Old Swuntsim/Lexicon
Regular paradigm
| gadhabh, gedhíbh - to drown | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perfective | Imperfective | |||||
| Subject | Singular | Paucal | Plural | Singular | Paucal | Plural |
| 0 | gadhabhcáˀ | gidabhcáˀ | ||||
| 1 | gadhabhd | gadhabhtú | gadhabhtáˀ | gidabhd | gidabhtú | gidabhtáˀ |
| 2 | gadhbhann | gadhabhnú | gadhabhnáˀ | gidbhann | gidabhnú | gidabhnáˀ |
| 3 | gadhabh | gadhbhú | gadhbháˀ | gidabh | gidbhú | gidbháˀ |
| gadhóbh, gadíbháˀ - to drink/absorb liquid, prefixed | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Perfective | Imperfective | ||
| Direct | Inverse | Direct | |
| bighdóbh | fabighdóbh | beghadíbh | |
| cighdóbh | facighdóbh | ceghadíbh | |
| highdóbh | fahighdóbh | heghadíbh | |
| lighdóbh | fallighdóbh | leghadíbh | |
| nighdóbh | fannighdóbh | neghadíbh | |
| tighdóbh | fatighdóbh | teghadíbh | |
| yighdóbh | fayyighdóbh | yeghadíbh | |
| gadhóbh, gadíbháˀ - to drink/absorb, w/ focus suffixes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| yighdóbhcí | yighdóbhcú | yighdóbhnáˀ | |
| gadhóbh, gadíbháˀ - to drink/absorb, imperative | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perfective | Imperfective | |||||
| Object | Singular | Paucal | Plural | Singular | Paucal | Plural |
| 0 | gadhóbhcán! | gadabhcán! | ||||
| 1 | gadhóbhtín! | gadhóbhtún! | gadhóbhtán! | gadabhdin! | gadabhtún! | gadabhtán! |
| 3 | gidhbhín! | gidhbhún! | gidhbhán! | gadbhín! | gadbhún! | gadbhán! |
| ˀighdébh, ˀaghdóbhath - to get oneself drowned; to fill up with liquid | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perfective | Imperfective | |||||
| Subject | Singular | Paucal | Plural | Singular | Paucal | Plural |
| 0 | ˀighdabhcáˀ | nighdabhcáˀ | ||||
| 1 | ˀighdabhd | ˀighdabhtú | ˀighdabhtáˀ | nighdabhd | nighdabhtú | nighdabhtáˀ |
| 2 | ˀighdebhann | ˀighdabhnú | ˀighdabhnáˀ | nighdebhann | nighdabhnú | nighdabhnáˀ |
| 3 | ˀighdébh | ˀighdebhú | ˀighdebháˀ | nighdébh | nighdebhú | nighdebháˀ |
| ˀaghdabh, ˀaghdúbháˀ - to drown (transitive)/to cause to drink/to fill w/ liquid, prefixed | |
|---|---|
| Perfective | Imperfective |
| baghdabh | bingédabh |
| caghdabh | cingédabh |
| haghdabh | hingédabh |
| laghdabh | lingédabh |
| naghdabh | ningédabh |
| taghdabh | tingédabh |
| yaghdabh | yingédabh |
| ˀaghdabh, ˀaghdúbháˀ, imperative | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perfective | Imperfective | |||||
| Object | Singular | Paucal | Plural | Singular | Paucal | Plural |
| 0 | ˀaghdabhcán! | ˀingédabhcán! | ||||
| 1 | ˀaghdabhtín! | ˀaghdabhtún! | ˀaghdabhtán! | ˀingédabhtín! | ˀingédabhtún! | ˀingédabhtán! |
| 3 | ˀaghdabhín! | ˀaghdabhún! | ˀaghdabhán! | ˀingédbhín! | ˀingédbhún! | ˀingédbhán! |
Weak roots
The so-called weak roots have consonants that create various irregularities in conjugation.
First radical
Gutturals (ˀálaph, héˀ, ḥéth, ˁáin)
| Perfective | Imperfective | Participle | Action noun | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intransitive | C1aC2aC3 | C1iC2C2aC3 | C1óC2éC3 | C1aC2íC3N |
| Transitive | C1aC2óC3 | C1aC2C2íC3 | meC1aC2C2íC3 | C1aC2C2íC3áˀN |
| Reflexive | ˀeC1eC2éC3 | neC1eC2éC3 | miNC1úC2áC3 | ˀáC2óC3athN (C1 = ˀ) ˀaC1aC2óC3athN (C1 = h, ḥ, ˁ) |
| Causative | ˀaC1aC2aC3 | n(e)C1éC2aC3 | maC1aC2áC3 | ˀáC2úC3áˀN (C1 = ˀ) ˀaC1aC2úC3áˀN (C1 = h, ḥ, ˁ) |
Nún
| Perfective | Imperfective | Participle | Action noun | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intransitive | naC2aC3 | niC2C2aC3 | nóC2éC3 | neC2íC3N |
| Transitive | NC2óC3, ~NC2óC3 | naC2C2íC3 | menaC2C2íC3 | naC2C2íC3áˀN |
| Reflexive | ˀiNC2éC3 | niNC2éC3 | minnúC2áC3 | ˀaNC2óC3athN |
| Causative | ˀaNC2aC3 | (n)néC2aC3 | maNC2áC3 | ˀaNC2úC3áˀN |
Yódh
| Perfective | Imperfective | Participle | Action noun | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intransitive | yaC2aC3 | yiC2C2aC3 | yóC2éC3 | yeC2íC3N |
| Transitive | C2óC3, ~éC2óC3 | yaC2C2íC3 | meyaC2C2íC3 | yaC2C2íC3áˀN |
| Reflexive | ˀéiC2éC3 | néiC2éC3 | minyúC2áC3 | ˀéiC2óC3athN |
| Causative | ˀéiC2aC3 | nyéC2aC3 | méiC2áC3 | ˀéiC2úC3áˀN |
Fó
| Perfective | Imperfective | Participle | Action Noun | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intransitive | faC2aC3 | fiC2C2aC3 | fóC2éC3 | f(e)C2íC3N |
| Transitive | C2óC3, ~óC2áC3 | faC2C2íC3 | mefhaC2C2íC3 | faC2C2íC3áˀN |
| Reflexive | ˀóC2éC3 | nóC2éC3 | mimhfúC2áC3 | ˀóC2óC3athN |
| Causative | ˀóC2aC3 | mhféC2aC3 | móC2áC3 | ˀóC2úC3áˀN |
Second radical
Guttural
| Perfective | Imperfective | Participle | Action noun | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intransitive | C1aC2aC3 | C1éC2aC3 | C1óC2éC3 | C1eC2íC3N |
| Transitive | C1eC2aC3 | C1áC2íC3 | meC1áC2íC3 | C1áC2íC3áˀN |
| Reflexive | ˀeC1C2éC3 | niC1C2éC3 | miNC1úC2áC3 | ˀaC1C2óC3athN |
| Causative | ˀaC1C2aC3 | NC1éC2aC3 | maC1C2áC3 | ˀaC1C2úC3áˀN |
Hollow-Y
| Perfective | Imperfective | Participle | Action noun | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intransitive | C1áC3 | C1iyyaC3 | C1áC3 | C1íC3N |
| Transitive | C1éC3 | C1ayyíC3 | meC1ayyíC3 | C1ayyíC3áˀN |
| Reflexive | ˀéC1íC3 | náC1éC3 | miNC1éC3 | táC1óC3athN |
| Causative | ˀáC1íC3 | NC1éC3 | máC1íC3 | táC1úC3áˀN |
Hollow-F
| Perfective | Imperfective | Participle | Action noun | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intransitive | C1áC3 | C1ifaC3 | C1áC3 | C1íC3N |
| Transitive | C1úC3 | C1afíC3 | meC1afíC3 | C1afíC3áˀN |
| Reflexive | ˀéC1úC3 | náC1óC3 | miNC1óC3 | táC1óC3athN |
| Causative | ˀáC1úC3 | NC1óC3 | máC1úC3 | táC1úC3áˀN |
Third radical
Guttural
| Perfective | Imperfective | Participle | Action noun | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intransitive | C1aC2aC3 | C1iC2C2aC3 | C1óC2é[a]1C3 | C1(e)C2í[a]1C3N |
| Transitive | C1C2aC3 | C1aC2C2í[a]1C3 | meC1aC2C2í[a]1C3 | C1aC2C2í1C3áˀN |
| Reflexive | ˀiC1C2é2C3 | niC1C2é[a]1C3 | miNC1úC2áC3 | ˀaC1C2óC3athN |
| Causative | ˀaC1C2aC3 | NC1éC2áC3 | maC1C2áC3 | ˀaC1C2úC3áˀN |
1 inserted if C3[+pharyngeal]. 2 becomes á if C3[+pharyngeal].
Nún
This irregularity does not hold for all verbs whose C3 = n; specifically, this class is no longer productive with new verbs.
If a unipersonal suffix beginning with an eclipsable consonant is attached, the final nún vanishes, eclipsing the consonant:
1sg: -g 1pc, pl: -dtú, -dtá
For all other suffixes, the nún is written/geminated as normal.
Yódh
| Perfective | Imperfective | Participle | Action noun | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intransitive | C1aC2eh, -í- / _C | C1iC2C2eh, -í- / _C | C1óC2eh | C1(e)C2íN |
| Transitive | C1C2eh, -éi- / _C | C1aC2C2eh, -í- / _C | meC1aC2C2eh | C1aC2C2íyáˀN |
| Reflexive | ˀiC1C2eh, -éi- / _C | niC1C2eh, -éi- / _C | miNC1úC2eh | ˀaC1C2íthN |
| Causative | ˀaC1C2eh, -í- / _C | NC1éC2eh, -í- / _C | maC1C2eh | ˀaC1C2úyáˀN |
The suffix -eh is deleted before a suffix beginning with a vowel.
Consonants in suffixes lenite after a vowel.
Fó
| Perfective | Imperfective | Participle | Action noun | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intransitive | C1aC2eh, -ú- / _C | C1iC2C2eh, -ú- / _C | C1óC2eh | C1(e)C2íN |
| Transitive | C1C2eh, -ó- / _C | C1aC2C2eh, -ú- / _C | meC1aC2C2eh | C1aC2C2ífáˀN |
| Reflexive | ˀiC1C2eh, -ó- / _C | niC1C2eh, -ó- / _C | miNC1úC2eh | ˀaC1C2úthN |
| Causative | ˀaC1C2eh, -ú- / _C | NC1éC2eh, -ú- / _C | maC1C2eh | ˀaC1C2úfáˀN |
The vowel suffix -eh is deleted before a suffix beginning with a vowel.
Consonants in suffixes lenite after a vowel.
Geminate roots
Geminate roots are those with identical second and third radicals.
| Perfective | Imperfective | Participle | Action noun | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intransitive | C1aC2C2, -ó- / _C | C1úC2aC2 | C1óC2éC2 | C1iC2C2N |
| Transitive | C1óC2C2, -ó- / _C | C1úC2íC2 | meC1úC2íC2 | C1úC2íC2áˀN |
| Reflexive | ˀéC1iC2C2, -ó- / _C | néC1iC2C2, -ó- / _C | miNC1úC2áC2 | ˀaC1C2óC2athN |
| Causative | ˀáC1aC2C2, -ó- / _C | NC1éC2aC2 | máC1aC2C2 | táC1uC2C2áˀN |
Quadriliterals
Quadriliteral roots can only conjugate in the Intransitive and Transitive patterns.
| Perfective | Imperfective | Participle | Action noun | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intransitive | C1aC2C3aC4 | C1iC2C3aC4 | C1óC2C3éC4 | C1iC2C3íC4N |
| Transitive | C1iC2C3óC4 | C1aC2C3í1C4 | meC1aC2C3íC4 | C1aC2C3íC4áˀN |