Bgapian
Introduction
Modern Netagin (nðoḡin [ləˈðogin]) is the modern descendant of Classical Netagin. It is a prestige language in Talma, and is currently the most spoken Talman language.
Numbers
1-12: ħaŋic böḏ hez tüŋ mikoś fazim ʔaŋbon kacăḏ xuȝos rifü þaḇiŋ śḏüȝ zorüx
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
Modern Netagin lost Classical Netagin gemination, and gained new consonant contrasts as a result.
| Labial | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n~l/ | ŋ /ŋ/ | ||||||
| Plosive | tenuis | b /p/ | d /t/ | g /k/ | ʔ /ʔ/ | ||||
| voiced | ḇ /b/ | ḏ /d/ | ḡ /g/ | ||||||
| aspirated | p /pʰ/ | t /tʰ/ | k /kʰ/ | ||||||
| Affricate | c /ts/ | ć /tɬ/ | |||||||
| Spirant | voiceless | f /f/ | þ /θ/ | x /x/ | |||||
| voiced | v /v/ | ð /ð/ | |||||||
| Nonspirant | voiceless | s /s/ | ś /ɬ/ | ħ /ħ/ | h /h/ | ||||
| voiced | z /z/ | ||||||||
| Approximant | r /ɹ/ | y /j/ | ȝ /ʁ~ʕ/ | ||||||
- /pʰ/ is found in loans and words derived from loans.
- /d/ is often a tap [ɾ] before a vowel.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ | ü /y/ | u /u/ |
| Mid | e /e/ | ö /ø/ | o /o/ |
| Open | a /a/ |
/y, ø/ are actually more accurately transcribed as /ʉ, ɵ/.
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Modern Netagin morphology is simpler than Classical Netagin.
Nouns
Nouns have three principal parts: absolute singular, absolute plural and construct singular.
Adjectives
Adjectives in -in decline as follows:
| Singulative | Plurative | |
|---|---|---|
| Masculine | nðoḡin | nðoḡino |
| Feminine | nðoḡiye | nðoḡiḇ |
Verbs
Similar to Scottish Gaelic and Welsh, in using analytic constructions with auxiliaries and verbal nouns instead of conjugated verbs.
Modern Netagin has an extreme form of split-ergativity in that ergativity marks tense: When an ergative preposition is used, the sentence is in the past tense; otherwise, it is in the non-past tense. This came about a merger of two prepositions să- 'in, at' and si3fe 'after'.
Non-past
- Se ʔadnaʔe reȝun ʔaxd.
- PRED cook.VN vegetables 1SG
- I am cooking vegetables.
Past
- Se ʔadnaʔe reȝun yix.
- PRED cook.VN vegetables ERG.1SG
- I cooked vegetables.
Derivational morphology
Syntax
Unlike Classical Netagin, Modern Netagin is a VOS, split-ergative language.