Verse:Mwail/Bjeheond
Rostherian /rɒʃˈtɛriən/ (erhbaerostherim 'The Rostherian language') is a Talmic language spoken in East Cuadhlabh. It is head-initial and polysynthetic.
Numbers
- 1: pêm
- 2: tiłuar
- 3: narhg
- 4: lôb
- 5: selił
- 6: thiam
- 7: ruad
- 8: lored
- 9: barh
- 10: ghîr
- 11: hunaes?
- 12: naes
Phonology
Among Talmic languages, Rostherian is notable for having retroflex consonants and multiple liquids.
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Retroflex | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | central | lateral | ||||||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n̪/ | nh /ɳ/ | [ŋ] | [ɴ] | ||||
| Stop | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t̪/ | th /ʈ/ | c /k/ | q /q/ | |||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d̪/ | dh /ɖ/ | g /g/ | |||||
| Continuant | voiceless | s /s/ | ł /ɬ/ | sh /ʂ/ | łh /ɬʵ/ | h /h/ | |||
| voiced | w /v~w/ | r /r/ | l /l/ | rh /ʐ~ɻ~ɭ/ | gh /ʁ/ | ||||
evidentials, quasi-polysynthetic
Vowels
i i: u u: e e: ə ə: o o: a a: ai ei iə eu uə oi iu
⟨i î u û e ê y ŷ o ô a â ae ei ia eu ua oe iu⟩
Sound changes
The most significant changes characterizing Rostherian are coalescing and altering of consonant clusters.
- *ā > ia (*nā > nia 'I'); *ō > ua; *au > ô; *ou > û; *ū > î
- *qʷ > /χʷ/ > /ɧ/ > sh; *ʁʷ > /ζ/ > rh
- ʁʷelinə ("6 parts [of 12]") > rhelin 'half'
- *nw, tw, dw, sw, łw, lw, rw > nh, th, dh, sh, łh, rh, rh /ɳ, ʈ, ɖ, ʂ, ɬ̠, ʐ~ɻ~ɭ, ʐ~ɻ~ɭ/
- gʷałwā > bâłhi 'neck, throat' ~ Thn. gaθuā 'throat (also language)'
- *sl-, sm-, sn- > rh-, m-, nh-
- *sɸ-, sr-, sw- > sh-, rh-, sh-
- *st, sk > t-/st, th-/sth-
- stas- > tatsil 'gathering' (~ Thn. Stasnyssōs)
- skəttā > thytti 'body' ~ Thn. scyttā
- *bastom > bast 'king' ~ Thn. bastom 'head'
- *sb, sd, sg > rhb, rhdh, rhg
- *nasg- > narhg '3'
- *φn, tn, φl, tl > /ːn, ts, ːɬ, tɬ/
- łnāgin > tłiagin 'I believe' ~ Thn. θnāginis
- oφlutsus > ôłus 'wave'
- *kt, qt > /jt, :ʈ/
- *tektə > teit /teit/ 'child'
- *neqtə > nêth /neːʈ/ 'cloud'
- *kn, gn, qn, ql, qr > /jn, jn, :ɳ, :ɻ, :ɻ/ (with **/uj/ > /uː/ )
- sφugnus > shûn 'root' ~ Thn. sφugnus
- leqnos > lênh 'river' ~ Thn. leānos?
- qrīdis > rhîd 'knife' ~ Thn. ȝrīdis 'edge'
- *φj, tj, kj, qj > pt ss ts gh
- *φ-, j-, s- > h-
- *skj, stj > th-/sth, s-/ss
- final short vowels lost; final -m, -s, -t lost; final long vowels shorten (ia, ua > i, u)
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns are marked with a singular-plural distinction, and may also take possessive suffixes. Pronouns and gender verb affixes no longer mark grammatical gender, but biological gender (as in Naquian).
The plural form is inherited from the Proto-Talmic reduplicated collective; some irregularities may be present due to the preservation of the original single consonant in the reduplicant (as opposed to the cluster which interacted to produce new consonants and clusters in the stem)
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Some feminines are in -e, -u. VerbsSubject affixes
Syntax |