Naeng
- This article describes Modern Windermere. See Windermere for Classical Windermere.
| Modern Windermere | |
|---|---|
| չէıɱ Ғ·ɟ˫ƍ brits Dəmeə | |
| Created by | IlL, Praimhín |
| Setting | Verse:Tricin |
Lakovic
| |
Modern Windermere arose from the vernacular of Imperial Windermere. It is widespread in Bjeheond, being spoken in the USB, Tumhan, and Mategia, as well as in Wen Dămea.
Todo
Accents in Windermere
- Fincreaș
- Rural Fincreəsj
- Standard Mategian
- Standard Wen Dəmeə
- Other Wen Dəmeə accents
- Sətmasj
- Chəloə
- Prucüəw
Some accent should have th = Basque z, s = Basque s
Diachronics
Phonological history
- In Talman Windermere, ə > 0 after aspirated consonants and fricatives. This makes the voicing alternation in the Classical Wdm. spirants f and th phonemic.
- l > ʟ in the Wen Dămea dialect
- Classical Windermere *ts and *tł merged into "ts", while ł shifted to /ɬ/
Grammatical history
- Aspect largely becomes a derivational device, cf. the development of PIE aspects
- Grammaticalization of conjugated auxiliaries, leading to a tense system.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | ||||
| Plosive | voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||
| voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | c /k/ | ' /ʔ/ | |||
| Affricate | ts /ts/ | ||||||
| Fricative | spirant | f /f~v/ | th /θ~ð/ | ch /x/ | |||
| nonspirant | s /s/ | σ /ɬ/ | sj /ʃ/ | h /h/ | |||
| Resonant | w /w/ | r /r/ | l /l~ʟ/ | y /j/ | |||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||
| Close | i /i/ | ü /y/ | [ɨ] | u /u/ |
| Near-close | iə /iə/ | üə /yə/ | uə /uə/ | |
| Close-mid | e, ä /e/ | ə /ə/ | o /o/ | |
| Open-mid | eə /ɛ~eə/ | oə /ɔ~oə/ | ||
| Open | a /ɐ/ | |||
Stress
Stress is almost always final, but can be non-final in function words.
Accents
- Main article: Windermere/Modern/Accents
Parts of speech
Pronouns
Σənam (capitalized) is used as a very respectful 2nd person pronoun.
Verbs
Verbs are not conjugated, but are used with auxiliaries.
Adjectives
The comparative is formed with rech + adjective and the superlative is formed with hə'et + adjective.
- to = good
- rech to = better
- hə'et to = best
Pre-verbal particles
- chmi = progressive
- cheə = past
- per = future
- tso = past progressive
- fa = perfect
- cheə fa = past perfect etc.
- future progressive? analytic constructions for other aspects like inchoative/inceptive, frequentative, telic ...?
Other particles
- eth = it does, doesn't it?
Syntax
SVO; VSO in subordinate clauses with the subject marked with e-; but subordinate clauses are SVO when marked with the complementizer nga
- Riə chmi brits cədes cə'üs tes tsəctsoc.
- 1SG PROG speak about-SPEC love and-SPEC hate
- I speak of love and hate.
- Fi rüəch chmi tsrin se troəs.
- DEF bird PROG eat SPEC seed
- The bird is eating a seed.
Vocabulary
Modern Windermere contains more Talmic and Hlou-Shum loanwords than Classical Windermere; even derivational affixes have been borrowed. In modern times, many Eevo loans are entering the language.
Sample texts
UDHR
in Bjeheondian Windermere:
Tsor croth fa əsjeəl pluəm te thür mis həltlas tes imσin. Ənam hac rəfongüə yas həlfəthin tes həlslith'a, te pdar thunoə e 'nam təse fidoən məceəf nətha mis sjəgor chasräf.
(Mategian) [ts̠or̥ kʰr̥oθ fä ʔɘˈʂeəl pʰluəm tʰe θyr mis̠ hɘlˈtʰläs̠ tʰes̠ ʔimˈɬin ‖ ʔɘnäm häk rɘvoˈŋyə jäs̠ hɘlfɘˈðin tʰes̠ hɘls̠liθˈʔa, tʰe pʰɘ̥d̥ar̥ θuˈnoə ʔe näm tʰɘ̥ˈs̠e fiˈd̥oən mɘˈkʰeəv nɘˈðä mis̠ ʂəˈɣor̥ xɘs̠ˈräf]
(Wen Dămea) [tso̞r kʰr̥o̞θ fä əˈʃeːɤˁ pʰχˁuəm tʰe̞ θyr mis hɤˁˈtʰχˁɑs tʰe̞s imˈɬin ‖ ənäm häk rəvo̞ˈŋyə jäʃ hɤˁfəˈðin tʰe̞s hɘlsʁˁiθˈʔa, tʰe̞ pʰtar θuˈnoə ʔe̞ näm tʰse̞ fiˈtoən məˈkʰeəv nəˈðä mis ʃko̞r xəsˈräv]
Imthuməytil
This passage is from the Imthuməytil Pəchac, a retranslation of the Imthumăytil into Modern Windermere by Yăchef Klein.
Mi ngith doən dur e tach imchäth mis mogor litheəth. Pda Brəwiəd fa wiəts: "Meə ra σənam runse?"
Sre mot chmi nung ef imchäth nətha, doən fa cə'aw: "Tathaf stiw! Ruay immognas tach runse, te imməlin thaf müəts, te imchustiw rəthaf..."
Σop Pda Brəwiəd fa wiəts: "Əna, meə ra chmi, srüə hədeən e do croth hiboəth?"
Əbay cə'aw e fid: "Op, bang ruəy tsor təy'uəg paleac, sach se fəbeəng imtəy'uəg nətha yaf croth məlem!"
Once, six children were in a round table. Master Brăwied asked them: "How many of you are here?"
While the others were still counting, one child replied: "Sixty-three! 6 individuals, 15 teams of two, 20 teams of 3, ..."
Then Master Brăwied asked: "Well then, how many people will be there if another person enters?"
The child nonchalantly responded: "Well, we have all of the old teams, as well as another set of teams with the new person!