Proto-Tungric

Proto-Tungric is the hypothetical ancestor of the Tungric languages.

Introduction

Proto-Tungric is the result of taking an Italic base and applying a rough approximation of the PIE to Proto-Germanic sound changes.

The Italic base of Proto-Tungric has the following features:

• Lacks merger of original /θ, xʷ, f/.
• Stress similar to Classical Latin.
• Lacks Classical Latin vowel weakenings.

Phonology

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns had three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.

a-stems

	*akraz m. "field"		*juką n. "yoke"
Nominative	*akraz	*akrōz, -ōs, -ai	*juką	*jukō
Vocative	*akr
Accusative	*akrą	*akrōz, -ōs
Genitive	*akrī, -as	*akrǭ, -aisǭ	*jukī, -as	*jukǭ, -aisǭ
Dative	*akrōi	*akraiz, -abiz	*jukōi	*jukaiz, -abiz
Instrumental	*akrô		*jukô

ō-stems

	*þauþō f. "people"
Nominative	*þauþō	*þauþōz, -ōi
Vocative
Accusative	*þauþǭ	*þauþōnz
Genitive	*þauþōz	*þaudōsǭ
Dative	*þauþōi	*þauþōiz, *þaudōbiz
Instrumental	*þauþô

i-stems

	*minþiz f. "mind"		*mari n. "sea"
Nominative	*minþiz	*minþēz	*mari	*marjō
Vocative
Accusative	*minþį	*minþinz
Genitive	*minþīz	*minþijǭ	*marīz	*marjǭ
Dative	*minþī	*minþibiz	*marī	*maribiz
Instrumental	*minþî		*marî

Note: The genitive plural and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative plural are subject to Siever's law.

u-stems

	*farþuz m. "port"		*harnu n. "horn"
Nominative	*farþuz	*farþawiz	*harnu	*harnuwō
Vocative
Accusative	*farþų	*farþunz
Genitive	*farþauz	*farþuwǭ	*harnauz	*harnuwǭ
Dative	*farþawī	*farþubiz	*harnawī	*harnubiz
Instrumental	*farþû		*harnû

n-stems

	*gemô m. "man"		*namį n. "name"		*ankwį n. "fat, grease"
Nominative	*gemô	*gemaniz	*namį	*namnō	*ankwį	*anwinō
Vocative
Accusative	*gemanį	*gemaninz
Genitive	*gemaniz	*gemanǭ	*namniz	*namnǭ	*ankwiniz	*ankwinǭ
Dative	*gemanī	*gemambiz	*namnī	*namnibiz	*ankwinī	*ankwimbiz
Instrumental	*gemani		*namni		*ankwini

Note: Neuter nouns may be declined either as *namį or *ankwį. Generally, neuter nouns ending in *-mį follow the former pattern, while other neuter nouns follow the latter pattern.

ōn-stems

	*ahtijō f. "action"
Nominative	*ahtijô	*ahtijōniz
Vocative
Accusative	*ahtijōnį	*ahtijōninz
Genitive	*ahtijōniz	*ahtijōnǭ
Dative	*ahtijōnī	*ahtijōmbiz
Instrumental	*ahtijōni

r-stems

	*maþēr f. "mother"
Nominative	*maþēr	*maþriz
Vocative
Accusative	*maþrį	*maþrinz
Genitive	*maþriz	*maþrǭ
Dative	*maþrī	*maþribiz
Instrumental	*maþri

z-stems

	*amōz m. "love"		*þimfaz n. "time"
Nominative	*amōz	*amaziz	*þimfaz	*þimfizō
Vocative
Accusative	*amazį	*amazinz
Genitive	*amaziz	*amazǭ	*þimfiziz	*þimfizǭ
Dative	*amazī	*amazibiz	*þimfizī	*þimfizibiz
Instrumental	*amazi		*þimfizi

r/n-stems

	*jehar n. "liver"
Nominative	*jehar	*jihinō
Vocative
Accusative
Genitive	*jihiniz	*jihinǭ
Dative	*jihinī	*jihinibiz
Instrumental	*jihini

Consonant stems

	*fess m. "foot"		*hafud n. "head"
Nominative	*fess	*fiþiz	*hafud	*hafudō
Vocative
Accusative	*fiþį	*fiþinz
Genitive	*fiþiz	*feþǭ	*hafudiz	*hafudǭ
Dative	*fiþī	*fiþibiz	*hafudī	*hafudibiz
Instrumental	*fiþi		*hafudi

Note: The usual ending for the masculine/feminine nominative-vocative singular is *-s (which often leads to minor stem changes), and in the neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular there is usually no suffix. However, there are many nouns that are irregular in these forms.

Syntax