Scellan

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A sfir fi dy Eevo (This page in Eevo)

Scellan
Λ ỺⱵꝨѴ ꞰꞰⳘΔ a brits Eevo
Pronunciation	[[w:Help:IPA|prits ɛivɔ]]
Created by	IlL
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Language family	Quihum Talmic Thensaric Tigolic Scellan
Official status
Official language in	Sgewla, Anøvr, Fyxám, ...
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qee

Scellan (ꞰꞰⳘΔ /ˈɛivɔ/; English: /ˈeɪvoʊ/ AY-voh; from Old Eevo é- 'common' + bó 'language') is a Talmic language belonging to the Tigolic branch. Eevo is now the most dominant modern language in Tricin. The beginning of the modern Eevo language, dated to ca. fT 1150dd (1932), is often credited to the Anøvrian philosopher and poet Embisoom Grwid, who wrote his works in the new phonetic, Clofabic-based orthography of his invention, instead of the old Talmic orthography largely based on Old Eevo pronunciation. [Grwid's orthography is still sensitive to etymology to some extent, as it reflects the original spelling in Windermere or Proto-Clofabic loanwords.] As its name suggests, it is a koiné of Tigolic dialects which were spoken in the Sgewlan Peninsula and across northern Mainland Talma. The emergence of modern Eevo arguably helped unify not only the disparate Tigolic-speaking peoples of Northern Talma, but by extension also the entire Northern Talman diverse ethnic and linguistic milieu. Thus, Modern Eevo has been a living language for about 360 years, approximately 1932-2292 (1150dd-13b0dd).

Eevo is official in two Talman countries: Sgewla and Anøvr. It is also co-official in Fyxám in the continent Cualuav.

Eevo is inspired by Icelandic, Welsh, Hmong, English, and Gaelic.

Lexember 2017

Day 2

• çewr (n): bag
• frais X: minus X
• sosáwl (v): to add
• ocbẃan (v): to subtract
• astýr (v): to multiply
• robýð (v): to divide
• fẅastýr (v): to exponentiate
• þíndas (n): logarithm
• bahív: modulo

Day 3

• þuþmoŋéed (v) = confirm, check
• crawþ (v) = feel
• iantgon (adj) = sleepy
• bail (adj) = slow
• huð (n) = brain
• maint (v) = to please
• ŋwasd (n) = bracelet, wreath
• almáði (n) = daisy
• socálah (n) = annoyance, nuisance (socál 'to bother')
• goltíŋ (v) = get up
• ascónd (v) = pick something off of
• seþ (conj) = when
• ar wiþl (adv) = suddenly
• hlwg (v) = run
• psaþ (adj) = pink
• raga (prep, adv) = past

Day 9

• cyvymlóod (adj) = remarkable, unusual
• golçíalon (ad) = strange
• ohbáje (intj) = egads! heaven forbid! (dated)

Todo

• Goal: Duolingo course
• adjectives might be verbs
• Verbalizers?
• Suffixes shouldn't be common.
• "Reason, Compassion and Action"
  • Symbolized by Borromean rings?
• might have more talmic than expected
• Clofabic prefixes and suffixes (e.g. for -logy, -ism)
• suffix for halogens, suffix for noble gases, suffixes for radioactive elts
  • metals: -cvis
• sgv/plv/col can be a feature of modern talma but not ancient talma
• -ad derivational suffix
• How much are adjectives like verbs? What tense markers can they take?
• Maybe modern Eevo isn't that old
• Word for 'silphium (translation convention for a contraceptive plant)'
• OEe sngl-, sngr- > sml-, smr-
• Determiner overhaul - I didn't like any of the plural affixes so I'm marking number with determiners.

Diachronics

Phonological history

• Voicing becomes aspiration.
• a > a
• á > aw
• ae, ái > ai
• ai > y
• aei > ee
• ao, aoi > øø
• e > e
• é > ee
• éi > oi > wa
• eó, éu > ew
• ei, i, io > y
• í, oí, uí > i
• iu > y
• iú > iw
• o > o
• oi > ø
• ó > oo
• ói, ua > wa
• u > w
• ui > ø
• ú > u /y/
• úi > wi
• rb, rd, rg > /rv, rð, rj/
• -n > -m after aw, ew, iw, oo, w, u
• aw > o in unstressed syllables or before clusters

Grammatical history

Many of the most drastic grammatical changes from Old Eevo are a result of rapid "creolization" as a result of second-language speakers learning the language.

• Old Eevo nouns, verbs and adjectives were drastically simplified. Nouns and verbs no longer inflect for person; adjectives no longer agree with nouns.
• Loss of grammatical gender
• A new sgv-plv-col system arises, marked by determiners. Definiteness is lost.
• Old Eevo mutations were lost under the influence of Lăcoaf which had a different mutation system.
• Development of split ergativity.

Background

See also: Proto-Talmic.

Phonology

Consonants

Eevo has an average-sized consonant inventory of about 25 consonants.

		Labial	Dental/Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/		ŋ /ŋ/
Plosive	unaspirated	b /p/	d /t/		g /k/
	aspirated	p /pʰ/	t /tʰ/		c /kʰ/
Affricate			ts /ts/	tx, tsj /tʃ/
Non-sibilant	unvoiced	f /f/	þ /θ/	ç /ç/		ll /χ/	h /h/
	voiced	v /v/	ð /ð/	j /j/		l /ʟ/
Sibilant	unvoiced		s /s/	x, sj /ʃ/
	voiced		z /z/	zj [ʒ]
Trill	unvoiced		rr /r̥/
	voiced		r /r/

Notes

• Aspiration is neutralized in coda.
• /r/ may be a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ].
• /ʟ r/ become their devoiced counterparts /χ r̥/ after aspirates and /s/.
• /hn tn/ may become [ɬ tl~tɬ].
• The liquid transcribed /ʟ/ for convenience may be pronounced [ʀ], [ʁ] or [ɴ̆]. The allophone [ɴ̆] is somewhat more common intervocalically. The allophone [ɫ] occurs in classical singing and in some remote dialects.
• /n ʟ r/ can be syllabic in some accents.
• Coda /ç/ is disallowed; /ç/ > /h/ after a vowel.

/Cj/ sequences

• /sj, tsj/ become /ʃ tʃ/ in standard Eevo: Slysjon /ˈsχəʃɔn/ 'April'.
  • In addition, zj dzj /ʒ dʒ(devoiced)/ is used in loanwords.
• /ʟj/ is reduced to /j/ among younger speakers: e.g. çaljad 'window' /çaʟjət/ is pronounced [çajət], [çaːjət], or [çãjət].

Vowels

The vowel inventory of Eevo is also fairly large, with 8, 11 or 14 basic vowel qualities depending on the analysis. Eevo also has many diphthongs and nasal vowels.

Oral vowels

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded
Close	i	y	ə	u~ʊ
Open	ɛ	œ	a	ɔ
Diphthongs	ai au ɛu iu ɛɪ œy ɔu iə yə uə oi~ui

Nasal vowels (in lambdic accents)

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded
Close	ĩ	ỹ		ũ
Mid	ẽ	ø̃	ə̃	õ
Open	ɛ̃	œ̃	ã	ɔ̃

Nasal vowels (in non-lambdic accents)

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded
Close	iː	yː		uː
Mid	eː	øː	(ʌː)	oː
Open	ɛː	œː	aː	ɔː

Notes

• Vowels in pausa are glottalized or followed by a final [ʔ] in many dialects.
• /y/'s backness has been described as near-front [y̠] and central [ʉ].
• Similarly, /œ/ has been variously described as near-front [œ] and central [ɞ] (but is more consistently near-front).
• /œy/ has been described as [œʏ] or [ɞʉ].

Orthography:

/a ɛ i ɔ u œ y ə ai au ɛi iu ɛi œy ɔu iə yə uə ui/ ⟨a e i o w ø u y ai aw ew iw ee øø oo ia ua wa wi⟩

Diaereses can be used on stressed vowels to distinguish them from diphthongs.

Nasal vowels

The nasal vowels /ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ õ ɛ̃ œ̃ ã ɔ̃/ arose from historical V + /l/ sequences. In many accents they are also pharyngealized (/ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ õ ɛ̃ œ̃ ã ɔ̃/ = [ĩˤ ỹˤ ũˤ ẽˤ ø̃ˤ ʌ̃ˤ õˤ ɛ̃ˤ œ̃ˤ ãˤ ɔ̃ˤ]) or diphthongized (say, /ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ ɛ̃ ã/ = [iw̃ yw̃ uɔ̃ ew̃ øw̃ əw̃ ɛw̃ œw̃]). Certain, "non-lambdic" accents realize them as long vowels (with no nasalization) - these accents may have 'intrusive L' realized as [ʁ] or [ɴ̆] analogous to intrusive R in non-rhotic English accents. A handful of remote dialects pronounce them as pharyngealized vowels or vowels followed by [ɫ].

/õ/ may merge with either /ũ/ or /ɔ̃/ depending on the accent.

In unstressed syllables, /ə̃/ and /ɔ̃/ often merge to [ɔ̃].

This is how nasal vowels are written in the orthography:

Phoneme	Spelling
/ã/	al ail
/ɛ̃/	el ewl
/ẽ/	eel
/ĩ/	il ial iwl
/œ̃/	øl
/ø̃/	øøl
/ỹ/	ul ual
/ɔ̃/	ol awl
/õ/	ool wil
/ũ/	wl wal
/ə̃/	yl, syllabic l

After stressed syllables, unstressed /a/ and unstressed /ə/ are merged to /ə/.

Stress

Non-initial stress is marked with an acute accent in the romanized orthography.

Phonotactics

• /z/ devoices to [s] before a stop (plosive or affricate).
• Many initial clusters are allowed. In native (Talmic) words, non-English initial clusters include hm, hn, hŋ, mn, ml, mr, vn, vl, vr, sr, sŋ, tn, tŋ, tl, dl, þn, þŋ, þl, ðl, cn, cŋ, ŋr, (not ŋl, cŋr, cŋl; they became l, cr, cl) sml, smr, hml, hmr.
• Final/post-tonic combinations are a bit more restricted - the allowed post-tonic combinations are generally similar to Germanic or Greek.

Diaphonology

Big picture: Some common accent features are

• epenthesis in certain /rC/ clusters.
• long vowels for nasal vowels
• In lambdic accents: nasal vowel mergers so that the total number of nasal vowels is less than 11. The first victims tend to be the back nasal vowels /ũ õ ɔ̃/ (which often merge into two vowels) and the front rounded nasal vowels /ỹ ø̃ œ̃/ (which often merge into their unrounded counterparts /ĩ ẽ ɛ̃/).
• Pronouncing y like Korean eu sometimes
• Pronouncing n before V as [l]

Sgewla

• Non-lambdic: /ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ õ ɛ̃ œ̃ ã ɔ̃/ are realized as [iː yː uː eː øː ɔː oː ɛː~æː œː aː ɔː].
• Linking and intrusive L

Tniave/Honþr

• ee øø oo ia wa are all monophthongs: [e: ø: o: i: u:]
• /u y i/ = [ʊ, ʏ, ɪ]

Cdam Sre

• ee øø oo = [əi əy əu]
• y = [ɨ]
• /χ/ = pharyngeal h

Flian

Somewhat influenced by Adetsibic languages such as Sfətsiv.

• /ç/ is fronted to [ɕ] and triggers retraction of /ʃ tʃ/ to [ʂ tʂ].
• /p t/ is often fully voiced [b d] except after voiceless sounds and word-finally.
• /χ/ is fronted to [x].
• A chain vowel shift ("Flian Vowel Shift") affects the following non-nasalized vowels.
  1. /ɛu, ui/ > [eo~eə~ɛː, oe~oə~oː]
  2. /au, ai/ > [æw, aə~aː]
  3. /ou, øy, ei/ > [œw~œː, ɶʏ, æj]
  4. /u, y, i/ > [ʊ, ʏ, ɪ]
  5. /uə, yə, iə/ > [uː, yː, iː] before C
• The front rounded nasal vowels are realized as rhotic nasal vowels: /ỹ, ø̃, œ̃/ = [ɚ̃, ɝ̃, ɝ̃]
• Word-final /rC/ undergoes epenthesis to [rəC] for any C.

General Fyxámian Eevo

Accent used in Verse:Tricin/Fyxám; it has some similarities to the Flian accent.

• /ɛu/ is slightly higher [eu].
• /au, ai/ > [æw, ae~aː]
  • /ai/ remains [ai] before a vowel.
• /u, y, i/ > [ʊw, ʏɥ, ɪj]
• epenthesis in /rC/ clusters when C = nasal or /v/. For example, arm 'to live' is [ˈaɾəm].
• Nasal vowels are also consistently pharyngealized, resulting in mergers. The pharyngealization is stronger before nasals. (inspiration: irgendwo often sounding like "ögendwo" in German)
  • wl~ool~ol [õˁ~ɔ̃ˁ]
  • il~eel~ul~øøl [ẽˁ~ø̃ˁ]
  • el~øl [ɛ̃ˁ~œ̃ˁ]

Cnollta

Often perceived as backwards and boorish within Fyxám.

• r /r/ is pharyngealized alveolar [ɹˁ] or retroflex [ɻ~ʐ].
  • rr /r̥/ is a fricative [ɧ] or [ʂ].

Early Modern Eevo

Early Modern Eevo refers to the stage of Eevo at or shortly after Embisoom Grwid's invention of the modern Eevo orthography.

• The letter y was pronounced /ɨ/.
• a was never reduced, and was always pronounced [a~ɐ].
• /ɛɪ œʏ ɔʊ/ (written ee øø oo) were long monophthongs [eː øː oː].
• ç /ç/ was actually /x/, as in Clofabic languages at that time.

"Please call Stella"

The following is the "Please call Stella" text as might be read aloud by a speaker with a thick Eevo accent:

Peninsular learning GA

Template:Col-2 Please call Stella. Ask her to bring these things with her from the store: Six spoons of fresh snow peas, five thick slabs of blue cheese, and maybe a snack for her brother Bob. We also need a small plastic snake and a big toy frog for the kids. She can scoop these things into three red bags, and we will go meet her Wednesday at the train station. Template:Col-2 [pʰχis kʰɔ̃ stɛʀə. ɛsk həɾ tʰy pɾiŋ ðis θiŋz við həɾ fɾəm ðə stɔɾ : siks spynz əf fɾɛʃ slɔu pʰiz, faiv θik sʀɛps əf pʀy tʃʰiz, n̩ mɛipi ə slɛk fɔ hə pɾəðr̩ pap. vi ɔ̃sɔu lit ə smɔ̃ pʰχɛstik slɛik n̩ ə pik tʰui fɾak fɔ ðə kʰits. ʃi kʰɛn skyp ðis θiŋz intʰy θɾi ɾɛt pɛks n̩ vi vĩ kɔu mit həɾ vɛnstɛi ɛt tə tʰɾɛin stɛiʃn̩.]

Flian learning Estuary

Template:Col-2 Please call Stella. Ask her to bring these things with her from the store: Six spoons of fresh snow peas, five thick slabs of blue cheese, and maybe a snack for her brother Bob. We also need a small plastic snake and a big toy frog for the kids. She can scoop these things into three red bags, and we will go meet her Wednesday at the train station. Template:Col-2 [pʰχɪjs kʰɔ̃ stɛɴ̆ə. ask hə tʰy pɾiŋ ðɪjs θiŋz við hə fɾəb ðə stɔ : siks spynz əf fɾɛʂ snea pʰɪjz, fɒɪv θik sɴ̆aps əf pɴ̆y tʂʰɪjz, əd mæipi ə snak fɔ hə pɾəðə pɔp. vɪj ɔ̃sə lɪjt ə smɔ̃ pʰχastik snæik ən ə pik tʰoa fɾɔk fɔ ðə kʰits. ʂi kʰan skyp ðɪjz θigz idtʰy θɾɪj ɾɛt paks əd vɪj vĩ kea mɪjt həɾ vɛdstæi ɛt tə tʰɾæin stæiʂən.]

Notes: Pronouncing Eevo words in English

• An epenthetic schwa may be inserted for Eevo clusters that English lacks.
• Voiceless resonants may be pronounced as their voiced counterparts: /hm hn hŋ r̥/ → /m n ŋ r/.
  • /χ, ç/ should be rendered [h] or [x].
• /ʀ~ʁ/ → /l/, preferably velarized or vocalized.
• Coda /h/ should be deleted.
• /p t k/ → /b d g/, but:
  • /sp st sk/ → /sp st sk/
  • /hp ht hk/ ⟨hb hd hg⟩ → /p t k/
  • Word-finally, pronounce ⟨b d g⟩ as /p t k/.
• /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ → /p t k/
• Vowels: /i y ə u ɛ œ a ɔ ai au ɛu iu ei øy ou iə yə uə ui/ → /iː uː ʌ~ə uː ɛ ə æ~ɑː ɑ~ɔ aɪ aʊ oʊ juː eɪ oʊ oʊ iːə uːə uːə wiː~ɔɪ/
• Vowels before r
• vowels before l
  • Note that w is always a vowel!

Orthography

In-universe, Eevo uses the Clofabic script, unlike other Talmic languages (except Roshterian). Template:Eevo alphabet Stress accent is marked with a ' after the stressed vowel. Stress is not marked when initial.

çm, çn, çŋ, çl, çr are pronounced like hm, hn, hŋ, ll, rr in most modern Eevo dialects.

Punctuation

• | = period
• . = comma
• ₂ = strong comma
• ᑉ = question mark
• + = exclamation point
• - = hyphen
• ~ = ellipsis
• ⸗ = semicolon
• ᕑ = colon
• ⟨ ⟩ = parentheses
• : = hyphen (for affixes in linguistics)

Numerals

Eevo uses a base-12 positional numeral system. The digits are as follows:

ɔ ı ʎ ɺ ħ ʕ ʑ ɛ ɴ κ ə ʋ = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X E

duodecimal point: :

1728's separator: · (optional)

Examples:

2017 = 1,201dd = ı·ʎɔı

π = 3.184809493b918...dd = ɺ:ıɴħ·ɴɔк·ħкɺ·кʋı·ɴ... or ɺ:ıɴħɴɔкħкɺкʋıɴ...

Morphology

Eevo inflectional morphology tends to be simpler than most other Talmic languages; for example, it has no grammatical gender and no construct state.

Verbs

Verbs have little inflection, and the bulk of verbs are completely regular.

Imperative

The imperative is formed with so [VERB] (from "do VERB"). The so is not used when the verb is preceded by ðelláws 'please'.

Cohortative: [VERB] gwm, [VERB] wm (from "VERB with us.EXC")

Tar gwm hehlt na llawm rreem.

go COH plant DET.PL seed today

Let's go plant the seeds today.

Present

The present uses the unmarked form of the verb followed by the subject. For example, Duvwŋ, mol naw tlaw means "Teacher, I thank you".

This is often replaced by the progressive in casual speech.

Archaic Eevo (still used in historical fiction) uses the following personal endings in the present tense:

I	you (sg.)	he	she	it	we (exc.)	we (inc.)	you (pl.)	they	you (polite)	impersonal
-an	-ir	-am	-e	-0	-em	-ad	-ah	-að	-ah	-av

Conditional

The conditional uses the suffix -ð. It continues the Old Eevo past subjunctive.

Imperfect

The imperfect uses the particle go.

Progressive/Stative

To form the progressive, the particle dy is used before the verb.

Verbs referring to emotional states, as well as adjectives referring to states, also use the progressive. For example, Dy eell naw'r means "I love you."

Preterite

The preterite uses the ergative particle.

• Iantin naw. = I slept.
• Vesin rw naw na ahdyn. = I painted the pictures.

Perfect

The perfect, formed by placing tyn 'after' before the verb, is used for:

• an event in the immediate past
• an event that occurred in the past and is relevant to the present
  • an event that occurred regularly in the past with a cumulative effect on the present

Perfect: Tyn iant naw. = I have slept.

Perfect progressive: Tyn fahd dy VERB SUBJECT

Future imperfective

The future imperfective uses the -t affix inherited from Old Eevo. It is used for:

• events that will happen regularly or continually over a period of time in the future
• events that will happen some time in the future, but whose time or outcome is not yet known or determined.

Future perfective

The future perfective tense is formed with hly + VERB. It is used for:

• a future event that has a definite ending point or occurs once
• future events with a known definite time point
• outcomes which are likely or certain to occur.

Jussive

The jussive is high-register and is formed with the suffix -or. It can be used in conditional statements expressing a generally true rule.

cetnor dy car

if one wishes (fixed expression)

Fohor a cliam slahah Ⅎ, coþ...

be-JUSS number counting [variable], then

Let n be/If n is a natural number, then...

Copula

The copula is the most irregular verb in Eevo. In the present tense, zero copula is used.

Nouns

Eevo uses a collective-singulative-plurative system. Number is marked with determiners, not by affixes:

• a(ð) for singulative
• na for plurative
• bo for collective

Singulative and plurative (called "singular" and "plural" below for convenience) refer to one resp. more than one specific instances of the noun. A noun in the collective form refers to "[noun] in general" or "the set of all [noun]". This distinction also applies to abstract nouns (which often use unmarked collectives). The collective of an abstract noun refers to the quality in general, and the singulative and plurative refer to one or more specific instances or manifestations of the abstraction. For example, the collective bo fosgu means 'valor (in general)'; the singulative a fosgu means 'a valiant deed'; the plurative na fosgu means 'valiant deeds'.

Collective nouns are referred to with singular pronouns, not plural.

Pronouns

	I	you (sg.)	he	she	it	we (exc.)	we (inc.)	you (pl.)	they	you (semi-polite)	you (polite)	impersonal
Direct	naw, no	fiar, iar, ir, 'r	(h)av	(h)ee	(h)e	awv	gwad	swad	(h)awr	swad	tlaw	car
Genitive	ryn	res	reev	ree	ryŋ	riav	reg	red	rer	red	ry tlaw	ry çar
Dative	llyn	lles	lleev	llee	llyŋ	lliav	lleg	lled	ller	lled	lly tlaw	lly çar

The forms no and ir, 'r are casual forms.

Politeness

Modern Eevo has three levels of politeness in pronouns:

• fiar (sg.) is used for family members, friends, pets, inanimates, deities, and among blue-collar workers. It is becoming more common among young people.
• tlaw (lit. "place") is used as a polite second-person pronoun (for both singular and plural) for strangers or persons in positions of authority. It is still considered acceptable for some professions, such as superiors in military or schoolteachers, to refer to their counterparts with the familiar pronouns fiar and swad, although nowadays using tlaw is becoming more common.
• swad is roughly intermediate in formality between fiar and tlaw. The pronoun swad is used when an apprentice addresses their master, when university students address professors or when professors address students. In universities and some schools students use swad for each other. (In vocational schools tlaw is used for student-instructor conversation.) Books intended for a general audience and strangers on the Internet also use swad.
  • In archaic Eevo, swad is used as a polite pronoun for persons of higher class (say nobles or royalty), or among the upper class.

Demonstratives

Eevo has a 4-way contrast in demonstratives:

1. near me, but not near you
2. near us (inclusive)
3. near you, but not near me
4. distal: far from both you and me

	Near 1	Near 1+2	Near 2	Distal	Interrogative	Negative	Every/All	Some	Any	Other
Adjective	mi	fi	ce	ŋe	tis (preposed)	-	baw (preposed)		baw (preposed)
Thing	men	fen	cen	ŋen	taw	twm satn			baw satn
Person	-	-	-		tua	twm lias	-	-	-
Place	mah	enah	cah	ŋah	tah
Source
Destination	mahd	enahd	cahd	ŋahd	tahd
Time	sada		ŋoþ		teþ	fuat	tŋiv
Manner/Kind	miar	siar	ciar	ŋiar	tiar
Quantity					tic (how many); ticar (how many-th)
Reason					tin

Adjectives

Adjectives behave like verbs in that they can take tense clitics. However, they can take degree inflection unlike adjectives and imperative constructions must use fa + ADJECTIVE.

Adjectives usually follow nouns; they may precede nouns in poetry.

Degree:

• -ta = comparative (compared to others)
• -ws = superlative
• jal X = too X
• -am = comparative (compared to past self)

Adverbs can be formed from both verbs adjectives by adding dy before the verb or adjective. However, often adverbs are unmarked.

Construct adjectives

An adjective may be placed in the construct state by suffixing -að. Construct adjectives are chiefly used in literary Eevo; it also survives in some fixed expressions and prepositions. For example, eljað is a preposition meaning 'worth; worthy of', and is the construct form of an adjective *eli ('worthy').

Derivational morphology

Noun-noun compounds are head-final; however, head-initial "noun noun" juxtaposition is preferred. "Noun verb" juxtaposition is also common.

The table below lists selected derivational suffixes.

		From...
		Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
To...	Noun	-a (Netagin female suffix) -wŋ (agentive) -os (instrument) -id (diminutive) -óm (augmentative) -fen (agentive; Clofabic) -emb (female suffix) ni- (non-) ir- (un-) bah- (sub-) ŋal- 'before' tyn- 'after'	-ah (verbal noun) -ev (verbal noun) -wŋ (agentive) -os (instrument)	-vih (abstract noun) hal-(abstract noun) -u (abstract noun) -igi (one characterized by X)
	Verb	-asg	ar- (applicative) as- (telic) ee- (co-, with) for- (causative) fw- (back, re-) gol- (up) oc- (from, out) ro- (down) so- (towards) sen- (well) mi- (mis-)
	Adjective	-att -on -iv -ín (Netagin) -ol (Clofabic) -flen	-i -in (-ee) -gon (-able, but ergative)	zi- (non-) er- (un-)
	Adverb				-

Nouns

• -id is a diminutive suffix but is often used discursively, somewhat like "a nice X".
• mi- is used in some nouns where it is a prefix meaning 'bad', 'mis-' or sometimes 'pseudo-'.
• hylviar- is a prefix meaning 'study of X'. Stress falls on the word which the prefix attaches to.
  • hylviarclíam means 'number theory'.
• -óm is a noun suffix of unclear meaning, historically an augmentative.
• -wŋ is a suffix meaning "a person associated with [noun] or who does [verb]" (unknown origin).
  • britswŋ means 'speaker (a person who speaks)', from brits 'to speak; speech'.
  • trovihwŋ means 'vegetarian' (from trovih 'vegetarianism').
  • sbwiþwŋ means 'sbwiþ player'. (A sbwiþ is a plucked string instrument with 18-22 sympathetic strings.)

Verbs

Old Eevo prefixes remain productive in Modern Eevo. Among them is the causative affix for- (from a preposition meaning "through"), which was formerly only found in some frozen "causative" verbs but is gaining productivity in modern Eevo.

• mi- is an affix similar to 'mis-, mal-' in English.

Adjectives

• er- is a negating suffix of Talmic origin; it is most commonly used with Talmic adjectives.
• -flen /-fʟɛn/ is an adjectival suffix with the same meaning as Korean -tapta and Japanese -rashii: it means 'like an X is supposed to be' or 'like a typical X'. The suffix comes from Old Eevo compound adjectives of the form X-fheileán (from feil 'name' + -án adjectivizer; i.e. 'like the name X' or 'worthy of the name X'). Some words with the suffix have undergone semantic shifts, e.g. carflen /ˈkʰarfʟɛn/ 'humane, moral, ethical' (from Old Eevo car "human" + -flen).
• jy- (jyn- before C) is a Windermere adjectival suffix.
• -ol /-ɔ̃/ is an adjectival suffix of Clofabic origin; it is cognate with Clofabosin -ol. It is used mainly in loanwords from Proto-Clofabic or Phormatolidin, or to derive adjectives from Clofabic loanwords; however, it is sometimes used with other words as well.
• -on is a Talmic adjectival suffix, from Old Eevo -án (itself from Thensarian -aħnam, Proto-Talmic *-aʁnəm).
• -u (collective) is a common native affix used to form abstract nouns.

Syntax

Main article: Eevo/Syntax

Vocabulary

Eevo's basic vocabulary is largely Talmic. However, a large portion of Eevo vocabulary (comparable to English) is borrowed, for example from Windermere, Clofabic languages (Proto-Clofabic, Phormatolidin and Chthryxolidin) or other Talman languages (Benocian, Adutsib, Bhadhagha...). This gives Eevo a rich array of synonyms.

Sample texts

UDHR, Article 1

Rygéen's þar nai hyltlás as loogyn gyl sŋøø bo am. Sodláwmin nai hylfyðín as [biðçǿøryn] av, ŋyþ beð roo a [þalnǿøv] hið velc dy [xóogr] sarvu.

free and equal INS dignity-COL and right-COL from be_born DET human-COL. bestow-PST.PART INS rationality-COL and conscience-COL 3SG.M, therefore part GEN.3SG.AN DET act towards one_another in spirit brotherhood

All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Að øøm Depanjẃn (Making Anisole)

NileRed: Making Anisole

Depanjẃn, ry givolín pnaþafol tamyr tlaméni e, að øømt riav hreem.

Today we're making anisole which is a somewhat nice-smelling organic liquid.

Twm øør bo arbyrrah tamẃx depanjẃn hnoh, as gøørws ŋi bannẃts lly bishǿðar's efataþolar að arbyrr car e.

Anisole itself doesn't have many direct applications and it's mostly used as a precursor to perfumes and pharmaceuticals.

Eenand naw nai møø depaniẃn lly øøm tawtn arbóin cosgarjẃn, ry cnee cia tyr nafte raw acly balniv e.

I plan to use the anisole to make something called anethole, which is 13 times sweeter than regular sugar.

The reaction that we'll be doing to make the anisole is called the Williamson ether synthesis, and I'll cover the mechanism later on in the video. In terms of chemicals, we have four major reagents: sodium metal, methyl iodide, phenol and methanol. We'll also need some sodium hydroxide, some dry calcium chloride, and some dichloromethane for the workup. To start things off, I added 150 mL of dry methanol to a round bottom flask. Once I'm done adding the methanol, I then move on to preparing the sodium metal. Before the sodium metal can be used, we first have to clean off the mineral oil that it was stored in, and then we have to chop it up into smaller pieces. Using a knife I took out a reasonably-sized chunk, and I tried to wipe away as much oil as I could using a paper towel. When I felt like most of the oil had been removed, I dropped the sodium into a beaker. I fill the beaker with toluene until the sodium is covered. Mineral oil is soluble in toluene, so this is just an added step to get rid of as much of the oil as possible. Using my very rusted knife, I try to agitate things as best as I can. After something like a minute, I felt like it had been washed decently enough, so I took it out and placed it on some paper towel. Now for the slightly more fun part where we get to cut the sodium and weigh out about 8 grams. Using my knife, I cut away some moderately-sized pieces and I place them on the scale. The freshly cut sodium is nice and silver, but it very quickly tarnishes. Once about 8 grams are weighted out, I put the sodium to the side and remove the scale. The sodium metal that is left over that we don't need is placed back under mineral oil for storage. Coming back to the round-bottom flask with the methanol in it, I go ahead and dump in all of the sodium. You can see that the sodium reacts quite vigorously immediately after being added. The reaction is going to heat the methanol to its boiling point, and a lot is going to boil off, so it's very important to have a high-efficiency condenser.

From a manifesto

Ys dy bo cŋyrll mawr savísi, bo fehd øølyv, as bo jys hwrþol a heðál bo slawv?

Q in DET.COL trunk tree towering, DET.COL lake heaven and DET.COL mountain craggy DET reside goodness

Does good reside in the towering tree trunks, the heavenly lakes, the cragged peaks?

Ia, dy lwm fiar res a sdeevi ryc.

nay in interior 2SG GEN.2SG DET dwell GEN.it

Nay, it dwells within thyself.

Tower of Babel

1. Go cia jawþ as cia brits dy smøøh aðyr.

PST.IPFV one language and one speech in world throughout.

2. Ah arw go rrohda amfyn biarir lly tneev, samin awr a dooméxa dy Xinlar as inosin awr cah.

but when IPFV move people-COL residence to east, find-PFV 3PL DET plain in Shinar and settle-PFV there.

3. Coþ tavin awr lly [cia sdair]: "Ai, øøm gwm atsenar, lly gollt heeg." As atsenr a þŋojétin llyr ngi nyldar, as llwh a ngi wpet.

then say-PRET 3PL DAT each_other VOC make COH brick-PL DAT bake hard and brick-PL DET serve DAT.3PL as stone-PL and tar DET as cement

Miscellany

Poetry

Eevo poetry traditionally uses rhyme. In modern poetry, alliteration is often used instead (cf. Tsjoen poetry)