Naeng
- This article describes Modern Windermere. See Windermere for Classical Windermere.
| Modern Windermere | |
|---|---|
| չէıɱ Ғ·ɟ˫ƍ brits Dămea | |
| Created by | IlL, Praimhín |
| Setting | Verse:Tricin |
Lakovic
| |
Modern Windermere arose from the vernacular of Imperial Windermere.
Todo
Accents in Windermere
- Fincreaș
- Rural Fincreaș
- Standard Mategian
- Standard Wen Dămea
- Other Wen Dămea accents
- Sătmaș
- Chăloa
- Prucüew
Some accent should have th = Basque z, s = Basque s
Diachronics
Phonological history
- In Talman Windermere, ə > 0 after aspirated consonants and fricatives. This makes the voicing alternation in the Classical Wdm. spirants f and th phonemic.
- l > ʟ in the Wen Dămea dialect
- Classical Windermere *ts and *tł merged into "ts", while ł shifted to /ɬ/
Grammatical history
- Aspect largely becomes a derivational device, cf. the development of PIE aspects
- Grammaticalization of conjugated auxiliaries, leading to a tense system.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | ||||
| Plosive | voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||
| voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | c /k/ | ' /ʔ/ | |||
| Affricate | ts /ts/ | ||||||
| Fricative | spirant | f /f~v/ | th /θ~ð/ | ch /x/ | |||
| nonspirant | s /s/ | ł /ɬ/ | ș /ʃ/ | h /h/ | |||
| Resonant | w /w/ | r /r/ | l /l~ʟ/ | y /j/ | |||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||
| Close | i /i/ | ü /y/ | [ɨ] | u /u/ |
| Near-close | ie /ɪ~iə/ | üe /ø~yə/ | ua /ʊ~uə/ | |
| Close-mid | e, ä /e/ | ă /ə/ | o /o/ | |
| Open-mid | ea /ɛ~eə/ | oa /ɔ~oə/ | ||
| Open | a /ɐ/ | |||
- Caveat: ir = ier, ur = uar, etc.
- [ɨ ʉ] are allophones of /i y/ after /r/ in Bjeheondian Windermere.
Stress
Stress is almost always final, but can be non-final in function words.
Dialects
Diglossia
Spoken Windermere is pretty much the same in all three continents, except for accent and a few vocabulary differences.
Talman Windermere is heavily diglossic: literature and newscasts use a language much closer to Classical Windermere. Written Windermere in Bjeheond is very close to the spoken language.
Accents
Modern Windermere accents differ primarily in realizations of consonants.
In the Sătmaș accent, th = [s̪~z̪] (like Basque z), s = [s̠~z̠] (Basque s)
Parts of speech
Pronouns
Łănam (capitalized) is used as a very respectful 2nd person pronoun.
Verbs
Verbs are not conjugated, but are used with auxiliaries.
Adjectives
The comparative is formed with rech + adjective and the superlative is formed with hă'et + adjective.
- to = good
- rech to = better
- hă'et to = best
Pre-verbal particles
- chmi = progressive
- chea = past
- per = future
- tso = past progressive
- fa = perfect
- chea fa = past perfect etc.
- future progressive? analytic constructions for other aspects like inchoative/inceptive, frequentative, telic ...?
Other particles
- eth = it does, doesn't it?
Syntax
SVO; VSO in subordinate clauses with the subject marked with e-; but subordinate clauses are SVO when marked with the complementizer nga
- Rie chmi brits cădes că'üs tes tsăgtsog.
- 1SG PROG speak about-SPEC love and-SPEC hate
- I speak of love and hate.
- Fi rüech chmi tsrin se troas.
- DEF bird PROG eat SPEC seed
- The bird is eating a seed.
Vocabulary
Modern Windermere contains more Talmic and Hlou-Shum loanwords than Classical Windermere; even derivational affixes have been borrowed. In modern times, many Eevo loans are entering the language.
Sample texts
UDHR
in Bjeheondian Windermere:
Tsor croth fa ășeal pluam te thür mis hăltlas tes imłin. Ănam hac răfongüe yas hălfăthin tes hălslith'a, te pădar thunoa e 'nam tăse fidoan măceaf nătha mis șăgor chasräf.
(Mategian) [ts̠or̥ kʰr̥oθ fä ʔɘˈʂeəl pʰluəm tʰe θyr mis̠ hɘlˈtʰläs̠ tʰes̠ ʔimˈɬin ‖ ʔɘnäm häk rɘvoˈŋyə jäs̠ hɘlfɘˈðin tʰes̠ hɘls̠liθˈʔa, tʰe pʰɘ̥d̥ar̥ θuˈnoə ʔe näm tʰɘ̥ˈs̠e fiˈd̥oən mɘˈkʰeəv nɘˈðä mis̠ ʂəˈɣor̥ xɘs̠ˈräf]
(Wen Dămea) [tso̞r kʰr̥o̞θ fä əˈʃeːɤˁ pʰχˁuəm tʰe̞ θyr mis hɤˁˈtʰχˁɑs tʰe̞s imˈɬin ‖ ənäm häk rəvo̞ˈŋyə jäʃ hɤˁfəˈðin tʰe̞s hɘlsʁˁiθˈʔa, tʰe̞ pʰtar θuˈnoə ʔe̞ näm tʰse̞ fiˈtoən məˈkʰeəv nəˈðä mis ʃko̞r xəsˈräv]
Imthumăytil
This passage is from the Imthumăytil Păchac, a retranslation of the Imthumăytil into Modern Windermere by Yăchef Klein.
Mi ngith doan dur e tach imchäth mis mogor litheath. Pda Brăwied fa wiets: "Mea ra łănam runse?"
Sre mot chmi nung ef imchäth nătha, doan fa că'aw: "Tathaf stiw! Ruay immognas tach runse, te immălin thaf müets, te imchustiw răthaf..."
Łop Pda Brăwied fa wiets: "Ǎna, mea ra chmi, srüe hădean e do croth hiboath?"
Ăbay că'aw e fid: "Op, bang ruay tsor dăy'uag paleac, sach se făbeang imdăy'uag nătha yaf croth mălem!"
Once, six children were in a round table. Master Brăwied asked them: "How many of you are here?"
While the others were still counting, one child replied: "Sixty-three! 6 individuals, 15 teams of two, 20 teams of 3, ..."
Then Master Brăwied asked: "Well then, how many people will be there if another person enters?"
The child nonchalantly responded: "Well, we have all of the old teams, as well as another set of teams with the new person!