Judeo-Gaelic
Judeo-Chinese is a descendant of Middle Chinese adopted by Chinese Jews in Verse:Tumhan, written in a version of the Hebrew alphabet and incorporating Hebrew loans. Like other Chinese varieties, it is a tonal language and is unintelligible to speakers of other Chinese lects.
1-10: yt, nì, som, sì, ngú, liuk, tshyt, bät, kiú, zip /ɨt2, nʲi13, som45, sʲi13, ŋu53, lʲuk2, tsʰɨt2, bæt2, kʲu53, zip2/
100: bäk /bæk2/ or ȳbbak /ɨb45.bɑk/ 'one hundred'
200, 300, 400, ...: nìbak /nʲi13bɑk/, sombak /som45bak/, sìbak /sʲi13bɑk/
1000: tshen /tsʰen/ > yttshən /ɨt13.tsʰən/ 'one thousand'
10000: miunH /mʲun13/ > ymmin /ɨm45.mʲin/ 'one myriad'
Phonology
Initials
tsy tshy dzy ny sy zy > ti thi di ni si zi
| Labial | Dental | Retroflex | Velar | Laryngeal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| broad | slender | broad | slender | slender | broad | ||||
| Nasal | mˠ | mʲ | n̪ˠ | nʲ | ɳ | ŋʲ | ŋ | ||
| Stop | plain | t̪ˠ | tʲ | ʈ | kʲ | k | |||
| aspirated | pˠʰ | pʲʰ | t̪ˠʰ | tʲʰ | ʈʰ | kʲʰ | kʰ | ||
| voiced | bˠ | bʲ | d̪ˠ | dʲ | ɖ | gʲ | g | ||
| Affricate | plain | t̪sˠ | tsʲ | tʂ | |||||
| aspirated | t̪sˠʰ | tsʲʰ | tʂʰ | ||||||
| voiced | d̪zˠ | dzʲ | dʐ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | fˠ | fʲ | sˠ | sʲ | ʂ | xʲ | x | h |
| voiced | vˠ | vʲ | zˠ | zʲ | ɣʲ | ɣ | |||
| Approximant | (w) | l̪ˠ | lʲ | ɻ | j | ||||
Rimes
In stressed syllables:
a, wa, ja, jwa > a, o, ia, io
ae, wae, jae > ä, a, iä
u, jo, ju > u, ia, iu
oj, ajH > aj
woj, wajH > oj
eaj, aejH > äj
weaj, waejH > aj
jejH, jiejH, jwejH, jwiejH might have the same outcome as je, jie, jwe, jwie
those finals with -ji- are called chongniu finals
i could merge jiej completely with jej like mandarin does
or they could be different
i'll treat jiej like jij and jwiej like jwij
je(j), jwe(j) > ie, iə
joj, jwoj > ioj, iəj
ij, jij, wij, jwij > y, i, uj, iuj
i > y
j+j, jw+j > i, iuj
aw, aew, jew, jiew, ew, uw, juw, jiw > aw, aw, iaw, iew, ew, u, iu, iew
om, am, eam, aem, jem, jiem, jaem, jom, em, im, jim > um, om, am, am, iem, im, iam, iom, ium, em, im, jim
an, wan, aen, waen, ean, wean > an, on, än, an, en, ən
jen, jwen, jon, jwon > ien, iən, ion, iun
en, wen, on, won > en, ən, on, un
in, jin, win, jwin, j+n, jun > in, yn, un, iun, in, iun
ak, wak, jak, jwak > ak, ok, iak, iok
aewk > auk
ok, wok, ik, wik > ok, uk, ik, uk
aek, waek, eak, waek > äk, ak, äk, ak
jaek, jwaek > iäk, iak
jek jwek ek wek > iek iək ek ək
uwk owk juwk jowk > uk ok iuk iok
Tonality
level = 45, H = 13, X = 53