Lakovic languages

Not to be confused with the Lahob languages.

Swadesh lists for the Lakovic languages

Lakovic
Created by	–
Geographic distribution	Originally Talma, Bjeheond and Txapoalli; today worldwide
Linguistic classification	One of Tricin's primary language families
Proto-language	Proto-Lakovic
Subdivisions	Ashanic Western Bjeheondian Tumhanian Etalocian Txapoallian

The Lakovic languages (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ lə-KOH-vik; Häskä: hän tülut Ləkof; Windermere: fi imbrits Lăcof) are a major Trician language family, originally native to Talma. The family is inspired by Semitic, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages.

Todo

Lakovic should be huge

Urheimat: Talma

Language with dissimilated reduplicated plurals/verbs

vaguely AN + Salish grammar with honorifics

Phylogeny

• Proto-Lakovic
  • Ashanic
    • Old Windermere
      • Classical Windermere
        • Modern Windermere
        • Trây
    • Häskä
    • Classical Tseezh
      • Modern Tseezh
  • Tumhanian
    • Schong
    • Æ
  • Etalocian
    • Pradjul
  • Txapoallian
    • Trây
  • Tsrovesh
  • Pseudo-Swiss German

Proto-Lakovic phonology

Consonants

the lateral affricates may have been domed alveolar instead

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar		Velar	Uvular	Glottal
				central	lateral
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ŋ /ŋ/
Plosive	voiced	b /b/	d /d/			g /ɡ/
	voiceless	p /p/	t /t/			k /k/	q /q/
Affricate	voiced		ʒ /d͡z/	ǯ /d͡ʒ/	ʒ́ /d͡ɮ/
	voiceless		c /t͡s/	č /t͡ʃ/	ć /t͡ɬ/
Fricative	voiceless	f /f/	s /s/	š /ʃ/	ś /ɬ/	x /x/		h /h/
	voiced		z /z/	ž /ʒ/		ɣ /ɣ/
Trill				r /r/
Approximant		w /w/			l /l/	y /j/

Vowels

• i ɨ u e o a
• i ɨ u e ə o a

Proto-Ashanic phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/				ŋ /ŋ/
Stop	plain	p /p/	t /t/				k /k/	ʔ /ʔ/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d/				g /g/
Fricative			s /s̻/	š /s̺/	ś /ɬ/			h /h/
Affricate			c /ts̻/	(č /ts̺/)	ć /tɬ/
Approximant		w /w/		r /r/	l /l/	y /j/

Vowels

Proto-Ashanic had 6 vowels and register tone:

i ü u e o a = /i y u e o a/

ì ǜ ù è ò à = /i y u e o a/ + breathy voice

Phonotactics

Final consonant clusters were allowed, unlike in Windermere.

Prefinal syllables only allowed the vowels /a i u/.

Stress

Stress was likely on the final syllable.

Proto-Lakovic morphology

Root structure

Roots consisted of 1 or 2 syllables, and were stressed on the final syllable.

Nouns

Nouns were pluralized by reduplication, as in the Salish languages. e.g. *lakof = person; *laklakof = people

There was an honorific clitic =cin. Honorific nouns and verbs became feminine in Ashanic.

Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation.

Pronouns

Ashanic:

• rì = I
• śen (m), śe(n)s (f) = you
• in (m), ins (f)
• tsa = we (exc)
• pang = we (inc)

Verbs and adjectives

TODO: triggers, aspects

There was an honorific prefix, ha-.

Proto-Ashanic: ⟨paŋ⟩ = comitative trigger

Derivational morphology

• -ś- infix: nominalization
  • Breathy voice ablaut in Ashanic
• Ashanic: bì-~bù- = agentive
• Ashanic: hà- = resultative (passive in Windermere)
• Ashanic: t- = denominal verbs, causative (Wdm. th-)
• Ashanic: u- = intensive
• Ashanic: ⟨ìt⟩, PLak: ⟨ixt⟩ = locative trigger

Proto-Lakovic syntax

Proto-Lakovic had flexible word order, but the most common word order was VSO.

Vocabulary

• PAsh ksìʔ > Wdm. scie 'star'
• PAsh śkey > Wdm. scey 'forest'
• PAsh àplon > Wdm. blon 'water'

Numbers

check Æ tone reflexes

• first, breathy voice gives 3/1 vs 2/4 split
• then final consonants and voicing gives various outcomes

Proto-Ashanic	Ashanic			Tsrovetic	Tumhanian		Etalocian
	Windermere	Häskä	Tseezh	Tsrovesh	Schong	Æ	Ferlitian
*àdòn "one"	doan	odän	don			tů
*ùrat "two"	rath	rat	oozhad			ras
*tsiw "three"	stiw	ətsəw	txiv			tjův
*mšàk "four"	smech	əmšäk	khaag		njaai	njærv
*mǜc "five"	müets	müc	omøøtx			vur
*dak "six"	tach	dak	dag			tars
*àbòt "seven"	boath	obät	aabood			pov
*słeb "eight"	łep	ešəb	xev			læ̊g
*ʔlòy "nine"	loay	oläy	wooj			løv
*tap "ten"	thaf	taf	rab			tås
*suyàw "eleven"	săyew	suyäw	tajaav			søv
*srük "twelve"	srüch	üsruk	tzhøg			rurs