Phylogeny
Proto-Naengic
- Syllable structure: (C)(ə).(C)(C)V(Cf)[sʔ]
- Cf is one of [mnɲŋptckrlswj]
- VSO and head-initial, of course
- The unmarked 'absolute state' marked the end of the noun phrase. 'Construct state' or the connective was marked with a clitic *-s.
| Proto-Nängic consonants
|
|
|
Labial
|
Dental
|
Alveolar
|
Palatal
|
Velar
|
Glottal
|
| Nasal
|
*m
|
*n
|
*ɲ
|
*ŋ
|
|
| Plosive
|
plain
|
*p
|
*t
|
*c
|
*k
|
*ʔ
|
| voiced
|
*b
|
*d
|
*ɟ
|
*g
|
|
| implosive
|
*ɓ
|
*ɗ
|
*ʄ
|
|
|
| Fricative
|
|
|
|
*s /ç/
|
|
*h
|
| Trill
|
|
|
*r
|
|
|
|
| Lat. app.
|
|
|
*l
|
|
|
|
| Approximant
|
*w
|
|
|
*j
|
|
|
| Proto-Nängic vowels
|
|
|
Front
|
Central
|
Back
|
| Close
|
*i
|
|
*u
|
| Mid
|
*e
|
*ə
|
*o
|
| Open
|
*æ
|
|
*ɒ
|
Jottic
These languages are often affected by the areal *r > *ʀ sound change
PJott > Trây
- *s [ç] > [ʒ] / #_[+voiced], [ʃ] / otherwise
- *-s > [+phonation magic] > vowel changes and ablaut
- *w- > w [β] > [v]
- *ts-, *cs-, *ts- > *ss- > ß [s]
- *mC-, *wC- > wC- [vC-]
- *iiʔ, *ei, *aj > ei [ei] > [ai]
- *r [r] > r [ʀ]
PJott > Mèkk
- *hn, sn, hl, sl > *ɬ
- *-r > *-ŋ