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Classical Netagin/Lexicon
Classical Netagin/Swadesh list

Classical Netagin (bărits năthâghin), also called Old Netagin, is a triconsonantal language descended from Ancient Netagin, inspired by Tiberian Hebrew. It was the language of the Netagin Republic in Ancient Talma and lent some loans to other Talman languages such as Eevo and Bênôcian.

Sound changes from ANtg

  • a > a
  • ā > â
  • ay, i > e
  • ī > i
  • aw, u > o
  • ō > ö
  • propretonic or pretonic short vowels reduce to ă
  • ū > u

Todo

  • ʔèȝsö (f) = eagle
  • kanufiyyö (f) = logic, reasoning, rationality; mathematics
  • bilö (f) = woman
  • tatugh = to narrate
  • tatöghö (f) = epic
  • ʔes = definite article
  • bakh = under
  • rith (m) = son
  • tibh (m) = day
  • băthurö (m) = god
  • waqwâq (m) = frog
  • tosugh (m) = copy
  • zâr (m) = cat
  • ṭazzâr (m) = turtle
  • ħen, ħinn- (m) = evening
  • ʔasâṭ (m) = colorful, bright in color
  • safăȝ (m) = friend
  • gâser (m) = world
  • tiħonö (f) = segment, fragment

Words

Swadesh list

xe < xay = who
xu < xū = what
xaddu < xaddu = where
xăbhakh < xibak = when
xam < xam = how
'ixxu < 'ixxū = why
ki < kī = not
rögh < rōg- = all
'ammâ < ʔammā = mother
'addâ < ʔaddā = father
xebhăr < xibr = fish
tibh < tīb = day
bezăȝ < bizȝ = cloud

Roots

  • w-s-g: similar
  • n-t-g: sing
  • r-s-d: learn
  • m-ʔ-r: go
  • w-r-s: love
  • b-n-s: hide
  • ȝ-z-f: poke
  • z-ħ-m: praise, honor
  • ŋ-t-w: new
  • k-n-f: reason
  • h-ŋ-ts: empty, null
  • ħ-d-k: warm
  • ts-ŋ-ṭ: garden, horticulture
  • g-m-z: letter, element
  • s-b-r: compassion, sympathy
  • f-x-r: agree, blend
  • n-b-x: courage
  • t-f-k: know
  • y-r-f: roll
  • f-ts-m: read
  • ȝ-k-r: write
  • z-r-b: true, firm
  • x-d-ȝ: half, split
  • f-s-T: step, stage
  • ʔ-b-3: mind
  • w-t-f: die
  • t-ŋ-b: measure
  • z-m-z-m: hesitate
  • s-r-k: king, rule
  • ħ-n-g: value
  • ʔ-ṭ-r: punish
  • k-r-ts: say
  • q-3-q-3: tile
  • b-s-ŋ: clan, family
  • b-ts-3: force, coerce
  • r-ʔ-b: criticize
  • f-s-q: beast
  • q-ȝ-d: agree
  • z-ȝ-n: comfort, solace
  • ʔ-s-ṭ: light, color
  • y-d-x: compare, similar, metaphor
  • s-f-3: dear
  • w-d-r: equal, same
  • ħ-g-r: different
  • m-g-t: assign
  • q-b-tx: shield, fortress
  • q-z-r: hand over
  • ts-b-s: show, exhibit
  • ħ-r-k: open
  • t-q-s: good, great
  • ħ-n-r: use
  • s-n-3: help
  • f-t-ʔ: proud
  • s-f-n: bold
  • k-r-r: young
  • k-ȝ-n: eternity
  • ȝ-n: come
  • ȝ-r-y: brood
  • n-m-y: fall
  • q-z-n: stop, settle
  • b-r-ts: speak
  • x-n-q: near

Patterns

  • 1a23 = noun
  • 1a2ā3, 1a2ô3 = adjective, noun?
  • 1a22ū3 = adjective
  • ta12ū3 = noun
  • ʔi12ā3 = noun
  • 1ā2a3, 1ā2i3 = noun
  • 1ô2a3 = noun

Numbers

ħaŋits rodh hez ṭuŋ miqâx fazzim ʔaŋbân qatzădh koʕâs riffuy tabhiŋ xǎdhuʕ zârukh

Phonology

Consonants

m n ŋ tʰ t kʰ k ʔ b d g f s ts ɬ tɬ ħ h z ʁ w ɾ j

⟨m n ŋ t ṭ k q ʔ b d g f s ts x tx ħ h z ȝ v r y⟩

Begadkefat: /t k b d g/ > /θ x v ð ɣ/ after a V; transliterated th kh bh dh gh

Vowels

Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i /i(ː)/ [ɨ] u /u(ː)/
Close-mid e /e(ː)/ ö /ö(ː)/ o /o(ː)/
Open-mid è /ɛ/ ă /ə/ ò /ɔ/
Near-open á /ɒ(ː)/
Open a /a/

Stress

In native words primary stress can only fall on the ultimate, or less commonly the penultimate syllable.

Morphology

Netagin uses a consonantal root system like the Semitic languages. Most roots have three consonants but some may have two or four, the latter mostly in reduplicated or onomatopoeic roots.

Nouns

Classical Netagin has innovated a sex-based gender system with masculine and feminine genders:

  1. Ancient Netagin had an honorific distinction which required agreement in verbs and adjectives.
  2. In Late Ancient Netagin, the honorific developed into its own gender, often being used for big, sacred, specialized, or abstract things, in addition to people of high social status.
  3. The word for "lady", bīlō, became the normal word for "woman" (like how Frau, formerly "lady", became the normal word for "woman" in German).
  4. Thus, the former honorific agreement (in the third person) analogized to all women and became the feminine gender.

This led to many "great", "majestic", "sacred" or "specialized" objects being feminine in Classical Netagin.

Example declensions, with yaref (m) 'wheel' and ʔèȝăso (f) 'eagle':

Sample nouns
Singulative Collective Plurative
absolute construct absolute construct absolute construct
Masculine yaref yăref yărefu yirfu yărefâ yirfâ
Feminine ʔèȝsö ʔèȝsön ʔăȝâsönu ʔèȝsönu ʔăȝâsöbh ʔèȝsöbh

Adjectives

Adjectives in -in decline as follows:

năthâghin 'Netagin'
Singulative Collective Plurative
absolute construct absolute construct absolute construct
Masculine năthâghin năthâghi năthâghinu năthâghinu năthâghinâ năthâghinâ
Feminine năthâghiyö năthâghiyön năthâghiyönu năthâghiyönu năthâghiyöbh năthâghiyöbh

Verbs

Binyanim

There are 12 binyanim:

  • Binyan 1 verbs are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form.
  • Binyan 2 contains many monotransitive verbs, ("eat") including causativizations of Binyan 1 verbs ("make happy").
  • Binyan 3 consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken").
  • Binyan 4 contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Binyan 2 and Binyan 3 verbs). Causatives of statives in the imperfective aspect may denote active maintenance of a state (as opposed to changing a state in the perfective aspect).
  • Binyan 5 is roughly equivalent to the German prefix be- (applicative).
  • Binyan 6 - telic, intensive
  • Binyan 7 - telic
  • Binyan 8 - "X a little, almost X"
  • Binyan 9 - "X in advance, X for oneself" (from the middle voice)
  • Binyan 10 - "-le"
  • Binyan 11 verbs tend to express gradual processes. Ex. ħădhádhekh 'warm up (literally or romantically)'.
  • Binyan 12 - "mis-X, over-X"
Binyan Imperfective Perfective Antipassive
Participle		 Passive
Participle		 Verbnoun
1 1â2a3 -i12a3 1o2e3 1e2o3 1â2e3
2 1a2o3 -a12u3 1â2i3 1â2u3 1â2â3
3 ʔa12i13 -uni12e3 bi11u2â3 ti11u2â3 ʔa12o3
4 ʔa1:â2e3 -i1ːe2u3 ba12a3 ta12a3 ʔa12a3
5 ta12u3 -ut1â2e3 but1â2o3 tut1â2o3 ta12o3o
6 ʔir1â2a3 -ur1e2o3 bur1e2o3 tur1e2o3 ʔur1â2e3
7 ʔirtă1â2o3 -urtă1â2e3 burtă1â2o3 turtă1â2o3 tirtă1â2ī3
8 ʔi21â2e3 -i21e2o3 bu21â2o3 tu21â2o3 ʔu21â2e3
9 1as2o3 -u1is2o3 bu1as2o3 tu1as2o3 tu1aš2e3
10 1ă2â2e3 -i12e2o3 bu12e2o3 tu12e2o3 ti12â2e3
11 1ă2â2u3 -i12â2o3 bu12â2o3 tu12â2o3 tu12â2e3
12 1i31a2o3 -i1i31e2o3 bu1i31â2o3 tu1i31â2o3 1i31â2e3

1 Shortens to i when a suffix is added.

Affixes

Syntax

Classical Netagin is consistently syntactically ergative. Unusually for an ergative language, it has absolutive-verb-ergative word order.

Sample texts

Tower of Babel

Badh, să-rögh ʔes-gâser rödh bărits dă-yăħinâ bhiȝâ.
then in-all DEF-world one language and word-PL same-PL.M
Sem sa-făṭinehâ ʔam-thimmux, qulats haroz hennâ dhă-hiqzaʔâ rân.
but in-migrate-3PL to-east, plain 3.PFV-find 3PL and-3.PFV-dwell-PL there.
Să-hibhrasâ, "ʔAtse, 3affâ ʔam-yăghâth [...]."
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