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A sfir fi dy Eevo (This page in Eevo)

Scellan
Λ ỺⱵꝨѴ ꞰꞰⳘΔ a brits Eevo
Pronunciation	[[w:Help:IPA|prits ɛivɔ]]
Created by	IlL
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Language family	Quihum Talmic Thensaric Tigolic Scellan
Official status
Official language in	Sgewla, Fyxám, ...
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qee

Sgewlan /skɛlən/ SKEL-uhn (Sgewliv /ˈskɛ̃ʟiv/), in-universe often called Eevo /ˈeɪvoʊ/ AY-voh (in the native script, ꞰꞰⳘΔ /ˈɛivɔ/; from Tigol é- 'common' + bó 'language'), is a Talmic language belonging to the Tigolic branch. Eevo is modern Tricin's lingua franca, the third-most spoken language (after Tizian and Sjowaazhéñ) and the second-most spoken Quihum language (after Sjowaazhéñ).

The beginning of the modern Eevo language, dated to ca. fT 1150dd (1932), is often credited to the Sgewlan philosopher and poet ????, who wrote his works in the new phonetic, Clofabic-based orthography of his invention, instead of the old Talmic orthography largely based on Tigol pronunciation. Eevo lexicon has been heavily influenced by Windermere, Talman Clofabic and Phormatolide. [The Clofabic orthography is still sensitive to etymology to some extent, as it reflects the original spelling in Windermere or Proto-Clofabic loanwords.] The name Eevo refers to the fact that it had its origins as a Sgewlan koiné. Modern Eevo has been a living language for about 360 years, approximately 1932-2292 (1150dd-13b0dd).

Eevo is official in the Talman nation of Sgewla [ˈskɛ̃ʟə]. It is also de facto official in Fyxam [fəˈʃam] and many other countries. In real life, it is one of the official languages of the Facebook group The Pitcairns, Also Bhutan, And Also Possibly Tannara Mòr.

Eevo is inspired by Icelandic, Welsh, Hmong (orthography-wise), English, and Gaelic.

Lexember 2017

Day 2

• çewr (n): bag
• frais X: minus X
• sosáwl (v): to add
• ocbẃan (v): to subtract
• astýr (v): to multiply
• robýð (v): to divide
• fwastýr (v): to exponentiate
• þíndas (n): logarithm
• bahív: modulo

Day 3

• þumyŋéed (v) = confirm, check
• crawþ (v) = feel
• iantgon (adj) = sleepy
• bail (adj) = slow
• huð (n) = brain
• maint (v) = to please
• ŋwasid (n) = bracelet
• almáði (n) = daisy
• socálah (n) = annoyance, nuisance (socál 'to bother')
• goltíŋ (v) = get up
• ascónd (v) = pick something off of
• seþ (conj) = when
• ar wiþl (adv) = suddenly
• hlwg (v) = run
• psaþ (adj) = pink
• raga (prep, adv) = past

Day 9

• cyvymlóod (adj) = remarkable, unusual
• golçíalon (ad) = strange
• ohbáje (intj) = egads! heaven forbid! (dated)

Todo

• Goal: Duolingo courses
• "Reason, Compassion and Action"
  • Symbolized by Borromean rings?
• might have more talmic than expected
• Clofabic prefixes and suffixes (e.g. for -logy, -ism)
• suffix for halogens, suffix for noble gases, suffixes for radioactive elts
  • metals: -cis
• sgv/plv/col can be a feature of modern talma but not ancient talma
• How much are adjectives like verbs? What tense markers can they take?
• OEe sngl-, sngr- > sml-, smr-
• Some way to say 'the X associated with each' or 'their respective X'
• The "21 accents" of Eevo
• (Sometimes misleading) nationality descriptors - like french fries or English horn in English
• "culture"
• "self"
• Vowel changes before /χ/
• Realizations of Windermere Vj and Vł

Diachronics

Phonological history

• Voicing becomes aspiration.
• a > a
• á > aw
• ae, ái > ai
• aei > ee
• ao, aoi > øø
• e, ei > e
• é > ee
• éi > oi > wa
• eó, éu > ew
• ai, i, io > y
• í, oí, uí > i
• iu > y
• iú > iw
• o > o
• oi > ø
• ó > oo
• ói, ua > wa
• u > w
• ui > ø
• ú > u /y/
• úi > wi
• rb, rd, rg > /rv, rð, rj/
• -n > -m after aw, ew, iw, oo, øø w, u
  • -ng > -m too
• aw > o in unstressed syllables or before clusters

Grammatical history

Many of the most drastic grammatical changes from Old Eevo are a result of rapid "creolization" as a result of second-language speakers learning the language.

• Old Eevo nouns, verbs and adjectives were drastically simplified. Nouns and verbs no longer inflect for person; adjectives no longer agree with nouns.
• Loss of grammatical gender
• A new sgv-plv-col system arises, marked by determiners. Definiteness is lost.
• Old Eevo mutations were lost under the influence of Windermere.
• Development of split ergativity.

Background

See also: Talmic languages, Thensarian, Tigol.

Phonology

Consonants

Eevo has a slightly larger-than-average consonant inventory of about 26 consonants.

		Labial	Dental/Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/		ŋ /ŋ/
Plosive	unaspirated	b /p/	d /t/		g /k/
	aspirated	p /pʰ/	t /tʰ/		c /kʰ/
Affricate			ts /ts/	tx, tsj /tʃ/
Non-sibilant	unvoiced	f /f/	þ /θ/	ç /ç/		ll /χ/	h /h/
	voiced	v /v/	ð /ð/	j /j/
Sibilant	unvoiced		s /s/	x, sj /ʃ/
	voiced		z /z/	zj [ʒ]
Resonant	unvoiced		rr /r̥/
	voiced	ł /w/	r /r/			l /ʟ/

Notes

• ŋ is the official transcription for /ŋ/, however ņ may be used for typing on Android keyboards.
• If not word-final, the unaspirated plosives /p t k/ are most likely to be fully voiced in the clusters /mp nt ŋk/, then after vowels, and never voiced after obstruents.
• Aspiration is neutralized in coda.
• /r/ may be a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ].
• /ʟ r/ become their devoiced counterparts /χ r̥/ after aspirates and /s/.
• /hn/ may become [ɬ~tl~tɬ].
• The liquid transcribed /ʟ/ for convenience may be pronounced [ʀ], [ʁ] or [ɴ̆]. The allophone [ɴ̆] is somewhat more common intervocalically. The allophone [ɫ] occurs in classical singing and in some remote dialects.
• /n ʟ r/ can be syllabic in some accents.
• Coda /ç/ is disallowed; /ç/ > /h/ after a vowel.
• /h/ is often elided after a voiced consonant.

/Cj/ sequences

• /sj, tsj/ become /ʃ tʃ/ in standard Eevo: Slysjon /ˈsχəʃɔn/ 'April'.
  • In addition, zj dzj /ʒ dʒ(devoiced)/ is used in loanwords.
• /ʟj/ is reduced to /j/ among younger speakers: e.g. çaljad 'window' /çaʟjət/ is pronounced [çajət], [çaːjət], or [çãjət].

Vowels

The vowel inventory of Eevo is also fairly large, with 8, 11 or 14 basic vowel qualities depending on the analysis. Eevo also has phonemic nasal vowels (in "lambdic" accents, so called since these vowels are written with an L in the Eevo orthography) and many diphthongs.

Oral vowels

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded
Close	i /i/	u /y/	y /ə/	w /u/
Open	e /ɛ/	ø /œ/	a /a/	o /ɔ/
Diphthongs	ai wi aw ew iw ee øø oo ia ua wa /ai ui au ɛu iu ɛɪ œy ɔu iə yə uə/

Nasal vowels (in lambdic accents)

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded
Close	ĩ	ỹ		ũ
Mid	ẽ	ø̃	ə̃	õ
Open	ɛ̃	œ̃	ã	ɔ̃

Notes

• Vowels in pausa are glottalized or followed by a final [ʔ] in many dialects.
• /y/'s backness may be near-front [y̠] and central [ʉ] depending on accent.
• Similarly, /œ/ may be near-front [œ] and central [ɞ] (but is more consistently near-front).
• /œy/ may be [œʏ] or [ɞʉ].

Diaereses can be used on the second member of a vowel cluster to distinguish them from diphthongs.

Nasal vowels

The nasal vowels /ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ õ ɛ̃ œ̃ ã ɔ̃/ arose from historical V + /l/ sequences. In many accents they are also pharyngealized (/ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ õ ɛ̃ œ̃ ã ɔ̃/ = [ĩˤ ỹˤ ũˤ ẽˤ ø̃ˤ ʌ̃ˤ õˤ ɛ̃ˤ œ̃ˤ ãˤ ɔ̃ˤ]) or diphthongized (say, /ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ ɛ̃ ã/ = [iw̃ yw̃ uɔ̃ ew̃ øw̃ əw̃ ɛw̃ œw̃]). Certain, "non-lambdic" accents realize them as long vowels (with no nasalization) - these accents may have "linked" and "intrusive L" realized as [ʁ] or [ɴ̆] analogous to linked and intrusive R in non-rhotic English accents. A handful of remote dialects pronounce them as pharyngealized vowels or vowels followed by [ɫ].

/õ/ may merge with either /ũ/ or /ɔ̃/ depending on the accent.

In unstressed syllables, /ə̃/ and /ɔ̃/ often merge to [ɔ̃].

This is how nasal vowels are written in the orthography:

Phoneme	Spelling
/ã/	al ail
/ɛ̃/	el ewl
/ẽ/	eel
/ĩ/	il ial iwl
/œ̃/	øl
/ø̃/	øøl
/ỹ/	ul ual
/ɔ̃/	ol awl
/õ/	ool wil
/ũ/	wl wal
/ə̃/	yl, syllabic l

After stressed syllables, unstressed /a/ and unstressed /ə/ are merged to /ə/.

Stress

Stress is not marked in the native orthography. Talmic and Clofabic words usually have initial stress, but prefixed verbs are usually not stressed on the prefix. Windermere loans have final stress.

The romanization used in this article and related material will mark non-initial stress with an acute accent.

Phonotactics

• /z/ devoices to [s] before a stop (plosive or affricate).
• In native (Talmic) words, the non-English initial clusters are hm, hn, hŋ, mn, ml, mr, vn, vl, vr, sr, sŋ, sgl, sgr, tŋ, tl, dl, þŋ, þl, ðl, cn, ŋr, sml, smr, hml, hmr. Many more initial clusters are allowed in Windermere loanwords.
• Final/post-tonic combinations are a bit more restricted - the allowed post-tonic combinations are generally similar to Germanic or Greek.

Diaphonology

Big picture: Some common accent features are

• epenthesis in certain /rC/ clusters.
• long vowels for nasal vowels
• In lambdic accents: nasal vowel mergers so that the total number of nasal vowels is less than 11. The first victims tend to be the back nasal vowels /ũ õ ɔ̃/ (which often merge into two vowels) and the front rounded nasal vowels /ỹ ø̃ œ̃/ (which often merge into their unrounded counterparts /ĩ ẽ ɛ̃/).
• Some dialects retain the conservative pronounciation of y as [ɨ] in some environments. Backed realizations of stressed y, such as [ʌ], [ɤ] or [ʊ], is a special feature of some accents.
• Pronouncing n before V as [l]
• ee øø oo = [əi əy əu]
• hn hŋ being realized as [ʔn ʔŋ] when not word-initial and not before a stressed vowel
• Like in English, there are "nonstandard" pronunciations of /θ ð/. There are various strategies:
  • These may become stops, dental [t̪˭ d̪] or alveolar [t˭ d], in some environments. In Eevo eye dialect this may be transcribed by substituting d for þ.
  • /ð/ may become [z], and /θ/ might participate in a chain shift θ > t > d.
  • Coda /θ/ may become [f].
• /t/-glottalization
• Allophonic vowel length or tensing, especially in non-lambdic accents
  • Vowels may lengthen in open syllables, before voiced consonants, or before front fricatives /f v θ ð s z/.

General Fyxamian Eevo

This is the de facto standard accent of Verse:Tricin/Fyxam.

• /œ y/ are commonly centralized, closer to [ɞ ʉ].
• /ɛu/ is slightly higher [eu].
• /au/ > [æw]
• /u, y, i/ > [ʊw, ʏɥ, ɪj]
• epenthesis in /rC/ clusters when C = nasal or /v/. For example, arm 'to live' is [ˈaɾəm].
• Nasal vowels are also consistently pharyngealized, resulting in mergers. The pharyngealization is stronger before nasals.
  • wl~ool~ol [õˁ~ɔ̃ˁ]
  • il~eel~ul~øøl [ẽˁ~ø̃ˁ]
  • el~øl [ɛ̃ˁ~œ̃ˁ]

Standard Sgewlan

The so-called Standard Sgewlan accent is the most well-known of the non-lambdic accents. Standard Sgewlan Eevo is based on the middle and upper middle class accent of the capital Alcve after the industrial revolution. It is characterized by having a vowel length distinction instead of nasal vowels. Though non-Sgewlans often fetishize the accent, Sgewlans view it as extremely posh and use it almost exclusively in formal speeches, acting, and classical singing, and prefer to use their native accents.

TODO: merge some L-colored vowels with other vowels

• Short vowels: /i y ə u ɛ œ a ɔ/ = [i y ə u e ø a o] (/y œ/ are more front than in General Fyxamian)
• Lambdic vowels: /ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ õ ɛ̃ œ̃ ã ɔ̃/ = [io yo uo ejo øyo əwo æo œo ao o:]~[ʏː ʉ̠ː ʊ̠ː~uː ɛu œu ɔu ɔu œː ɞː ɑː ɔː]
• Diphthongs: /ai ui au ɛu iu ɛɪ œy ɔu iə yə uə/ = [æ: ui au ɛu iu ɛɪ œy ɔu iə yə uə]
• Unstressed /ə̃/ merges with /ɔ/.
• In Advanced Standard Sgewlan, /iə yə uə/ are pronounced [iː yː uː] (in line with Contemporary Alcvean).
• /ai/ is a long monophthong, [æː] or [aː]
• Linking L, and intrusive L after /ɛu œy iu ɔu/ (analogous to linking and intrusive R in RP)
  • For example, gyl jew in 'out of the blue' is often pronounced /ko jɛu‿ʟ in/.
• Syllabic resonants and schwa + resonant sequences are distinct (except when the resonant is l).

Contemporary Alcvean

The contemporary accent of Alcve, the capital of Sgewla.

• /ai/ = [æ:], as in SSg
• /iə yə uə/ = [iː yː uː] 
• Unstressed /ə̃/ and /ɔ/ are realized as [o].
• /ui/ = [oɪ] or even lower [oe]
• Especially in working-class accents, /ð/ may become [z], and /θ/ may participate in a chain shift: /θ/ > [t] and /t/ > [d].

Sgewlan accent #2

• /ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ õ ɛ̃ œ̃ ã ɔ̃/ are realized as [eː øː oː ɛː œː oː oː ɛː œː ɑɔ~ɑː ɔː] (more conservatively, /ĩ ỹ ũ/ are [ɪː ʏː ʊː])
• ai wi aw ew iw ee øø oo = /aiː yiː auː ɛuː iuː ɛiː œyː ɔuː/

Sgewlan accent #4 (conservative)

• ee øø oo are all monophthongs: [e: ø: o:]
• /ç/ and /h/ before plosives = [x]
• /h/ after V and before a resonant = [ʔ]
• /ʟ/ = [ɫ~l]

Cleent

• ee øø oo = [əi əy əu]
• y = [ɨ]
• /χ/ = pharyngeal h

Flian

Notorious for its strange sounds, this is the accent of the Fyxamian city of Flian and its environs.

• /ç/ is fronted to [ɕ] and triggers retraction of /ʃ tʃ/ to [ʂ tʂ].
• /χ/ is fronted to [x].
• A chain vowel shift ("Flian Vowel Shift") affects the following non-nasalized vowels.
  1. /ɛu, ui/ > [eo~eə~ɛː, oe~oə~oː]
  2. /au, ai/ > [æw, ɑɪ]
  3. /ou, øy, ei/ > [œw~œː, ɶʏ, æj]
  4. /u, y, i/ > [ʊ, ʏ, ɪ]
  5. /uə, yə, iə/ > [uː, yː, iː] before C
• Front nasal vowels are realized as rhotic nasal vowels: /ĩ = ỹ, ẽ = ø̃, ɛ̃ = œ̃/ are realized as rhotic nasal vowels [ɚ̃, ɝ̃, ɑ̃ɚ] or even rhotic oral vowels [ɚ, ɝ, ɑɚ]
• Word-final /rC/ undergoes epenthesis to [rəC] for any C.
• /θ ð/ > [t̪˭ d̪] often occurs.
• t-glottalization like in Estuary English

Cnollta

Spoken in the Cnollta region in Fyxam, this accent is often perceived as backwards and boorish.

Similar to General Fyxamian, but:

• Many monophthongs lengthen or diphthongize allophonically:
  • "trap-bath split": /a/ is pronounced [ɑː] before fricatives /f v s z θ ð/ and word-finally, and [æ] or fully front [a] otherwise. For example, ras /ras/ 'power' is pronounced [rɑːs]; syvŋá 'art' is pronounced [səvŋɑː], but glah 'will' is pronounced [gʀæh].
  • /ɛ/ becomes [ɛə] or [eə] before voiced consonants /m n ŋ r v ð z/ or word-finally. /œ/ and /ə/ become [ɞː] and [ɘː] in the same environment.
  • /i y u/ become [iː yː uː] in open syllables and [ɪ ʏ ʊ] otherwise.

Early Modern Eevo

• The letter y was pronounced /ɨ/.
• a was never reduced, and was always pronounced [a~ɐ].
• /ɛɪ œʏ ɔʊ/ (written ee øø oo) were long monophthongs [eː øː oː].
• ç /ç/ was actually /x/, as in Clofabic languages at that time.

Pronouncing Eevo words in English

• An epenthetic schwa may be inserted for Eevo clusters that English lacks.
• Voiceless resonants may be pronounced as their voiced counterparts: /hm hn hŋ r̥/ → /m n ŋ r/.
  • /χ, ç/ should be rendered [h] or [x].
• /ʀ~ʁ/ → /l/
• Coda /h/ should be deleted.
• /p t k/ → /b d g/, but:
  • /sp st sk/ → /sp st sk/
  • /hp ht hk/ ⟨hb hd hg⟩ → /p t k/
  • Word-finally, pronounce ⟨b d g⟩ as /p t k/.
• /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ → /p t k/
• Vowels: /i y ə u ɛ œ a ɔ ai au ɛu iu ei øy ou iə yə uə ui/ → /iː uː ʌ~ə uː ɛ ə æ~ɑː ɑ~ɔ aɪ aʊ oʊ juː eɪ oʊ oʊ iːə uːə uːə wiː~ɔɪ/
• Vowels before r
• vowels before l
  • Note that w is always a vowel!

Orthography

In-universe, Eevo uses the Clofabic script, unlike other Talmic languages (except Roshterian). Template:Eevo alphabet Stress accent is not marked. (However, in materials for English speakers we will mark stress.)

wi, wj, ooj and oj are pronounced the same; ee, eej and ej; ai and aj.

The sequences çm, çn, çŋ, çl, çr are pronounced identically to hm, hn, hŋ, ll, rr in most modern Eevo dialects, except that çm, çn, çŋ, çr are [xm, xn, xŋ, xr] in dialects that have [x] for ç.

Punctuation

• | = period
• . = comma
• ₂ = strong comma
• ᑉ = question mark
• + = exclamation point
• - = hyphen
• ~ = ellipsis
• ⸗ = semicolon
• ᕑ = colon
• ⟨ ⟩ = parentheses
• : = hyphen (for affixes in linguistics)

Numerals

Eevo uses a base-12 positional numeral system. The digits are as follows:

ɔ ı ʎ ɺ ħ ʕ ʑ ɛ ɴ κ ə ʋ = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X E

duodecimal point: :

1728's separator: · (optional)

Examples:

2017 = 1,201dd = ı·ʎɔı

π = 3.184809493b918...dd = ɺ:ıɴħ·ɴɔк·ħкɺ·кʋı·ɴ... or ɺ:ıɴħɴɔкħкɺкʋıɴ...

Morphology

Eevo inflectional morphology tends to be simpler than most other Talmic languages; for example, it has no grammatical gender and no construct state.

Verbs

Verbs have little inflection, and the bulk of verbs are completely regular.

Imperative

The imperative is formed with im [VERB] (from "now VERB"). The im is not used when the verb is preceded by ðelláws 'please'.

Cohortative: [VERB] gwm, [VERB] wm (from "VERB with us.EXC")

Tar gwm hehlt na llawm rreem.

go COH plant DET.PL seed today

Let's go plant the seeds today.

Present

The present uses the unmarked form of the verb followed by the subject. For example, Duvwŋ, mol naw tlaw means "Teacher, I thank you".

This is often replaced by the progressive in casual speech.

Archaic Eevo (still used in historical fiction) uses the following personal endings in the present tense:

I	you (sg.)	he	she	it	we (exc.)	we (inc.)	you (pl.)	they	you (polite)	impersonal
-an	-ir	-am	-e	-0	-em	-ad	-ah	-að	-ah	-av

Conditional

The conditional uses the suffix -ð. It continues the Old Eevo past subjunctive.

Imperfect

The imperfect uses the particle go.

Progressive/Stative

To form the progressive, the particle dy is used before the verb.

Verbs referring to emotional states, as well as adjectives referring to states, also use the progressive. For example, Dy eell naw'r means "I love you."

Preterite

The preterite uses the ergative particle.

• Iantin naw. = I slept.
• Vesin rw naw na ahdyn. = I painted the pictures.

Perfect

The perfect, formed by placing tynd 'after' before the verb, is used for:

• an event in the immediate past
• an event that occurred in the past and is relevant to the present
  • an event that occurred regularly in the past with a cumulative effect on the present

Perfect: Tynd iant naw. = I have slept.

Perfect progressive: Tynd fahd dy VERB SUBJECT

Future imperfective

The future imperfective uses the -t affix inherited from Old Eevo. It is used for:

• events that will happen regularly or continually over a period of time in the future
• events that will happen some time in the future, but whose time or outcome is not yet known or determined.

Future perfective

The future perfective tense is formed with hly + VERB. It is used for:

• a future event that has a definite ending point or occurs once
• future events with a known definite time point
• outcomes which are likely or certain to occur.

Jussive

The jussive is high-register and is formed with the suffix -or. It can be used in conditional statements expressing a generally true rule.

cehnor dy car

if one wishes (fixed expression)

Fohor a cliam slahah Ⅎ, coþ...

be-JUSS number counting [variable], then

Let n be/If n is a natural number, then...

Copula

The copula is the most irregular verb in Eevo. In the present tense, zero copula is used.

Nouns

Eevo uses a collective-singulative-plurative system. Number is marked with determiners, not by affixes:

• a(ð) for singulative
• na for plurative
• bo for collective

When no determiner is used, it signifies collective by default.

Singulative and plurative (called "singular" and "plural" below for convenience) refer to one resp. more than one specific instances of the noun. A noun in the collective form refers to "[noun] in general" or "the set of all [noun]". This distinction also applies to abstract nouns (which often use unmarked collectives). The collective of an abstract noun refers to the quality in general, and the singulative and plurative refer to one or more specific instances or manifestations of the abstraction. For example, the collective bo fosgu means 'valor (in general)'; the singulative a fosgu means 'a valiant deed'; the plurative na fosgu means 'valiant deeds'.

Collective nouns are referred to with singular pronouns, not plural.

Pronouns

	I	you (sg.)	he	she	it	we (exc.)	we (inc.)	you (pl.)	they	impersonal
Direct	naw, no	fiar, fia, iar, ir, 'r	(h)av	(h)ee	(h)e	awv	gwad	swad	(h)awr	car
Genitive	ryn	res	reev	ree	ryŋ	riav	reg	red	rer	ry çar
Genitive (emphatic)	rynda	resda	reevda	reeda	ryŋda	riavda	refda	rehda	reða	ry bewmav
Dative	llyn	lles	lleev	llee	llyŋ	lliav	lleg	lled	ller	lly çar

The forms no and ir, 'r are casual forms.

Demonstratives

Eevo has a 4-way contrast in demonstratives:

1. near me, but not near you
2. near us (inclusive)
3. near you, but not near me
4. distal: far from both you and me

	Near 1	Near 1+2	Near 2	Distal	Interrogative	Negative	Every/All	Some	Any	Other
Adjective	mi	fi	ce	ŋe	tis (preposed)	-	baw (preposed)		xens (preposed)
Thing	men	fen	cen	ŋen	taw	twm satn			xens satn
Person	-	-	-		tua	twm lias	-	-	nilltua
Place	mah	enah	cah	ŋah	þlawd				nillawd
Source
Destination	mahd	enahd	cahd	ŋahd	tahd				nilltahd
Time	sada		ŋoþ		tin	fuat	tŋiv		nilltin
Manner/Kind	miar	siar	ciar	ŋiar	tiar				nilltiar
Quantity					tic (how many); ticar (how many-th)
Reason					tin

Adjectives

Adjectives behave like verbs in that they can take tense clitics. However, they can take degree inflection unlike adjectives and imperative constructions must use fa + ADJECTIVE.

Adjectives usually follow nouns; they may precede nouns in poetry.

Degree:

• -ta = comparative (compared to others)
• -ws = superlative
• jal X = too X
• -am = comparative (compared to past self)

Adverbs can be formed from both verbs adjectives by adding dy before the verb or adjective. However, often adverbs are unmarked.

Construct adjectives

An adjective may be placed in the construct state by suffixing -að. Construct adjectives are chiefly used in literary Eevo; it also survives in some fixed expressions and prepositions. For example, deljað is a preposition meaning 'worth; worthy of', and is the construct form of an adjective *deli ('worthy').

Construct adjectives are also used in constructions like tnoosað ers 'easy to learn'.

Derivational morphology

Noun-noun compounds are head-final; however, head-initial "noun noun" juxtaposition is preferred. "Noun verb" juxtaposition is also common.

The table below lists selected derivational suffixes.

		From...
		Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
To...	Noun	-wŋ (agentive) -os (instrument) -id (diminutive) -óm (augmentative; Clofabic) -fen (agentive; Clofabic) -emb (female suffix) ni- (non-) ir- (un-) bah- (sub-) ŋal- 'before' tynd- 'after'	-ah (verbal noun) -ev (verbal noun) -wŋ (agentive) -os (instrument)	-vih (abstract noun) hal-(abstract noun) -u (abstract noun) -igi (one characterized by X)
	Verb	so- (verbing nouns)	ar- (applicative) as- (telic) ee- (co-, with) for- (causative) fw- (back, re-) gol- (up) oc- (from, out) ro- (down) so- (towards) sen- (well) mi- (mis-)
	Adjective	-ahd -on -iv -ín (Netagin) -ol (Clofabic) -flen	-i -in (-ee) -go, (-able, but ergative)	zi- (non-) er- (un-)
	Adverb				-

Nouns

• -id is a diminutive suffix but is often used discursively, somewhat like "a nice X".
• -óm is a Clofabic augmentative suffix.
• -wr is a native Talmic augmentative suffix.
• mi- is used in some nouns where it is a prefix meaning 'bad', 'mis-' or sometimes 'pseudo-'.
• hyłviar- is a prefix meaning 'study of X'. Stress falls on the word which the prefix attaches to.
  • hylłiarclíam means 'number theory'.
• -óm is a noun suffix of unclear meaning, historically an augmentative.
• -wŋ is a suffix meaning "a person associated with [noun] or who does [verb]" (unknown origin).
  • britswŋ means 'speaker (a person who speaks)', from brits 'to speak; speech'.
  • trovihwŋ means 'vegetarian' (from trovih 'vegetarianism').
  • sbwiþwŋ means 'sbwiþ player'. (A sbwiþ is a plucked string instrument with 18-22 sympathetic strings.)
• -fen is another "agent" suffix, like -wŋ, but of Clofabic origin.
• nw- is a Windermere agentive suffix.
• -u (collective) is a common native affix used to form abstract nouns.
• -lan is another abstract noun suffix.
• -ad is a common noun suffix, from Thensarian -sdos.

Phrasal nouns

Eevo also has phrasal nouns: these are noun-preposition combinations that are stressed on the preposition.

• beð ry (part of) = component
• hmawg dy (word at) = subject of the conversation
• hmawg lly (word for) = support, endorsememt

Verbs

Old Eevo prefixes remain productive in Modern Eevo. Among them is the causative affix for- (from a preposition meaning "through"), which was formerly only found in some frozen "causative" verbs but is gaining productivity in modern Eevo.

• mi- is an affix similar to 'mis-, mal-' in English, also sometimes 'pseudo-'.

Phrasal verbs

Eevo has phrasal verbs like English does.

Adjectives

• er- is a negating suffix of Talmic origin; it is most commonly used with Talmic adjectives.
• -flen /-fʟɛn/ is an adjectival suffix with the same meaning as Korean -tapta and Japanese -rashii: it means 'like an X is supposed to be' or 'like a typical X'. The suffix comes from Old Eevo compound adjectives of the form X-fheileán (from feil 'name' + -án adjectivizer; i.e. 'like the name X' or 'worthy of the name X'). Some words with the suffix have undergone semantic shifts, e.g. carflen /ˈkʰarfʟɛn/ 'humane, moral, ethical' (from Old Eevo car "human" + -flen).
• -gom is similar to '-able', but it is ergative in that it can also be used for "able to [intransitive verb]". ex. feŋggom 'mortal, human (flowery)' < feŋg 'die'.
• jy- (jyn- before C) is a Windermere adjectival suffix.
• -ol /-ɔ̃/ is an adjectival suffix of Clofabic origin; it is cognate with Clofabosin -ol. It is used mainly in loanwords from Proto-Clofabic or Phormatolide, or to derive adjectives from Clofabic loanwords; however, it is sometimes used with other words as well.
• -on is a Talmic adjectival suffix, from Old Eevo -án (itself from Thensarian -aħnam, Proto-Talmic *-aʁnəm).
• -vað is another Talmic adjectival suffix.
• -wd = from Tigol -óid
• -wid = from Tigol -óid via Rhythoed -oyd
• mee- = multi-
• do- = uni-, mono-

Syntax

Main article: Eevo/Syntax

Vocabulary

Eevo's basic vocabulary is largely Talmic. However, a large portion of Eevo vocabulary (comparable to English) is borrowed, for example from Windermere, Clofabic languages (Proto-Clofabic, Phormatolide and Χrycolidh) or other Talman languages. This gives Eevo a rich array of synonyms.

Sample texts

Methavir nalaminyl mekerylide ester axoram

Dy brits naw çyŋ eell as jyvad.

PROG speak 1SG about love and hate

I am speaking of love and hate.

UDHR, Article 1

Rygéen's þar nai hyltlás as xin gyl sŋøø bo am. Sodláwmin nai hylfyðín as [biðçǿøryn] av, ŋyþ beð roo a [þalnǿøv] hið velc dy heeb eeðagu.

free and equal INS dignity-COL and right-COL from be_born DET human-COL. bestow-PST.PART INS rationality-COL and conscience-COL 3SG.M, therefore part GEN.3SG.AN DET act towards one_another in spirit brotherhood

All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Að øøm Depanjẃn (Making Anisole)

NileRed: Making Anisole

Depanjẃn, ry givolín pnaþafol tamyr tlaméni e, að øømt riav hreem.

Today we're making anisole which is a somewhat nice-smelling organic liquid.

Twm øør bo bintxynób tamẃx depanjẃn hnoh, as gøørws ŋi bannẃts lly bishǿðar's efataþolar að txynób car e.

Anisole itself doesn't have many direct applications and it's mostly used as a precursor to perfumes and pharmaceuticals.

Eenand naw nai møø depaniẃn lly øøm tawtn arbóin cosgarjẃn, ry cnee cia tyr nafte raw acl balniv e.

I plan to use the anisole to make something called anethole, which is 13 times sweeter than regular sugar.

The reaction that we'll be doing to make the anisole is called the Williamson ether synthesis, and I'll cover the mechanism later on in the video. In terms of chemicals, we have four major reagents: sodium metal, methyl iodide, phenol and methanol. We'll also need some sodium hydroxide, some dry calcium chloride, and some dichloromethane for the workup. To start things off, I added 150 mL of dry methanol to a round bottom flask. Once I'm done adding the methanol, I then move on to preparing the sodium metal. Before the sodium metal can be used, we first have to clean off the mineral oil that it was stored in, and then we have to chop it up into smaller pieces. Using a knife I took out a reasonably-sized chunk, and I tried to wipe away as much oil as I could using a paper towel. When I felt like most of the oil had been removed, I dropped the sodium into a beaker. I fill the beaker with toluene until the sodium is covered. Mineral oil is soluble in toluene, so this is just an added step to get rid of as much of the oil as possible. Using my very rusted knife, I try to agitate things as best as I can. After something like a minute, I felt like it had been washed decently enough, so I took it out and placed it on some paper towel. Now for the slightly more fun part where we get to cut the sodium and weigh out about 8 grams. Using my knife, I cut away some moderately-sized pieces and I place them on the scale. The freshly cut sodium is nice and silver, but it very quickly tarnishes. Once about 8 grams are weighted out, I put the sodium to the side and remove the scale. The sodium metal that is left over that we don't need is placed back under mineral oil for storage. Coming back to the round-bottom flask with the methanol in it, I go ahead and dump in all of the sodium. You can see that the sodium reacts quite vigorously immediately after being added. The reaction is going to heat the methanol to its boiling point, and a lot is going to boil off, so it's very important to have a high-efficiency condenser.

From a manifesto

Ys dy bo cŋyrll mawr savísi, bo fehd øølyv, as bo jys hwrþol a heðál bo slawv?

Q in DET.COL trunk tree towering, DET.COL lake heaven and DET.COL mountain craggy DET reside goodness

Does good reside in the towering tree trunks, the heavenly lakes, the cragged peaks?

Ia, dy lwm fiar res a sdeevi ryŋ.

nay in interior 2SG GEN.2SG DET dwell GEN.it

Nay, it dwells within thyself.

Tower of Babel

1. Go cia jawþ as cia brits dy smøøh aðyr.

PST.IPFV one language and one speech in world throughout.

2. Ah arw go rrohda amfyn biarir lly tneev, samin awr a dooméxa dy Xinlar as inosin awr cah.

but when IPFV move people-COL residence to east, find-PFV 3PL DET plain in Shinar and settle-PFV there.

3. Coþ tavin awr lly [cia sdair]: "Ai, øøm gwm atsenar, lly gollt heeg." As ytsén a þŋojétin llyr ngi nyldar, as llwh a ngi wpet.

then say-PRET 3PL DAT each_other VOC make COH brick-PL DAT bake hard and brick-PL DET serve DAT.3PL as stone-PL and tar DET as cement

Miscellany

Poetry

Eevo poetry traditionally uses rhyme. In modern poetry, alliteration is often used instead (cf. Tsjoen poetry).