Verse:Mwail/Old Gloob/Lexicon

Ablaut

Root ablaut occurs in some stems in verbs and derived nouns. Ablauting verbs follow one of the patterns below (modulo compensatory lengthening); the present stem is in what is called the "a-grade" in Quihum linguistics, and the preterite stem has the "i-grade". (Also cf. Ancient Wiebian.)

• present stem a - preterite stem e
• present stem ā - preterite stem ē
• present stem o - preterite stem i
• present stem ō - preterite stem ī
• present stem ō - preterite stem ē
• present stem ȳ - preterite stem ē
• present stem ao - preterite stem iū
• present stem ao - preterite stem iō

Nouns and adjectives

Masculine nouns

δȳrom 'bird'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	δȳros	δeδȳros	δȳrīs
Definite	δȳrae	δeδȳrae	δȳrinny

Possessed forms of δȳrom - 'word'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	δȳrot	δȳrinnyt
1sg possessor	δȳrōn	δȳroryn
2sg.m possessor	δȳrossi	δȳroressi
2sg.f possessor	δȳrossy	δȳroressy
3sg.m possessor	δȳrō	δȳrory
3sg.f possessor	δȳrī	δȳrorī
3sg.n possessor	δȳra	δȳrora
1exc possessor	δȳrommo	δȳrorammo
1inc possessor	δȳront	δȳrorynt
2pl possessor	δȳrocca	δȳrorecca
3pl possessor	δȳrōr	δȳrorōr

Feminine nouns

gondā 'body'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	gondā	gegondā	gondār
Definite	gondām	gegondām	gondās

Possessed forms of gondā - 'body'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	gondāt	gondāsat
1sg possessor	gondaen	gondannan
2sg.m possessor	gondaessi	gondannassi
2sg.f possessor	gondaessy	gondannassy
3sg.m possessor	gondae	gondanny
3sg.f possessor	gondaeī	gondannī
3sg.n possessor	gondaea	gondanna
1exc possessor	gondaemmo	gondannammo
1inc possessor	gondaent	gondannynt
2pl possessor	gondaecca	gondannecca
3pl possessor	gondaeōr	gondannōr

Neuter nouns

tectys 'child'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	tectys	tetectys	tectȳn
Definite	tectȳs	tetectȳs	tectȳr

Possessed forms of tecty - 'child'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	tectyt	tectȳt
1sg possessor	tectyn	tectȳsin
2sg.m possessor	tectyssi	tectȳssi
2sg.f possessor	tectyssy	tectȳssy
3sg.m possessor	tectymy	tectȳsiō
3sg.f possessor	tectymī	tectȳsī
3sg.n possessor	tectyma	tectȳsia
1exc possessor	tectȳmmo	tectȳsimmo
1inc possessor	tectȳnt	tectȳsint
2pl possessor	tectȳcca	tectȳsicca
3pl possessor	tectymōr	tectȳsiōr

Mass nouns

jenās 'water' (n.)
	Singulative	Collective
Indefinite	jenās	jenenās
Definite	jenaȝes	jenenaȝes

stux 'fire' (n.)
	Singulative	Collective
Indefinite	stux	stetux
Definite	stuφes	stetuφes

Adjectives

The predicative form of an adjective is the indefinite singular form.

Verbs

The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of Mwail/Old Gloob/Lexicon grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:

1. switch-reference marker
2. applicative or derivational prefixes
3. object prefix
4. (prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
5. STEM
6. voice suffix
7. TAM + subject
8. emphatic suffix -is

Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic -is, which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.

Object markers

• 1sg: n(i)-
• 2sg: r(i)-
• 3sg: b(i)-
• 1pl.ex: mē-
• 1pl.ex: dē-
• 2pl: sē-
• 3pl: nē-

Voice markers

• -ro- = passive marker

TAM + subject markers

Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices.

• Consonant stems: (-y-)
• Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o-, -u-

The emphatic marker is usually added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle:

• caxynis = I eat
• nīs caxyn = I do not eat

Present

Independent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	caxynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussanis	torenis	aellinis	caxynis
2SG	tussaris	toreris	aelliris	caxyris
3SG.M	tussamis	toremis	aellimis	caxymis
3SG.F	tussasis	toresis	aellisis	caxysis
3SG.N	tussas	tores	aellis	caxis
1EX	tussamēs	toremēs	aellimēs	caxymēs
1IN	tussantis	torentis	aellintis	caxyntis
2PL	tussasces	toresces	aellisces	caxysces
3PL	tussatis	toretis	aellitis	caxytis

Dependent forms (shown with nīs 'not'):

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	caxynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	nīs tussan	nīs toren	nīs aellin	nīs caxyn
2SG	nīs tussar	nīs torer	nīs aellir	nīs caxyr
3SG.M	nīs tussam	nīs torem	nīs aellim	nīs caxym
3SG.F	nīs tussasi	nīs toresi	nīs aellisi	nīs caxysi
3SG.N	nīs tussa	nīs tore	nīs aelli	nīs caxy
1EX	nīs tussamē	nīs toremē	nīs aellimē	nīs caxymē
1IN	nīs tussant	nīs torent	nīs aellint	nīs caxynt
2PL	nīs tussasce	nīs toresce	nīs aellisce	nīs caxysce
3PL	nīs tussat	nīs toret	nīs aellit	nīs caxyt

Imperfect

Uses reduplication:

• Stems beginning in a vowel uses the first vowel (shortened) + the first following consonant as the reduplicant - the exact reduplicant often depends on the word, though.
• Stems beginning in ħ- or ȝ- lengthen the first vowel: ȝastranis 'I laugh', ȝāstranis 'I used to laugh'.

Independent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	caxynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tetussanis	tetorenis	aeaellinis	cecaxynis
2SG	tetussaris	tetoreris	aeaelliris	cecaxyris
3SG.M	tetussamis	tetoremis	aeaellimis	cecaxymis
3SG.F	tetussasis	tetoresis	aeaellisis	cecaxysis
3SG.N	tetussas	tetores	aeaellis	cecaxis
1EX	tetussamēs	tetoremēs	aeaellimēs	cecaxymēs
1IN	tetussantis	tetorentis	aeaellintis	cecaxyntis
2PL	tetussasces	tetoresces	aeaellisces	cecaxysces
3PL	tetussatis	tetoretis	aeaellitis	cecaxytis

Dependent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	caxynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	nīs tetussan	nīs tetoren	nīs aeaellin	nīs cecaxyn
2SG	nīs tetussar	nīs tetorer	nīs aeaellir	nīs cecaxyr
3SG.M	nīs tetussam	nīs tetorem	nīs aeaellim	nīs cecaxym
3SG.F	nīs tetussasi	nīs tetoresi	nīs aeaellisi	nīs cecaxysis
3SG.N	nīs tetussa	nīs tetore	nīs aeaelli	nīs cecaxy
1EX	nīs tetussamē	nīs tetoremē	nīs aeaellimē	nīs cecaxymē
1IN	nīs tetussant	nīs tetorent	nīs aeaellint	nīs cecaxynt
2PL	nīs tetussasce	nīs tetoresce	nīs aeaellisce	nīs cecaxysce
3PL	nīs tetussat	nīs tetoret	nīs aeaellit	nīs cecaxyt

Preterite

Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant - especially the ablauting verbs - may change the stem form in the preterite.

Independent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	caxynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussannemis	torennemis	aellinnemis	cēnnemis
2SG	tussarȳs	torerȳs	aellirȳs	cērȳs
3SG.M	tussasmis	toresmis	aellismis	cēsmis
3SG.F	tussastis	torestis	aellistis	cēstis
3SG.N	tussasos	toresos	aellisos	cēsos
1EX	tussameris	toremeris	aellimeris	cēmeris
1IN	tussanteris	torenteris	aellinteris	cēnteris
2PL	tussasceris	toresceris	aellisceris	cēsceris
3PL	tussateris	toreteris	aelliteris	cēteris

Dependent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	caxynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	nīs tussannem	nīs torennem	nīs aellinnem	nīs cēnnem
2SG	nīs tussarȳ	nīs torerȳ	nīs aellirȳ	nīs cērȳ
3SG.M	nīs tussasmi	nīs toresmi	nīs aellismi	nīs cēsmi
3SG.F	nīs tussasti	nīs toresti	nīs aellisti	nīs cēsti
3SG.N	nīs tussaso	nīs toreso	nīs aelliso	nīs cēso
1EX	nīs tussamer	nīs toremer	nīs aellimer	nīs cēmer
1IN	nīs tussanter	nīs torenter	nīs aellinter	nīs cēnter
2PL	nīs tussascer	nīs torescer	nīs aelliscer	nīs cēscer
3PL	nīs tussater	nīs toreter	nīs aelliter	nīs cēter

Future

Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant may change the stem form in the future.

Phonological rules for consonant stems:

• m + t > nt
• b, φ, g + t > ct
• cs + t > :st
• θ, δ + t > θθ (or metathesis to ts > ss?)
• d + t > tt
• ȝ + t > ħt

Independent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	caxynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussatēnis	toretēnis	cāstēnis
2SG	tussatēris	toretēris	cāstēris
3SG.M	tussatēmis	toretēmis	cāstēmis
3SG.F	tussatēsis	toretēsis	cāstēsis
3SG.N	tussatēs	toretēs	cāstēs
1EX	tussatēmēs	toretēmēs	cāstēmēs
1IN	tussatēntis	toretēntis	cāstēntis
2PL	tussatēsces	toretēsces	cāstēsces
3PL	tussatētis	toretētis	cāstētis

Dependent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	caxynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	nīs tussatēn	nīs toretēn	nīs cāstēn
2SG	nīs tussatēr	nīs toretēr	nīs cāstēr
3SG.M	nīs tussatēm	nīs toretēm	nīs cāstēm
3SG.F	nīs tussatēsi	nīs toretēsi	nīs cāstēsi
3SG.N	nīs tussatē	nīs toretē	nīs cāstē
1EX	nīs tussatēmē	nīs toretēmē	nīs cāstēmē
1IN	nīs tussatēnt	nīs toretēnt	nīs cāstēnt
2PL	nīs tussatēsce	nīs toretēsce	nīs cāstēsce
3PL	nīs tussatēt	nīs toretēt	nīs cāstēt

Subjunctive

Independent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	caxynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussanaes	torenaes	caxynaes
2SG	tussaraes	toreraes	caxyraes
3SG.M	tussamioris	toremioris	caxymioris
3SG.F	tussasioris	toresioris	caxysioris
3SG.N	tussoris	torioris	caxioris
1EX	tussamaes	toremaes	caxymaes
1IN	tussantaes	torentaes	caxyntaes
2PL	tussascaes	torescaes	caxyscaes
3PL	tussatioris	toretioris	caxytioris

Dependent forms (shown with the irrealis negative δā):

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	caxynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	δā tussanae	δā torenae	δā caxynae
2SG	δā tussarae	δā torerae	δā caxyrae
3SG.M	δā tussamior	δā toremior	δā caxymior
3SG.F	δā tussasior	δā toresior	δā caxysior
3SG.N	δā tussor	δā torior	δā caxior
1EX	δā tussamae	δā toremae	δā caxymae
1IN	δā tussantae	δā torentae	δā caxyntae
2PL	δā tussascae	δā torescae	δā caxyscae
3PL	δā tussatior	δā toretior	δā caxytior

Optative

Independent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	caxynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussaedonis	torēdonis	caxidonis
2SG	tussaedoris	torēdoris	caxidoris
3SG.M	tussaedomis	torēdomis	caxidomis
3SG.F	tussaedosis	torēdosis	caxidosis
3SG.N	tussaedos	torēdos	caxidos
1EX	tussaedomēs	torēdomēs	caxidomēs
1IN	tussaedontis	torēdontis	caxidontis
2PL	tussaedosces	torēdosces	caxidosces
3PL	tussaedotis	torēdotis	caxidotis

Dependent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	caxynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	δā tussaedon	δā torēdon	δā caxidon
2SG	δā tussaedor	δā torēdor	δā caxidor
3SG.M	δā tussaedom	δā torēdom	δā caxidom
3SG.F	δā tussaedosi	δā torēdosi	δā caxidosi
3SG.N	δā tussaedo	δā torēdo	δā caxido
1EX	δā tussaedomē	δā torēdomē	δā caxidomē
1IN	δā tussaedont	δā torēdont	δā caxidont
2PL	δā tussaedosce	δā torēdosce	δā caxidosce
3PL	δā tussaedot	δā torēdot	δā caxidot

Imperative

Independent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	caxynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
2SG	tussās!	torēs!	aellīs!	caxys!
1IN	tussantēs!	torentēs!	aellintēs!	caxyntēs!
2PL	tussascēs!	torescēs!	aelliscēs!	caxyscēs!

Dependent forms:

Person	tussanis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	caxynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
2SG	δā tussā!	δā torē!	δā aellī!	δā caxy!
1IN	δā tussantē!	δā torentē!	δā aellintē!	δā caxyntē!
2PL	δā tussascē!	δā torescē!	δā aelliscē!	δā caxyscē!

Non-finite forms

Thensarian has multiple infinitives and participles for each verb.

Infinitives

• First infinitive: -s
• Second infinitive: -ācos
• Third infintiive: -bom?

Participles

• Present participle: -tus
• Past participle: -īnos
• Future participle: -tētus

Derivational morphology

• ar-, aφor- = telic
• φer- = nominalizer
• ēs- = co-, together
• -t- = a causative marker

Numbers

• 1: cēmym
• 2: tiθōr
• 3: narge
• 4: δaobe
• 5: salithe
• 6: stāmym
• 7: rōde
• 8: lorede
• 9: barve
• 10: ħiōr
• 11: jācēmym
• 12: cnaesā