Sumerian conlang
Phonology
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Bilabial
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Alveolar
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Post-alveolar
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Palatal
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Velar
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| Nasal
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m [m]
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n [n]
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ĝ [ŋ]
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| Plosive
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p [pʰ/p] b [p/b]
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t [tʰ/t] d [t/d]
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k [kʰ/k] g [k/g]
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| Fricative
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s [s]
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š [ʃ]
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h [x]
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| Affricate
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z [t͡s] (r̂ [t͡sʰ])
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| Approximant
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(y/i [j] ?)
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(w/u [w] ?)
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| Trill
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r [r/ɾ]
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| Flap or tap
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(r̂ ?)
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| Lateral app.
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l [l]
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Front
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Back
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| Close
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i [i] (ī [i:] ?)
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u [u] (ū [u:] ?)
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| Mid
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e [e] (ē [e:]?)
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(o [o] (ō [o:] ?) ?)
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| Open
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a [a] (ā [a:] ?)
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Grammar
Nouns
Characteristics
NOMINAL CHAIN:
1) [NOUN] + [ADJECTIVE + POSSESSIVE/DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN + PLURAL (e/i)n(e)] + [CASE]
2) [PRONOUN] + [CASE]
Plurals:
- -(e)n(e) for human and -(i)n(e) for non-human
- reduplication (stands for "all the X", mostly non-human) > full or partial
Cases
| Substantives
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| Case |
Suffixes |
Notes
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| Human |
Non-h.
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| Genitive
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-ak/-a/-k
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| Ergative
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-e |
subject of transitive verbs (agent)
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| Absolutive
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-Ø |
subject of intransitive verbs (argument); object of transitive verbs (patient)
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| Dative
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-ra/-r |
-/? |
indirect object; complementary with locative (or directive?) for non-human
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| Directive
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-/? |
-e > -ye |
motion arriving at, position next to; indirect obejct (non-human)
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| Locative
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-/? |
-a > -ya |
motion into, position inside; rarely used for human
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| Locative 2
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-/? |
-ne
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| Terminative
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-še |
motion towards
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| Adverbiative
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-eš |
in the manner of < "how?"
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| Ablative
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-ta |
place/time from where (non-human); instrument; from the place of X (human)
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| Comitative
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-da > -ga |
with/and, in company
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| Equative
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-gen |
like/as
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Declension
| Case |
king (h) |
mother (h) |
tree (n) |
city (n) |
kings (h) |
mothers (h) |
trees (n) |
cities (n)
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| Genitive
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lugala(k) |
ama(k) |
ĝeša(k) |
eri(k) |
lugalena(k) |
amana(k) |
ĝešina(k) |
erina(k)
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| Ergative
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lugale |
amae |
ĝeše |
erie |
lugalene |
amane |
ĝešine |
erine
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| Absolutive
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lugal |
ama |
ĝeš |
eri |
lugalen(e) |
aman(e) |
ĝešin(e) |
erin(e)
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| Dative
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lugalra/lugalar |
amar(a) |
ĝešra/ĝešar |
erir(a) |
lugalener(a) |
amaner(a) |
ĝešiner(a) |
eriner(a)
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| Directive
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lugalye |
amaye |
ĝešye |
eriye |
lugalen[e]ye |
aman[e]ye |
ĝešin[e]ye |
erin[e]ye
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| Locative
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lugalya |
amaya |
ĝešya |
eriya |
lugalen[e]ya |
aman[e]ya |
ĝešin[e]ya |
erin[e]ya
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| Terminative
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lugalše/lugalaš |
amaše |
ĝešše/ĝešaš |
eriše |
lugalen[e]še |
aman[e]še |
ĝešin[e]še |
erin[e]še
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| Adverbiative
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lugaleš |
amaeš |
ĝešeš |
erieš |
lugaleneš |
amaneš |
ĝešineš |
erineš
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| Ablative
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lugalta |
amata |
ĝešta |
erita |
lugalen[e]ta |
aman[e]ta |
ĝešin[e]ta |
erin[e]ta
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| Comitative
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lugalga |
amaga |
ĝešga |
eriga |
lugalen[e]ga |
aman[e]ga |
ĝešin[e]ga |
erin[e]ga
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| Equative
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lugalgen |
amagen |
ĝešgen |
erigen |
lugalen[e]gen |
aman[e]gen |
ĝešen[e]gen |
erin[e]gen
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Pronouns
Personal pronouns
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Singular |
Plural
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| 1st
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ĝe |
den
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| 2nd
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ze |
zen
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| 3rd
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ane; ibe |
anene; (ibine)
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Possessive pronouns
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Absolutive |
Genitive |
Locative |
Ergative |
Directive
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| 1sg
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-ĝu |
-ĝa |
-ĝya |
-ĝu |
-ĝye
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| 2sg
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-zu |
-za |
-zya |
-zu |
-zye
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| 3sg
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-ni; -bi |
-na; -ba |
-nya; -bya |
-ne; -be |
-nye; -bye
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| 1pl
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-me |
-ma |
-mya |
-me |
-mye
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| 2pl
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-zene |
-zena |
-zenya |
-zene |
-zenye
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| 3pl
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-(a)nne; -bine |
-(a)nna; -bina |
-(a)nnya; -binya |
-(a)nne; -bine |
-(a)nnye; -binye
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Examples:
- lugalĝu - my king : lugalme - our king
- lugalzu - your king : lugalzene - your king
- lugalni - his/her king : lugalanne - their king
- lugalbi - its king : lugalbine - their king
- lugalĝune - my kings : lugalmene - our kings
- lugalzune - your kings : lugalzenene your kings (zenene > zenne?)
- lugalnine - his/her kings : lugalannene - their kings
- lugalbine - its kings : lugalbinene - their kings (binene > binne?)
Adjectives
Numerals
Verbs
Other
Vocabulary
| Vocabualry
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| Conlang
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Sumerian
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English
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| lugal
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lugal
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king
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| eri
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iri/eri
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city, town
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