Qino: Difference between revisions
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***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-t'' - e.g. ''makiiná'' → ''makiinat'' | ***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-t'' - e.g. ''makiiná'' → ''makiinat'' | ||
*'''Secondary cases:''' | *'''Secondary cases:''' | ||
**'''Dative''': Used for recipient, benefactor, purpose, obligation ("to" or "for"). | **'''Dative''': Used for recipient, benefactor, purpose, obligation ("to" or "for"), destination. | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant or ''-a'': ''-óo'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namoo'' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant or ''-a'': ''-óo'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namoo'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in other short unstressed vowel: lengthen final vowel + final stress - e.g. ''shimmirti'' → ''shimmirtii'' | ***Absolutive ending in other short unstressed vowel: lengthen final vowel + final stress - e.g. ''shimmirti'' → ''shimmirtii'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-s'' - e.g. ''makiiná'' → ''makiinas'' | ***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-s'' - e.g. ''makiiná'' → ''makiinas'' | ||
***Independent form: ''oo'' | ***Independent form: ''oo'' | ||
**'''Ablative''': Used for source ("from"), comparison ("than"), "in regards to". | **'''Ablative''': Used for source ("from"), comparison ("than"), "in regards to", partitive. | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ák'' - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxammadak'' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ák'' - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxammadak'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́k'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namak'' | ***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́k'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namak'' | ||
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***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́l'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namal'' | ***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́l'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namal'' | ||
***Independent form: ''al'' | ***Independent form: ''al'' | ||
**'''Locative''': Used for location. For more specific location, postpositions are used. | **'''Locative''': Used for location ("at", "in", "on", etc). For more specific location, postpositions are used. | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ád'' - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxammadad'' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ád'' - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxammadad'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́d'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namad'' | ***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́d'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namad'' | ||
***Independent form: ''ad'' | ***Independent form: ''ad'' | ||
*'''Pseudo-cases:''' | *'''Pseudo-cases:''' | ||
**'''Vocative:''' Used for calling someone. The masculine ending is ''-ow'' and the feminine ending is ''-ey''. Original word | **'''Vocative:''' Used for calling someone. The masculine ending is ''-ow'' and the feminine ending is ''-ey''. Original word accent is maintained. These endings may change if the word ends in a vowel. | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant or ''-a'': ''-ow; -ey'' - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxámmadow''; ''shimmira'' → ''shimmírey'' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant or ''-a'': ''-ow; -ey'' - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxámmadow''; ''shimmira'' → ''shimmírey'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in ''-e'' or ''-i'' (except Arabic names in ''-i'') : ''-ew; -ey'' - e.g. ''qaalhi'' → ''qáalhew''; ''dubarti'' → ''dubártey'' | ***Absolutive ending in ''-e'' or ''-i'' (except Arabic names in ''-i'') : ''-ew; -ey'' - e.g. ''qaalhi'' → ''qáalhew''; ''dubarti'' → ''dubártey'' | ||
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***Absolutive ending in ''-í'' or ''-ii'': ''-iyow; -iyey'' | ***Absolutive ending in ''-í'' or ''-ii'': ''-iyow; -iyey'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in ''-ú'' or ''-uu'': ''-uwow; -uwey'' | ***Absolutive ending in ''-ú'' or ''-uu'': ''-uwow; -uwey'' | ||
A form identical to the vocative but with the accent shifted the final syllable can be used as a nickname - e.g. ''Maxammadow'' (''Maxámmad''); ''bidaarlow'' (< ''bidaarle'' "bald person (''m.'')). | |||
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***Masculine with absolutive ending in consonant or short, unstressed vowel: ''-ow'' (with stress maintained) - e.g. ''namka'' → ''námkow'', ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxámmadow'' | ***Masculine with absolutive ending in consonant or short, unstressed vowel: ''-ow'' (with stress maintained) - e.g. ''namka'' → ''námkow'', ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxámmadow'' | ||
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**'''Predicative''': Used for predicative nouns. This is not a true case but rather the absolutive fused to the copula. This fusing is optional, and in the present indicative the copula can be dropped entirely. | **'''Predicative''': Used for predicative nouns. This is not a true case but rather the absolutive fused to the copula. This fusing is optional, and in the present indicative the copula can be dropped entirely. | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant or short, unstressed vowel: ''-é'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''-achi'')<!--, ''-dha'' (invariant; present only; doesn't affect stress)--> - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxammade<!--, Maxámmaddha-->'' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant or short, unstressed vowel: ''-é'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''-achi'')<!--, ''-dha'' (invariant; present only; doesn't affect stress)--> - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxammade<!--, Maxámmaddha-->'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-shé'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''-chi'')<!--, ''-dha'' (invariant; present only)--> - e.g. ''makiiná'' → ''makiinashe< | ***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-shé'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''-chi'')<!--, ''-dha'' (invariant; present only)--> - e.g. ''makiiná'' → ''makiinashe<!--, makiinadha-->'' | ||
***Independent forms of the copula: ''dha'' (invariant; present only), ''(sh)e'' (adjective declension; inchoative: ''achi'')<!--, ''dhe'' (= ''dha + e''; adjective declension)--> | ***Independent forms of the copula: ''dha'' (invariant; present only), ''(sh)e'' (adjective declension; inchoative: ''achi'')<!--, ''dhe'' (= ''dha + e''; adjective declension)--> | ||
:::e.g. ''Maxammadú nama / nama e / nama she / nama dha / <!--nama dhe / -->namé<!-- / námadha-->.'' "Muhammad is a person." | :::e.g. ''Maxammadú nama / nama e / nama she / nama dha / <!--nama dhe / -->namé<!-- / námadha-->.'' "Muhammad is a person." | ||