Naeng
- This article describes Modern Windermere. See Windermere for Classical Windermere.
| Modern Windermere | |
|---|---|
| չէıɱ Ғ·ɟ˫ƍ brits Dămea | |
| Created by | IlL, Praimhín |
| Setting | Verse:Tricin |
Lakovic
| |
Modern Windermere arose from the vernacular of Imperial Windermere.
Todo
Accents in Windermere
- Fincreaș
- Standard Mategian
- Standard Wen Dămea
- Other Wen Dămea accents
- Sătmaș
- Chăloa
- Prucüew
Some accent should have th = Basque z, s = Basque s
Diachronics
Diglossia
Spoken Windermere is pretty much the same in all three continents, except for accent and a few vocabulary differences.
The Wen Dămea language is heavily diglossic: the literature and newscasts use a language much closer to Classical Windermere. Written Windermere in Bjeheond is very close to the spoken language.
Phonological history
- In Talman Windermere, ə > 0 after aspirated consonants and fricatives. This makes the voicing alternation in the Classical Wdm. spirants f and th phonemic.
- l > ʟ in the Wen Dămea dialect
- Classical Windermere *ts and *tł merged into "ts", while ł shifted to /ɬ/
Grammatical history
- Aspect largely becomes a derivational device, cf. the development of PIE aspects
- Grammaticalization of conjugated auxiliaries, leading to a tense system.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | ||||
| Plosive | voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||
| voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | c /k/ | ' /ʔ/ | |||
| Affricate | ts /ts/ | ||||||
| Fricative | spirant | f /f~v/ | th /θ~ð/ | ch /x/ | |||
| nonspirant | s /s/ | ł /ɬ/ | ș /ʃ/ | h /h/ | |||
| Resonant | w /w/ | r /r/ | l /l~ʟ/ | y /j/ | |||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||
| Close | i /i/ | ü /y/ | [ɨ] | u /u/ |
| Near-close | ie /ɪ~iə/ | üe /ø~yə/ | ua /ʊ~uə/ | |
| Close-mid | e, ä /e/ | ă /ə/ | o /o/ | |
| Open-mid | ea /ɛ~eə/ | oa /ɔ~oə/ | ||
| Open | a /ɐ/ | |||
- Caveat: ir = ier, ur = uar, etc.
- [ɨ ʉ] are allophones of /i y/ after /r/ in Bjeheondian Windermere.
Dialects
Stress
Stress is almost always final, but can be non-final in function words.
Morphology
Classical Windermere gender was lost.
Verbs
Verbs are not conjugated, but are used with auxiliaries.
Adjectives
The comparative is formed with rech + adjective and the superlative is formed with hă'et + adjective.
- to = good
- rech to = better
- hă'et to = best
Pre-verbal particles
- chmi = progressive
- chea = past
- per = future
- tso = past progressive
- fa = perfect
- chea fa = past perfect etc.
- future progressive? analytic constructions for other aspects like inchoative/inceptive, frequentative, telic ...?
Syntax
SVO; VSO in subordinate clauses with the subject marked with e-; but subordinate clauses are SVO when marked with the complementizer nga
- Rie chmi brits cădes că'üs tes tsăgtsog.
- 1SG PROG speak about-SPEC love and-SPEC hate
- I speak of love and hate.
- Fi rüech chmi tsrin se troas.
- DEF bird PROG eat SPEC seed
- The bird is eating a seed.
Vocabulary
Modern Windermere contains more Talmic and Hlou-Shum loanwords than Classical Windermere; even derivational affixes have been borrowed. In modern times, many Eevo loans are entering the language.
Sample texts
UDHR
in Bjeheondian Windermere:
Tsor croth fa sngüe pluam te thür mis hăltlas tes imłin. Ănam hac răfongüe yas hălfăthin tes hălslith'a, te pădar thunoa e 'nam tăse fidoan măceaf nătha mis șăgor chasräf.
Imthumăytil
This passage is from the Imthumăytil Păchac, a retranslation of the Imthumăytil into Modern Windermere by Yăchef Klein.
Mi ngith doan dur e tach imchäth mis mogor litheath. Pda Brăwied fa wiets: "Mea ra łănam runse?"
Sre mot chmi nung ef imchäth nătha, doan fa că'aw: "Tathaf stiw! Ruay immognas tach runse, te immălin thaf müets, te imchustiw răthaf..."
Łop Pda Brăwied fa wiets: "Ǎna, mea ra chmi, srüe hădean e do croth hiboath?"
Ăbay că'aw e fid: "Op, bang ruay tsor dăy'uag paleac, sach se făbeang imdăy'uag nătha yaf croth mălem!"
Once, six children were in a round table. Master Brăwied asked them: "How many of you are here?"
While the others were still counting, one child replied: "Sixty-three! 6 individuals, 15 teams of two, 20 teams of 3, ..."
Then Master Brăwied asked: "Well then, how many people will be there if another person enters?"
The child nonchalantly responded: "Well, we have all of the old teams, as well as another set of teams with the new person!