśātēnā (acc)

Numerals

PPK vār, śra, hāl, dhah, arbh, śab, kṣar, dhiś, ād, bhām

Currency jokelang

₳ ฿ ¢ ​₡ ​₢ $ ​₫ ​₯ ₠ ​€ ƒ ​₣ ₲ ₴ Ħ ₭ ℳ ₦ ¤ ₧ ​₱ ​₰ ​£ ៛ ₨ ₪ ৳ ​₮ ₩ ¥ zł

Coffeebrew

ha-: declarative

she-: interrogative

lakov: person

iktzaf: language

mutza: be

me-dosh: sea

shakfa - go

daldelet - bird

Haimuktzatzaf: I am a language.

Haimuktzatzafiya: I am not a language.

Halamukotzav: I am a person.

ha-147258693: 123 456's 789

Halakodalkofadeltov: The man likes the bird

she-124375869: does 123 456 789?

Quame substrate

p pʰ b t tʰ d ts tsʰ dz k kʰ g q qʰ ɢ
f v s z h m n ŋ l ɬ r w y ʟ ʟ̥
a ā e ē i ī o ō u ū

rū = 1
loze = 2
dō = 3
mara = 4
bila = 5
dendza = 6
rūd = 7
lozed = 8
pazwa = 9
waru = 10

Proto-Pulchric

a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū ai au

p t ṭ c k b d ḍ ɟ g

pp tt ṭṭ cc kk bb dd ḍḍ ɟɟ gg

m n ŋ l ḷ r ṛ j w ḥ

Mandarin Orange

Consonants:
p b m mh f v ł (b, p, m, hn, f, w, nl)
t d n nh th dh l (d, t, n, hn, þ, ð)
s c dz (s, zs, nzs)
sz ż cz dż (retroflexes) (sr, r, dr, tr)
si ci dzi (postalveolars) (schi, gi, ki)
j (j)
k g ch (g, k, sch)
ʔ (Ø)

Vowels:
i w ó (ie, u, uo)
e y o (e, ö, å)
a (ei)

ij ół (iej uoł)
ej eł oj oł
aj aw ał
ia wa óa
h ʔ

Tones:
1: 55
2: 33
3: 412
4: 53
5: 31
6: 14ʱ
7: 1ˀ
8: 21ʱ

Nurian

• dwch - grass
• dwncha - I am a grass.
• dwchyn - my grass
• dwchys - thy (m) grass
• dwchŷ - thy (f) grass
• dwcho - his grass
• dwchi - her grass
• dwchaf - our (exc) grass

Nail Polish script

peṭh = bear = ɤ
teñmhyff = mushroom = ɷ
tsordh = hourglass = χ
señ = head = ɵ
tleba = goblet = ʋ
llbhera = clock = ɸ
ṭílhyll = cloud = ɯ
ṣuet = rose = ɘ
cmath = jaw = ɜ
bañr = hill = ʌ
drídlh = river = ʭ
dzítra = fence = ʜ
zalhyth = ant = ɶ
dlyrṣa = plough = ʄ
ła = human being = ɧ
ḍarbha = seesaw = ʎ
ẓí = hair = ɪ
genw = foot = ɺ
mínth = arm = ʏ
núryt = star = ʞ
ngwler = boat = ʁ
ryłeth = tree = ʡ
líff = moon = ɔ
uúthma = whale = ɚ
iachta = navel = ʘ
Terg fozabh = root = ɻ
lenition sign = ː

a: ʱ ła ẓhery
e: ˠ peṭh ẓhery
i: ʷ ṭílhyll ẓhery
o: ˣ tsordh ẓhery
ú: ˧˥ núryt ẓhery
w: ʶ ngwler ẓhery
y: ˀ ryłeth ẓhery
A nasal vowel is written with an ǃ after its oral counterpart, so for example, deñr (three) is <ʭˠǃʡ>.

Blablabla

Seiber Zäufstohr des Neibchen pim der Kohrstänge
Smiley like

what does that mean in Wiob?
seib and neib should be words
or neif
seib: snow

Neif SHOULD NOT mean cloud
neif - plaque
seip, neib in Wä.
or Seibe > Seippe

seippe looks finnishy

maybe Wätzmer can be finnishy?

vätsmär
w/ consonant gradation perhaps

<tsm> is more estonianish however

estonian tends to syncope
the native name is Wäßßma

vätsma

looks like an Estonian word
der Meichtel und die kreuge haben den Ofel angeschninkelt!

Kypyyseltä välmeseltyksemistä tavaallon tyyhytyöksä.
Was und wemm war des Gemminges?
Und Pfurges ummärten den Sieberschmüstchen

Kemminget ovat kyttämmäydän huoppenusta.

kas siibris on õimisääksud vuudel riiskunäiglises?
Neuber und Seigen driechen das Fauensammer.

Smiley smile

gibberish is fun!
Zwümmel und Zwäffer!

jah, kindlasti, tsvümmelist ja tsvähverist põiruksid määdesti külimadelt!
Der Miedramm hat die Konstingation in die Jaltengrohm eingesporchen.

der Strahme der hüffneden ist an síreochta dréag agus fhóineocht.
Und dauchte die Miegung.

Und Schmacht. Und Teichlacht. Und Teiceacht.
Und jusche die mortächtlein
Smiley frown

Agus sráineann an mhóilte i bhfáirdeacha.
Ei weh und ojeh
i don't know if that' s real german

egg pain and ojeh
Knau und Schmau
An dtrídeach tú leim an mheidreach?
Ei is also an old fashioned exclamation

Na łbacach na świecznych do włórwych.
as in "ei Großmutter, was hast du für große Ohren"
deshchervennya lakitsa

Nie! Jest neirmych na strówniech, ha shadoch ve mildavoch.
Waski i mrzetny po dzieciół

Mi voloch ha shamach, agus táimeach und türmach.
eyn shechen
mayn kullishke un di mipfnle

oy vey!

Oy mishchal ist ein midavoth und ein tedirgim.
und ich shterre di shracht und oych die oymerchen.
ja, eyn mitzle un eyn tertzoym ham di porses geshnoyllen

Ein mitzle? Lo! Ein Mitzle!

(one mitzle? No! Not one mitzle!)
Smiley smile
und die maspeles-muvtzech ham alle die prettung
making up fake hebraeo-yiddish as I go

und die dréanoigh na chloiste is clóireach
na chloszczi isz martechim!
lo ha jaddur!

i like "Ein mitzle? Lo! Ein Mitzle!"
inna al marjaab wa-l tasfiis!

al-qaaḥut almushaḍḍazar?
Laaaaaaaa!
Kam tamtik anta wa talawwid!

• throws table*
  

mattaku, hachigeru makimatte no watadehakaru no!

Ana taflīqan mukhayyadun wa shaaribun aqqarāmatun. Wa ḥalaafliṭan wa sífeann i bhfáigeanna agus mo táilibh. Wa khiirat agus takatemo donna kawemiʕazu no tawatte mo bhfakemasu.
addaqamaatio
al-marjimaatio et desinqaatio

• japanese ire over arab dominance intensifies*
  

emathiemon!
ho makalos emaphiston kai phegmarrestai!

Makarebhyam madhiśrāmi vṛṇyāni tam bharevyaham
kekhammerentai gar he bore en o maksino

Tūryam te carkate bāhuḥ manobhidram tamāṅkṣyasi

Kṣairyam dhāryam mahantrebhir maho dhvāntam pradeśyatha
Veak smae leang kngaat!

Mahataḥ sarvamṛkṣyeṣu pheṇya te śuryatām bhavet
makk praom krenn tae leontóin agus dreangachtaí
bhonom ebhrtyois ma ghrtyoysom

Cáróidh meim fhíreasá sróidheamh táin a chúloigh a fháir a cheim
Kmei Weat nour Seir Mott

Zohnung schweifen der mahl tröhnen śvetyadhārṇena vīkṣyate

is that Wiob or Trây gibberish?
Smaek teat mairiuil na schwecker
trây/Khmer
Na mhfeargamh fiom galleabh ta bhaltuine
Schweif - tail in German

sróitreáneidh na pradhaoibhiú té bheir sa dhímeá 'bhifeóirsi tha
Má leichteoir mí ngarreann h-Aoidhinneachtóir

fake netagin or fake irish?
Geamhalann na bprúchaí i mhfárdhúla agus i bpódha

that's netagin!

nope it's irish
just using <mhf> on purpose

wtf?

dalarong sangsawit ngrampa memanterjenegan prapat
Múr habe ich geschngötteachtart?

barukantar pepanggaltun maring salwasatar panam
weataveasaat di miireanaakuuh
dunno what i'm doing here

dāng de hēishú le chāngshuár xūn píngzài chū qián de qiébuqié
langsakat maa thao weun tai fai miin!
saanikotaar miteeasaLaNTar metaRRasammaL

Klingon?!
Tamil, Wich taRRu me deachtar

vaghbe' Da fat pIgh SuD ghet awt!

'the fat pig should get out'
PirakanninaL keTareNappayiyum geretayyaRRankal

kiNTaar cirutayil paaravaik kaaNil paNTaar tavaraiyum chuuzham
caleNakettaraTTiyaiyuul naNNar veetavaakaneetarmutayaikurum

vaLapperum toolaikku maaRRamait tanakku
kaLippuRam taaviNaic ceRRal
cevamaNezharal metiNNeeturekaR kakkettuyi neekatayikum
I don't know if I really sound Tamil
especailly with all the missing liquids
Letavaceemooyitum!!

maNarcciyil takuminpa taazhvartam karattil vaNalaaka puRRamaitthuc caal

kiTTamait terittamin vaLivaNNa maRRayail
muTTalak kaNattiyam taaLpar

Tamil is really easy to fake

wattanachot prangkhun thaweephan khwaanprapong chattana prathaangkhot thongphun

Initial <g> is not very Tamil

that's a great party trick

know the words for hello in may languages and then start gibbing away

Sawatdee! Khun prongchawaan thaeng sat paan thung khramaat laew waenphon!

Hola! De treños cazón que ballerebádelos danjos de la huachongas!

As an ancient Indian sage once said, "Pṛthībhir uktyām patiśeṣya vāram", which means "Life is bullshit"

i love the look of sanskrit

i have to create vruszka

by the way that last one:
cevamaNezharal metiNNeeturekaR kakkettuyi neekatayikum
sounded more like Malayalam

do you plan to have any languages with a dravidian esthetic?

the retroflex mania language is essentially a parody of dravidian

ʈɳopɭaɖa ɭaaɭaɳ = hello everybody

in my conworld Mategian grammar is very close to Dravidian

q’ù tǎr ùk fˁǎt qʷˁ’ǒn χá sàw ŋúk qˁér

fake crockartoot

Dyszły ŋąłydhmen fęchułszcz łyv hłórneth.

fake nail polish

what do you think?

maybe a malayalam-style Azzanic language?

you already have ṭ and ḍ

you can deveop other retroflexes

my favorite is "Und Schmacht. Und Teichlacht. Und Teiceacht."

(of the gibberish sentences we constructed)

Schmacht looks extremely German (i think it even means something - slow?)
Teichlacht is also German but we can see a little Irish creeping up
Teiceacht is extremely Irish
Du sümmelst so gapfer an, wenn du in solch schnöpfen, geschrammten Hückeln inframierst!
Ich ingräliere dir, indem ich dir einen Beschlaubszwicher antabere. Ich möchte dir einen schlaarige Garulierer anzülfen, damit du in gezührigen Anschniegsgahmen verschnülzern kannst.

wiob intensifies
Anlenig mallerst du in befüderten Ginderungen, und dann wirst du nach kraubigen Hälnern mackeln, um ninnige Stupfinger Retzungen schmauer aufzustähren und zu verzeimen.
Schleitere Hachtshagerungen beschimmst du in meiner Wängelstrauge an. Beiche dir gut! Ich zauge deine Wirche!
Mögest du eine schnaub hankierte Räuferei haben!
And there is a labeled diagram with the labels:
(Die Zammergeschnaltung
Die Bekeuderung
Die Aufgräumer
das Gemätz
die Wegeln
die Zuschwiedsschreisterkräubchen

voynich!
Stupfinger Retzungen sounds like a German MacGuffin
Eh, was betarrst du? ist das schmüßig für dich?
Academic German gibberish
die Anschrängerungen verkiechen die Redangierungen, indem sie deren Gespalchsfeunungen rekredabierten.
Der Aufschlied zwand die Mäste, um ihrer Begeifigungen zu verknieren.
Αν ο φαγγαλος τεθεγμασται την ψαθην και τον κιμαρρον!
Αναι μεν γαρ δεδαγγασμενοι ηλετησαν ινε τον φραθμον.
Ο φιστώτης και η νίψ κεκλαμμένοι εισίν.

the fake tamil was the best
η αρρώμη και η ψώρα ετεμψαν.
έτεμψαν
αμινίζω γαρ σημιλώς γοννάρης

I aminize as the symil has been gonnared!
Pirandetam ver ketassinosin ket ligerinogenine.

Clofabinylin

Methavir nalaminyl mekerylide ester axoram. (I speak about love and hate.)
Etholin methogen klerax? (Are you saving it for me?)
Methazopropevir nalam, elir propyl zafaramine yzodam. (We love him, therefore we celebrate his inauguration.)



-az(o)- (plural; also the pluractional clitic)
-in, -0 (nominative)
-ine (accusative)
-yl (genitive, attributive, rel clause)
-(e)tam (dative)
-ox (instrumental)
-one (comitative)
-ane (essive)
-anol (separative)
-anal (lative)
-ene (inessive)
-enol (elative)
-enal (illative)
-yne (adessive)
-ynol (ablative)
-ynal (allative)
-ide (and/also, like Latin -que)
-ogen (benefactive)
-yl ester (about)
-oic (causative)
-ile (terminative)

Methavir nalam - I love.
Methavir nalax - Do I love?
Methavir nalane - Yes, I do love.
Methavir nalem - I do not love.
Methavir nalex - Do I not love?
Methavir nalene - No, I do not love.

Nala! - Love!
Nale! - Do not love!

nalevam - be loved
nalexam - make sb/sth love

Does your gargerist tilsey a rearvar?

Neckthai

Capital

ritte muse kleime Spiuger,
... Brackes ... nir,
... Wiuger,
... nie Vîer.

Wetzmerian

Nouns

Wande (f.) - body
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Wande	Wanda
Accusative	Wande	Wanda
Genitive	Wande	Wanda
Dative	Wands	Wandans
Predicative	Wande	Wanda

Future Korean

Transliteration

ㄱ k ㄲ kk ㅋ kh -ㅇ ŋ
ㄷ t ㄸ tt ㅌ th ㄴ n
ㅂ p ㅃ pp ㅍ ph ㅁ m
ㅈ ty ㅉ tty ㅊ thy ㅅ s ㅆ ss
ㄹ r ㅎ h

ㅏ a ㅐ ä ㅑ ja ㅒ jä ㅘ oa
ㅓ e ㅔ ë ㅝ we etc.
ㅗ o ㅚ ö ㅛ jo
ㅜ w ㅟ wi ㅠ jw
ㅡ u ㅣ i ㅢ ui

Sound changes

• /sʰ/ > /h̰/ / #_, /s/ C_
• /s͈/ > /s/
• /pʰ tʰ tɕʰ kʰ/ > /f θ ʃ x/
• /h/ > ∅

Wiobian vowel changes

	Late Classical Wiobian	Early Middle Wiobian	Late Middle Wiobian	Modern Standard Wiobian
short i
long i
short ü
long ü
short u
long u
short e
long e
short ö
long ö
short o
long o
short ä
long ä
short a
long a
short å
long å

Themsarian/de

Der korrekte Titel dieses Artikels lautet "Themsarisch".

Die themsarische Sprache, auch bezeichnet als Edles Themsarisch, ist eine alte talsmische Sprache, die im Andaegṓr-Imperium gebräuchlich war.

PIE in Hebrew

This Hebrew abjadic script is based on the glottalic theory: "voiced" stops are written as Hebrew emphatic consonants, and "breathy voiced" stops are written as voiced stops. Also note that the "palatal" series of stops is transcribed with the Hebrew affricate series (thus showing a coincidental Satem bias).

Consonants
		Labial	Coronal	Dorsal			Laryngeal
				palatal	plain	labial
Nasal		מ *m	נ *n
Plosive	voiceless	פ *p	ת *t	ס *ḱ	כ *k	כ׳ *kʷ
	voiced/ejective?	(פ׳ *b)	ט *d	צ *ǵ	ק *g	ק׳ *gʷ
	(breathy) voiced	ב *bʰ	ד *dʰ	ז *ǵʰ	ג *gʰ	ג׳ *gʷʰ
Fricative			ש *s				א *Ø ה *h₁ ע *h₂ ע׳ *h₃
Liquid			ר *r ל *l
Semivowel				י *y		ו *w

Ablaut grades
אֶ *e	אָ *o
אֵ *ē	אֹ *ō
אְ *Ø

Schleicher's fable

עָ֫וְיְש הֶ֫סְוׂשךֶ׳

h₂ówis h₁ék’wōsk^we

עָ֫וְיְש, יֶ֫שְמְין עְוְלְעְנֶ֫ע נֶאֶ֫הֶשְת, טֶטָרְסֶ הֶ֫סְוָנְש, תָ֫ם, וָ֫זָם קֶ֫׳רְעְוְם וֶ֫זָנְתְם, תָ֫ם, בָ֫רָם מֶ֫צָעְם, תָ֫ם, דְזֶ֫מָנְם עָאְסְ֫ו בֶ֫רָנְתְם. עָ֫וְיְש הֶ֫סְוָבָש אֶוֶוְכֶ׳(ת): סֵרְט עְגְנְוְתָי מָי וְיְטְנְתֶ֫י דְזְמָ֫נְם הֶ֫סְוָנְש עֶ֫זצָנְתְם. הֶ֫סְוׂש הֶוֶוְך׳: סְלְוְדְי, עָוְי! סֵרְט עְגְנְוְתָי וְיְטְנְתְבָ֫ש: דְזֶ֫מֹ(ן), פָ֫תְיְס, עְוְלְנֶ֫עְם עָ֫וְיָם כְ׳נֶוְתְי שֶ֫בָי גִ֫׳רְמָם וֶ֫שְתְרָם; עֶ֫וְיְבָשךֶ׳ וְלְעְנֶ֫ע נֶ֫הֶסְתְי. תָ֫ט סֶסְלְוְוׂ֫ש עָ֫וְיְש עֶ֫צְרָם אֶבְוְקֶ(ת).

h₂ówis, (H)jésmin h₂wlh₂néh₂ ne éh₁est, dedork’e (h₁)ék’wons, tóm, wóg’^hom g^wérh₂um wég’^hontm, tóm, b^hórom még’oh₂m, tóm, d^hg’^hémonm h₂oHk’ú b^hérontm. h₂ówis (h₁)ék’wob^hos ewewk^we(t): k’ḗrd h₂g^hnutoj moj widntéj d^hg’^hmónm (h₁)ék’wons h₂ég’ontm. (h₁)ék’wōs ewewk^w: k’lud^hí, h₂ówi! k’ḗrd h₂g^hnutoj widntb^hós: d^hg’^hémō(n), pótis, h₂wlnéh₂m h₂ówjom k^wnewti séb^hoj g^whérmom wéstrom; h₂éwib^hosk^we h₂wlh₂néh₂ né h₁esti. Tód k’ek’luwṓs h₂ówis h₂ég’rom eb^huge(t).

Semitic notes

u/i merge: Ge'ez; a/i merge: (kinda) Hebrew; a/u merge: (kinda) Socovíc as of 3/16/2015

Or maybe settle for this

iómo, ióma, ióme, iomúma, iomíma, iomíma
léla, léla, léla, leláto, leláte, leláte

ásmoro, ásmor; tásmoro, tásmor; tásmori; iásmoro, iásmor; iásmori; násmoro, násmor; tásmoru; iásmoru

North Semlang 2nd try

• still want conditional a/u merger and nasal Vs
• i-umlaut
  • a, u > ø / _Ci
  • ā > é / _Ci
  • u > ø / _Ci
  • ū > ý / _Ci
  • aw > ǿ / _Ci
  • ay > í / _Ci
• need to start from triptotic declension here:

PNSem

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	yawmu	yawmā(mi)	yawmū(ma)
Accusative	yawma	yawmay(mi)	yawmī(ma)
Genitive	yawmi	yawmay(mi)	yawmī(ma)

Early

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	jóm	jómá(mi)	jómú(m)
Accusative	jóm~jómi	jómé(mi)	jómí(m)
Genitive	jómi	jómé(mi)	jómí(m)

Judeo-Indo-Aryan

A modern Indo-Aryan language spoken by Jews in India.

• Use Babylonian Hebrew, not Tiberian Hebrew
• Differs more from Hindustani than Yiddish does from German
• Lot of additional palatalization

Atzòpic

Atzòpic
hìzbut atzòpį
Pronunciation	[[w:Help:IPA|atsəˈpĩ]]
Created by	–
Language family	Zachydic Raxo-Talsmic Ractamic Atzòpic
Early form	Old Atzòpic

Neguąsitł Linguifeczix, acthìzbutètł dǫsix uicìx!

Motivated by Raxic C[+ejective]V > Atzòpic C[-ejective]V[+creaky] - Hence the ejectives disappear.

/ks/ > /xs/ > /ʃ/

Seven cases:

• nominative -Ø
• accusative -z
• genitive -c (animate sg.?)/-z (inanimate sg.?)/-u (animate pl.?)
• dative -tł
• locative-comitative -x
• ablative -ː~ (nasalized vowel)
• instrumental -ːl

Vowels change according to historical stress positions as well as historical ejective consonants. The Ractamic stress/vowel system start out similarly to Latin, but develop in very different directions.

Consonants
		Labial	Coronal		Palatal	Velar		Uvular	Glottal
			central	lateral		plain	labialized
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			[ŋ]
Plosive	tenuis	p /p/	t /t/			c /k/	qu /kʷ/		h /ʔ/
	aspirated	b /pʰ/	d /tʰ/			g /kʰ/	gu /kʷʰ/
Fricative		f /f/	z /s~z/	ł /ɬ/	x /ʃ/				[ʰ~ɦ]
Affricate	tenuis		tz /ts/	tł /tɬ/	tx /tʃ/
	aspirated		dz /tsʰ/	dł /tɬʰ/	dx /tʃʰ/
Approximant			s /ɹ/	l /l/	y /j/		u /w/
Trill			r /r/

Tīzian

Another Ractamic/Neo-Raxic thing

Music theory terminology

• blackwood[10] major: rāmáth 'diurnal'
• blackwood[10] minor: mináth 'nocturnal'
• the different ways of subtly tuning/i.e. well-temperaments are called 'seasons' (that lengthen or shorten the day and night).

Juttjick Kâmrâ' Waong

I.

Juttjick Kâmrâ' Waong,
Ngüe Quur fâm'oy Plaong;
Zott Mâmzäk prâbeis
Loch lea Dâmgnenn Zweis!
Wnirr Jâmtâmlech ngou,
Feytaön zitt zâ Smou
Möt målei Jimkbael,
Seüruz daodue hael

An ever-present companion,
S/he sought us out in our distress,

Talsmic

Themsarian

In Themsarian the topic is NOT prominent - the topic comes immediately after the verb most of the time?

Old Vernacular Talsmic

Old Vernacular Talsmic dialects are largely similar to Noble Themsarian, but there are grammatical, lexical and stylistic differences:

• Using the subject-infinitive more and more, eventually to express various aspectual and modal meanings.
  • The synthetic preterite falls into disuse, being supplanted by the "after infinitive-subject" construction.
• Collapses all state distinctions in adjectives (into the former predicative form)
• The dual is often not used, except for emphasis or stylistic reasons.

Given topic prominence and topicalization = fronting, new (discourse-new) subject is fronted, since it is new topic. Then this becomes a topic prominent/V2 language as in vernacular Talsmic. Relative clauses are by default VSO but can undergo fronting for focus. Discourse-new object is fronted as well.

Qelorian

• The subject of a relative clause is indexed by adding a pronominal suffix on the head (if they are different)

Núrian

"Double Irish" aesthetic? Namely, fricatives 'h' + aspiration written with 'h'. The same could be accomplished with slenderness with...?

Diachronics lab

Pluractionality ≈ antipassive

we exc/inc > we formal/intimate

Demonstrative/definite affix > construct state: PL-clam-those [of the] man > PL-clam-CONST man

Classifiers are in construct state

this CL NOUN > the.GENDER NOUN

apposition NOUN-1SG NOUN > CL-1SG NOUN > of_i-1SG NOUN_i

PREP-3SG NOUN > CASE.SG-NOUN

CONJ VERB NOUN > PREP NOUN

evidential-marking "because" or "therefore", as opposed to the protasis verb

feminine > abstract > honorific

Witcanese

Wetcanese is a mainly agglutinative, head-final language.

Kòtih wanaih kèpwanchè.

1SG.GEN-ERG mother-ERG 1SG.ABS-hate-WIT

My mother used to hate me.

Phonology

Wetcanese has a simple syllable structure relative to most European languages. Permissible syllable shapes are V, CV, VC, CVC, CGV, and CGVC where G is a glide.

Grammar

Nouns

Noun Declension
Number→ Case↓	Singular		Plural
Absolutive	-0		-w, -u
Ergative	-ih		-wih
Dative	-af		-waf
Locative	-him		-uhim, -whim
Ablative	-chay		-uchay, -wchay
Comitative	-yã		-uyã, -wyã
Instrumental	-run		-urun, -wrun
Essive	-hòg		-uhòg, -whòg
Genitive	-t- (see Genitive declension)

Adjectives and Genitives

Adjectives (including genitives) agree with the noun in case and number. Adjectives take the same endings as nouns. However, many adjectives are genitive adjectives formed form nouns, corresponding to the adjectival suffix in other languages.

Genitive Declension
Number→ Case↓	Singular		Plural
Absolutive	-t		-tèw
Ergative	-tih		-twih
Dative	-taf		-twaf
Locative	-thim		-tuhim
Ablative	-tchay		-tuchay
Comitative	-tyã		-tuyã
Instrumental	-tèrun		-turun
Essive	-thòg		-tuhòg
Genitive	-tèt-

Verbs

Verbs in Wetcanese have no tense or aspect inflection; instead, there is evidentiality and mood which can do double duty as certain tenses The irrealis is the default, unmarked mood/evidentiality, serving the role of the infinitive or the future in other languages.

Wetcanese mood/evidentiality affixes
irrealis	-Ø
witness	-chè
emphatic	-kòd
jurative	-tèmuh
quotative	-sha
mirative	-quh
hearsay	-ot
inferential	-eq
assumptive	-rwè
optative	-mes
imperative	-wõ
potential	-hiw
desiderative	-pãs
admonitive	-ay
permissive	-hyè

Phátu nukuchè...

When did I last see it... (lit. When it was_located-I saw...)

The mirative marks new information that the speaker is witnessing. It often corresponds to present tense. In narratives it is used to exhort the listener for attention.

Qayòlih milám hugaquh.

Hey, the demon's chasing the dog!/Behold, the demon chased the dog.

The quotative is used for information from third-party sources deemed to be authoritative. As such it is the evidential most often encountered in narratives.

Qayòlih milám hugasha.

The demon chased the dog. (narrative)

The admonitive is used in prohibitions and warnings, and for negative purpose clauses.

Phi qhashãsay

Do not wander around

ha ãbè mòsipay

lest this be forgotten

Wetcanese makes use of verbal affixes, instead of intonation (like English) or word order (as in some European languages and Celtic/Hebrew), in order to focus a constituent.

Focus prefixes
absolutive	ne-
ergative	hin-
beneficiary	mac-
instrument	qo-
location	ya-
source	hòt-
goal	up-
time	al-

TAM session

Aspect-mood clitics
Ø	aorist
d(i)-	progressive
	prospective
	inceptive
	continuative
	pausative
	resumptive
	cessative
	retrospective

Person-tense clitics
Number→ Person↓	Singulative		Generic/Partitive		Plurative
Present
1	*na-		*xa- (exclusive); *ŋe- (inclusive)
2			*sa-
3	*zə-		*cə-		*za-
Past
1
2
3
Future
1
2
3
Jussive
1
2
3

Person enclitics
Number→ Person↓	Singulative		Generic/Partitive		Plurative
1
2
3

Nominal declension

Declension
Number→	Generic		Partitive				Singulative				Plurative
Definiteness→			Indefinite		Definite		Indefinite		Definite		Indefinite		Definite
Unpossessed
1sg
2sg
3sg.animate
3sg.inanimate
1ex
1in
2pl
3pl.animate
3pl.inanimate
Impersonal
Partitive

No idea if this will work

Conjugation
Infinitive
Active participle
Antipassive participle
Number→ Person↓	Singulative		Collective/Partitive		Plurative
Aorist
Active voice
1
2
3
Passive voice
1
2
Antipassive voice
3
Imperfect
Active voice
1
2
3
Passive voice
1
2
Antipassive voice
3
Imperative
Active voice
1
2
3

plân tròung or tròung plân
/pˤán ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/ or /ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ pˤán/
plân tròung/tròung plân
teacher house/house teacher
The teacher's house

plân mā tròung or tròung mā plân
/pˤán ma̤ ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/ or /ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ ma̤ pˤán/
plân mā tròung/tròung mā plân
teacher INV house/house INV teacher
The teacher of the house

plân mā srâlk tròung
/pˤán ma̤ kˤī ʂákˤ ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/
plân mā srâkl tròung
teacher INV pure house
The house of the teacher of purity

plân mā kli srâlk tròung
/pˤán ma̤ kˤī ʂákˤ ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/
plân mā kli srâkl tròung
teacher INV DELIM pure house
The teacher of the house of purity