Qino: Difference between revisions

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***Independent form: ''ni''

**'''Genitive''': Used for possession ("of") and the object of some adpositions.

***Absolutive ending in consonant or short, unaccented vowel: -́i (with penultimate accent) - e.g. nama → nami

***Absolutive ending in consonant or short, unaccented vowel: -́i (with penultimate accent) - e.g. ''nama'' → ''nami''

***Absolutive ending in long or accented vowel: ''-t'' - e.g. ''makiiná'' → ''makiinat''

*'''Secondary cases:'''

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***Absolutive ending in ''-í'' or ''-ii'': ''-íyow; -íyey''

***Absolutive ending in ''-ú'' or ''-uu'': ''-úwow; -úwey'' - e.g. ''castuu'' → ''castúwey''

~~<!--~~

***Masculine with absolutive ending in consonant or short, unaccented vowel: ''-ow'' (with accent maintained) - e.g. ''namka'' → ''námkow'', ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxámmadow''

***Feminine with absolutive ending in consonant or short, unaccented vowel: ''-ey'' (with accent maintained) - e.g. ''shimmirti'' → ''shimírtey'', ''Faadhuma'' → ''Faadhúmey''

~~<!--~~

***Absolutive ending in long and/or accented vowel: add epenthetic consonant followed by ''-ow/ey''. The epenthetic consonant depends on the final vowel:

****''a'': ''-h-'' for masculine, ''-t-'' for feminine

****''e'' or ''i'': ''-y-''

****''o'' or ''u'': ''-w-''

->

***Absolutive ending in long and/or accented vowel:

****''a, e, o'': lengthen final vowel if short and add ''-w/y'' (for masculine/feminine respectively) - e.g. ''makiiná'' → ''makiinaay''

****''i'': add epenthetic ''-y-'' followed by ''-ow/ey''

****''u'': add epenthetic ''-w-'' followed by ''-ow/ey''

~~-->~~

**'''Predicative''': Used for predicative nominals. This is not a true case but rather the absolutive fused to the copula. This fusing is optional, and in the present indicative the copula is usually dropped entirely (except for emphasis).

***Absolutive ending in consonant or short, unaccented vowel: ''-e'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''-achi'')~~~~ - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxammade~~~~''

***Absolutive ending in consonant or short, unaccented vowel: ''-e'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''-achi'') - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxammade''

***Absolutive ending in long or accented vowel: ''-she'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''-chi''~~)~~ - e.g. ''makiiná'' → ''makiinashe~~~~''

***Absolutive ending in long or accented vowel: ''-she'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''-chi'') - e.g. ''makiiná'' → ''makiinashe''

***Independent form of the copula: ~~~~''(sh)e'' (adjective declension; inchoative: ''achi'')~~~~

***Independent form of the copula: ''(sh)e'' (adjective declension; inchoative: ''achi'')

:::e.g. ''Maxammadú nama / nama e / nama she / ~~~~namé~~~~.'' "Muhammad is a person."

:::e.g. ''Maxammadú nama / nama e / nama she / namé.'' "Muhammad is a person."

::::''namiyé'' "I am a person"; ''namaché'' "I have become a person"

@@ Line 390: / Line 390: @@
 ***Independent form: ''ni''
 **'''Genitive''': Used for possession ("of") and the object of some adpositions.
-***Absolutive ending in consonant or short, unaccented vowel: -́i (with penultimate accent) - e.g. nama → nami
+***Absolutive ending in consonant or short, unaccented vowel: -́i (with penultimate accent) - e.g. ''nama'' → ''nami''
 ***Absolutive ending in long or accented vowel: ''-t'' - e.g. ''makiiná'' → ''makiinat''
 *'''Secondary cases:'''
@@ Line 423: / Line 423: @@
 ***Absolutive ending in ''-í'' or ''-ii'': ''-íyow; -íyey''
 ***Absolutive ending in ''-ú'' or ''-uu'': ''-úwow; -úwey'' - e.g. ''castuu'' → ''castúwey''
-<!--
-***Masculine with absolutive ending in consonant or short, unaccented vowel: ''-ow'' (with accent maintained)  - e.g. ''namka'' → ''námkow'', ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxámmadow''
-***Feminine with absolutive ending in consonant or short, unaccented vowel: ''-ey'' (with accent maintained)  - e.g. ''shimmirti'' → ''shimírtey'', ''Faadhuma'' → ''Faadhúmey''
-<!--
-***Absolutive ending  in long and/or accented vowel: add epenthetic consonant followed by ''-ow/ey''. The epenthetic consonant depends on the final vowel:
-****''a'': ''-h-'' for masculine, ''-t-'' for feminine
-****''e'' or ''i'': ''-y-''
-****''o'' or ''u'': ''-w-''
-->
-***Absolutive ending in long and/or accented vowel:
-****''a, e, o'': lengthen final vowel if short and add ''-w/y'' (for masculine/feminine respectively) - e.g. ''makiiná'' → ''makiinaay''
-****''i'': add epenthetic ''-y-'' followed by ''-ow/ey''
-****''u'': add epenthetic ''-w-'' followed by ''-ow/ey''
--->
 **'''Predicative''': Used for predicative nominals. This is not a true case but rather the absolutive fused to the copula. This fusing is optional, and in the present indicative the copula is usually dropped entirely (except for emphasis).
-***Absolutive ending in consonant or short, unaccented vowel: ''-e'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''-achi'')<!--, ''-dha'' (invariant; present only; doesn't affect accent)--> - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxammade<!--, Maxámmaddha-->''
+***Absolutive ending in consonant or short, unaccented vowel: ''-e'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''-achi'') - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxammade''
-***Absolutive ending in long or accented vowel: ''-she'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''-chi'')<!--, ''-dha'' (invariant; present only)--> - e.g. ''makiiná'' → ''makiinashe<!--, makiinadha-->''
+***Absolutive ending in long or accented vowel: ''-she'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''-chi'') - e.g. ''makiiná'' → ''makiinashe''
-***Independent form of the copula: <!--''dha'' (invariant; present only),-->''(sh)e'' (adjective declension; inchoative: ''achi'')<!--, ''dhe'' (= ''dha + e''; adjective declension)-->
+***Independent form of the copula: ''(sh)e'' (adjective declension; inchoative: ''achi'')
-:::e.g. ''Maxammadú nama / nama e / nama she / <!--nama dha / nama dhe / -->namé<!-- / námadha-->.'' "Muhammad is a person."
+:::e.g. ''Maxammadú nama / nama e / nama she / namé.'' "Muhammad is a person."
 ::::''namiyé'' "I am a person"; ''namaché'' "I have become a person"