User:IlL/Spare pages 1/2
Classical Netagin, also called Old Netagin, is a triconsonantal language descended from Ancient Netagin, inspired by Tiberian Hebrew. It was the language of the Netagin Republic in Ancient Talma and lent some loans to other Talman languages such as Tíogall and Bênôcian.
Todo
-ám- = augmentative
tu12á2e3 (tu12á1e2 for 1-2 and 1-2-1-2 roots and tu12á3e4 for 1-2-3-4 roots) = VN of the "gradual action" binyan
"analogize" the binyanim a little
Numbers
ʕodh hez ṭuŋ miqâx fazzim ʔaŋbân qatzădh koħâs riffuy zâlukh
Phonology
Consonants
m n ŋ tʰ t kʰ k ʔ b d g f s ts ɬ tɬ ʃ ħ h z ʕ w ɾ~l j
⟨m n ŋ t ṭ k q ʔ b d g f s ts x tx š ħ h z ȝ v r y⟩
Begadkefat: /t k b d g/ > /θ x v ð ɣ/ after a V; transliterated th kh bh dh gh
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i(ː)/ | [ɨ] | u /u(ː)/ |
| Close-mid | e /e(ː)/ | o /o(ː)/ | |
| Open-mid | è /ɛ/ | ë /ə/ | ò /ɔ/ |
| Near-open | á /ɒ(ː)/ | ||
| Open | a /a/ |
Stress
In native words primary stress can only fall on the ultimate, or less commonly the penultimate syllable.
Morphology
Netagin uses a consonantal root system like the Semitic languages. Most roots have three consonants but some may have two or four, the latter mostly in reduplicated or onomatopoeic roots.
Nouns
Classical Netagin has innovated a sex-based gender system with masculine and feminine genders:
- Ancient Netagin had an honorific distinction which required agreement in verbs and adjectives.
- In Late Ancient Netagin, the honorific developed into its own gender, often being used for big, sacred, specialized, or abstract things, in addition to people of high social status.
- The word for "lady", bīlan, became the normal word for "woman" (like how Frau, formerly "lady", became the normal word for "woman" in German).
- Thus, the former honorific agreement analogized to all women and became the feminine gender.
Verbs
There are 12 binyanim:
- Binyan 1 verbs are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form.
- Binyan 2 contains many monotransitive verbs, ("eat") including causativizations of Binyan 1 verbs ("make happy").
- Binyan 3 consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken").
- Binyan 4 contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Binyan 2 and Binyan 3 verbs). Causatives of statives in the imperfective aspect may denote active maintenance of a state (as opposed to changing a state in the perfective aspect).
- Binyan 5 is roughly equivalent to the German prefix be- (applicative).
- Binyan 6 - telic, intensive
- Binyan 7 - telic
- Binyan 8 - "X a little, almost X"
- Binyan 9 - "X in advance, X for oneself" (from the middle voice)
- Binyan 10 - "-le"
- Binyan 11 verbs tend to express gradual processes. Ex. ħădhádhekh 'warm up (literally or romantically)'.
- Binyan 12 - "mis-X, over-X"
| Binyan | Imperfective | Perfective | Active Participle |
Passive Participle |
Action noun |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1a2a3 | -i12a3 | 1ō2i3 | 1i2u3 | 1i2i3i |
| 2 | 1a2ō3 | -a12ū3 | 1a2ī3 | 1a2ū3 | 1u2ā3 |
| 3 | ʔa12ī13 | -uni12i3 | mi1ːū2ā3 | ti1ːū2ā3 | ʔa12u3ti |
| 4 | ʔa12i3 | -i1ːi2u3 | ma12a3 | ta12a3 | ʔa12a3āʔ |
| 5 | ta12u3 | -ut1a2i3 | mut1a2u3 | tut1a2u3 | ta12ō3āʔ |
| 6 | ʔir1a2a3 | -ur1i2u3 | mur1i2u3 | tur1i2u3 | ʔur1a2i3i |
| 7 | ʔirta1a2u3 | -urta1a2i3 | murta1a2u3 | turta1a2u3 | tirta1a2ī3i |
| 8 | ʔi21a2i3 | -i21i2u3 | mu21ā2u3 | tu21ā2u3 | ʔu21a2i3i |
| 9 | 1aš2u3 | -u1iš2u3 | mu1aš2u3 | tu1aš2u3 | tu1aš2i3i |
| 10 | 1i2a2i3 | -i12i2u3 | mu12i2u3 | tu12i2u3 | ti12a2i3i |
| 11 | 1a2ā2u3 | -i12ī2u3 | mu12ā2u3 | tu12ā2u3 | tu12ā2i3i |
| 12 | 1i31a2u3 | -i1a31i2u3 | mu1i31ā2u3 | tu1i31ā2u3 | 1i31a2i3i |
1 Shortens to i when a suffix is added.
Syntax
Classical Netagin is split-ergative