User:Tardigrade

Tardigrades (Latfuts) are microscopic, water-dwelling, segmented animals. At some point in history, they learned to speak Gothic.

Veithois

Latin	Insular Proto-Romance	Insular Romance		Veithois				example
		transcription	IPA	orthography		IPA
ī	/i/	i	/i/	i		/i/		vid		/vid/
i	/ɪ/	ẹ	/e/	è	ei	/ɛ/	/ei̯/	sec	peil	/sɛk/	/pei̯l/
ē	/e/							ment	cein	/mɛnt/	/t͡ʃei̯n/
oe								ester	feid	/ɛstər/	/fei̯d/
e	/ɛ/	ę	/ɛ/		é		/e/	ter	pedh	/tɛr/	/peð/
ae								estod	cel	/ɛˈstod/	/t͡ʃel/
a	/a/	a	/a/	a		/a/		can		/kan/
ā	/ɑ/	ǫ	/ɔ/	ò	ó	/ɔ/	/o/		nos		/noz/
o	/ɔ/							sot	cor	/sɔt/	/kor/
ō	/o/	ọ	/o/	ou	eu	/u/	/e/	mount	fleur	/munt/	/fler/
u	/ʊ/							gout	gheul	/gut/	/gel/
ū	/u/	u	/u/	u		/i/		mur		/mir/
au	/au/	au	/au/	au		/ai/		caudh		/kaið/

Gothic vowel changes

Development of Wulfilan Gothic vowels in Niemish

Gothic	Initial		Medial						Final
		/_r/	/_r/	/_l/	/_p, b, f, m/	/_w/	/_other/		/_one consonant/							/_cluster/	absolutely final
							one consonant	cluster	/_r/	/_l/	/_n/	/_p, b, f, m/	/_w/	/_j/	/_other/
i, aí	i	e	e	i				e	e			iu		i	e		ʲ
a	a		u				y	u	u	o		u					Ø
u, aú	u	o
ē, ei	i		i					e	i		e	e
ái, aíh	ia
ā	a		u				y	u	a
áu, aúh	o
ō, ū	u

adjectives

Case	indefinite						definite
	singular			plural			singular			plural
	masc.	neut.	fem.	masc.	neut.	fem.	masc.	neut.	fem.	masc.	neut.	fem.
Nominative	blínd		blénd	bléndas	blénd	blénds	blénd	blénda		bléndas	bléndon	bléndos
Genitive	blínds		blénds	blíndse		bléndsa	blíndes		bléndos	blíndne		bléndna
Dative	bléndum		blénde	bléndę			bléndę		bléndą	bléndą

adj

Case	attributive						predicative
	singular			plural			singular			plural
	masc./neut.		fem.	masc.	neut.	fem.	masc.	neut.	fem.	masc.	neut.	fem.
	indefinite	definite
Direct	blínd	blénd		blénd			blénd	blénda		bléndas	bléndon	bléndos
Genitive	blínd		blénd	blínd		blénd	blíndes		bléndos	blíndse		bléndsa
Dative	blénd			blénd			bléndę		bléndą	bléndą

Case	attributive						predicative
	singular			plural			singular			plural
	masc./neut.		fem.	masc.	neut.	fem.	masc.	neut.	fem.	masc.	neut.	fem.
	indefinite	definite
Direct	frús	frós		frós			frós	frósa		frósas	fróson	frósos
Genitive	frús		frós	frús		frós	frúses		frósos	frúsne		frósna
Dative	frós			frós			frósę		frósą	frósą

Consonants

	Labial		Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular
Nasal	/m/ ⟨m⟩		/n/ ⟨n⟩		/ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩	/ɴ/ ⟨ng⟩
Plosive	/p/ ⟨p⟩		/t/ ⟨t⟩		/k/ ⟨k⟩	/q/ ⟨k⟩
Affricate			/ʦ/ ⟨t⟩
Fricative	/f/ ⟨f⟩	/v/ ⟨v⟩	/s/ ⟨s⟩	/ʃ/ ⟨s⟩	/ɣ/ ⟨g⟩	/ʁ/ ⟨g⟩
Lateral			/l~ɬ/ ⟨l⟩
Tap			/ɾ/ ⟨r⟩
Semivowel				/j/ ⟨j⟩

Everish

Everish
Eveireg
Pronunciation	[eˈvei̯ɾeɡ]
Created by	Tardigrade
Native to	Spain, Portugal
Language family	Indo-European Celtic Insular Celtic Brythonic Everish
Early form	Common Brythonic
Writing system	Latin

Everish Eveireg /eˈvei̯ɾeɡ/ is a a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in parts of Galicia and Asturias.

Phonology and Orthography

Consonants

The consonant inventory for Everish is as follows:

	colspan=2 Labial	Dental	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	colspan=2 m ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩	ɲ ⟨ñ⟩	ŋ ⟨n⟩
Plosive	p ⟨p⟩	b~β ⟨b⟩	t ⟨t⟩	t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩	k ⟨c, qu⟩
b~β ⟨b⟩	d~ð ⟨d⟩		d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩	ɡ~ɣ ⟨g, gu⟩
		Spirant
	s ⟨s⟩		ʃ ⟨x⟩		h ⟨j⟩
Lateral		l ⟨l⟩	ʎ ⟨ll⟩
Rhotic		r ⟨rr⟩

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n			ŋ
Plosive	p    b		t̪    d̪				k    g
Fricative		f    v	θ    ð	s	ʃ		x	h
Affricate					t͡ʃ    d͡ʒ
Approximant	ʍ    w					j
Trill				r
Flap or tap				ɾ
Lateral app.				l	ɫ

Vowels & Diphthongs

Everish can be described as having two groups of vowel sounds:

1. the open vowels, which arose from historically short vowels
2. the close vowels, which arose from historically long vowels
3. the diphthongs

The open and close vowels are represented by the following inventory:

	Front	Central	Back
Close	iː	ʉ(ː)	u(ː)
Near-close	ɪ		ʊ
Close-mid	eː		oː
Mid		ə
Open-mid	ɛ		ʌ    ɔ(ː)
Near-open
Open	a(ː)

All of Everish's true diphthongs are falling and consist of a vowel + either /i̯/ or /u̯/.

	+ i̯	+ u̯
Near-close		ɪu̯
Mid	əi̯
Open-mid	ɛi̯    ɔi̯	ɛu̯    ɔu̯
Open		au̯

Sound Changes

Consonant Mutations

As with all modern Celtic languages, Everish makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Everish has three main mutations: lenis (meyel), spirant (cravel) and nasal (truinel).

The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table.

Radical	Nasal	Lenis	Spirant
p /p/	b /b/		f /f/
t /t/	d /d/		z /θ/
c /k/	g /g/		h /x/
ch /t͡ʃ/	dj /d͡ʒ/		x /ʃ/
b /b/	m /m/	v /v/
d /d/	n /n/	∅
g /ɡ/	ng /ŋ/	∅
gu /ɡw/	ng /ŋw/	v /v/
dj /d͡ʒ/	ñ /ɲ/	y /j/
y /j/	ñ /ɲ/
ll /ʎ/		l /l/
m /m/		v /ṽ/
ñ /ɲ/		n /n/
rr /r/		r /ɾ/

Lenited g becomes v before words in go-, gu-, e.g. gou "smith" → i vou "his smith", gur "man, husband" → i vur "his husband".

Examples:

• Lenition: i beñ "his head", di dad "your dad", i dji "his dog", a vanon "the lady", do Varselen "to Barcelona".
• Spirantisation: i feñ "her head", tri zad "three dads", ter haz "three cats".
• Nasalisation: no manon "nine ladies", i Marselen "in Barcelona", mi garrer "my road"

List

№	English	Proto-Celtic	Common Brittonic	Breton	Cornish	Welsh	Old Irish	Everish
1	I	*mī	*mi	me	my	mi, fi	mé	mi
2	you	*tū	*ti	te	ty	ti	tú	ti
3	he	*es	*eβ̃	eñ	ev	ef, fe, fo	é	ey
4	we	*snīs	*ni	ni	ny	ni	sní	ni
5	you (plural)	*swīs, *swīsswīs	*hwi	c'hwi	hwi	chi, chwi	sib, síi	huy
6	they	*yoi		i, int	i	hwy, hwynt, nhw	é	i
7	this	*se-, *sindos, *so-sin		an ... mañ	an ... ma	hwn, y ... yma	in ... so	an ... seo, an ... so	an ... seo	yn ... shoh
8	that	*emo-, *sindo-de		an ... se	an ... na	hwnnw, y ... yna	in ... sin, in ... tall	an ... sin, an ... siúd	an ... sin, an ... siud	yn ... shen, yn ... shid
9	here	*sondo, *uman?		amañ	omma	yma	sund	anseo	an-seo	ayns shoh, aynshoh
10	there	*anda?, *kē		aze, eno	ena	yna	tall	ansin, ansiúd	an sin, an siud	ayns shen, ayns shid
11	who	*kʷēs	*puɨ	piv	piw	pwy	cía	cé	cò	quoi
12	what	*kʷid		petra	pyth	beth	cid	cad é, céard	ciod, dè	c'red, cre
13	where	*kʷuts		pelec'h	ple	ble	cairm, cía airm, cía dú	cá, cá háit, cén áit	càite	c'raad
14	when	*kʷan(o)		pedavare, pegoulz, peur, pevare	p'eur	pryd	cuin	cá huair, cathain, cén uair	cuin	cre'n traa, cuin
15	how			pegiz, penaos, pevod	fatel	sut, pa fodd	cía chruth, cía indas, cindas, co	cad é mar, cén chaoi, conas	ciamar, cionnas	cre'n aght, kanys, kys
16	not	*ne, *nīs	*ni	ne ... ket	ny	ddim, nid	ní, nícon	ne
17	all	*olyos		holl, tout	oll	holl, i gyd, oll	uile	uile	uile	ooilley
18	many	*ɸilu-		kalz, lies a	lies, lower	llawer	il, imdae, mór	a lán, mórán	mòran	mooarane, ram
19	some	*nekʷos		bennak, meur a	nebes	rhai, rhyw	nach	éigin, roinnt	eigin, roinn	ennagh, kuse, shiartanse
20	few	*bikkano, *nekʷos		nebeut	nebes	ychydig	bec, terc, úathad	beagán	beagan	beggan
21	other	*alyos, *aralyos		all, arall	aral	arall	aile	eile	eile	elley
22	one	*oinos, *oynānos	*ʉn	unan	onan	un	óen	un
23	two	*dwau	*dọw	daou	dew	dau	dá	do
24	three	*trīs	*tri	tri	tri	tair, tri	trí	tri
25	four	*kʷetwores	*pedwar	pevar	peswar	pedwar	cethair	peser
26	five	*kʷenkʷe	*pɨmp	pemp	pymp	pump	cóic	pim
27	big	*brassos, *māros	*mọr	bras, meur	bras, meur	mawr	oll, mór	bras
28	long	*sīros	*hir	hir	hir	hir	fota, sír	ir
29	wide	*ɸlitanos	*llɨdan	ledan	ledan, efan	llydan	lethan	lledan
30	thick	*remros, *tegus	*teɣ	tev, fetis	tew	tew	remor, tiug	teu
31	heavy	*trummos	*trum	pounner	poos	trwm	trom	trum
32	small	*bikkos	*bɨx	bihan	bian, byghan	bach, bychan	bec	beag	beag	beg
33	short	*birros, *gerros	*bɨrr	berr	berr	byr	cummair, berr, gerr	gearr	geàrr	giare
34	narrow	*angus	*kʉl	,	,		,
35	thin			,	,		,
36	woman		,	,		, , , ,
37	man (adult male)			, ,	,	,		guas
38	man (human being)							din
39	child (youth)						,	,	,	,
40	wife						,	,	, ,	, ,
41	husband						,			, , ,
42	mother
43	father
44	animal			, ,	,	,	, ,			, , ,
45	fish							peixed
46	bird	,		,				eden
47	dog						,	chi
48	louse						,	llo
49	snake			,		,		nader
50	worm			,		, , ,		prĩu
51	tree					, ,	,	,	,
52	forest			,	,	,	, , , ,
53	stick (of wood)					,	,	,	, ,
54	fruit						,		,	,
55	seed	,								,
56	leaf	,
57	root					,	,
58	bark (of tree)						, , ,	, },
59	flower						,	,
60	grass			,
61	rope				,		, ,		,
62	skin (of a person)	,					,	,	,
63	meat (as in flesh)	,					,
64	blood						,	,
65	bone	,
66	fat (noun)			,			, , ,	,		,
67	egg
68	horn						, ,	,	,	,
69	tail					,	,			,
70	feather(rather not down)									,
71	hair				,	,		,	,	,
72	head
73	ear	,					,
74	eye						,	,
75	nose
76	mouth			,		,	, ,
77	tooth (rather not molar)						,	,
78	tongue
79	fingernail
80	foot			,			,	,
81	leg									,
82	knee					,
83	hand
84	wing					,	,	, , ,		,
85	belly			,	,	,	,		,
86	guts					, ,	,
87	neck					, ,	, ,
88	back						,
89	breast	,						,
90	heart	,
91	liver

Bandal

Bandal	Maltese	Siculo-Arabic (in Sicilian)	Arabic text	English
bebbuxu	bebbuxu	babbaluciu	ببوش (babbūš)	snail
gebbu	ġiebja	gebbia	جب (jabb)	cistern
giunglena	ġunġlien	giuggiulena	جنجلان (junjulān)	sesame seed
seghija	sieqja	saia	ساقية (sāqiyah)	canal
tennuru	kenur	tannura	تنور (tannūr)	oven
zafranu	żagħfran	zaffarana	زعفران (zaʿfarān)	saffron
zara	żahra (less common than fjura, borrowed from Medieval Sicilian)	zagara	زهرة (zahrah)	blossom
sbiba	żbib	zibbibbu	زبيب (zabīb)	raisins
segu	zokk (may be borrowed from Sicilian)	zuccu	ساق (sāq)	tree trunk
tebutu	tebut	tabbutu	تابوت (tābūt)	coffin

Maltese	Berber languages	English
grinxula	gremxula	azrem ašal, lit. 'land worm', (Kabyle)	lizard
ficruna	fekruna	tifakrunin (Jerbi), ifekran (Tashelhiyt), ifkran (Kabyle)	turtle
geddu	geddum	aqadum, lit. 'face, frown' (Kabyle)	chin
gendu	gendus	gandūz, lit. 'young calf' (Jerbi)	ox, bull
	gerżuma	ageržum (Mozabite, Tashelhiyt)	throat
	tfief	tilfaf (Ouargli), tifāf, tilfāf, tiffāf (Tarifit)	sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus)
	tengħud	talaɣūda (Tunisian Arabic), telɣūda (Algerian Arabic)	spurge (Euphorbia)
	kosksu	kuskesu, kuskus (Kabyle)	couscous, small round pasta
fart	fartas	aferḍas (Ouargli, Kabyle)	bald
għaffeġ	‘affež (Algerian Arabic), effeẓ (Ouargli, Mozabite)	to crush, to squash
	żrinġ	tažrant (Jerbi)	frog
izrar	żrar	zrar (Mozabite, Ouargli), azrar (Kabyle, Nafusi)	gravel
	werżieq	wárẓag (Mrazig)	cicada, lit. screamer, shrieker
	buqexrem	buqišrem (Kabyle)	vervain (Verbena officinalis)
	fidloqqom	fudalɣem (Kabyle)	borage (Borago officinalis)
zor	żorr	uzur (Kabyle), uzzur (Tarifit)	rude, arrogant
leddixer	lellex	lelleš (Mozabite)	to shine, to glitter
besber	pespes	bbesbes (Ouargli)	to whisper
tefter	teptep	ṭṭebṭeb (Ouargli)	to blink, to twinkle
bibber	webbel	webben (Mozabite)	to induce, to tempt