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:[[Classical Netagin/he|דף זה בעברית]]
:[[Classical Netagin/he|דף זה בעברית]]


'''Classical Netagin''' (Classical Netagin: ''băric năþâgin'' [pəˈrits nəðɒˈgin], [[Eevo]]: traditionally ''Nyðogín Afẃr'' 'Noble Netagin', [[Clofabosin]]: ''netagosin''), also called '''Old Netagin''' ([[Eevo]]: ''Nyðogín Dair''), is the stage of [[Netagin]] descended from [[Ancient Netagin]].  
'''Classical Netagin''' (Classical Netagin: ''băric năþågin'' [pəˈrits nəðɒˈgin], [[Eevo]]: traditionally ''Nyðogín Afẃr'' 'Noble Netagin', [[Clofabosin]]: ''netagosin''), also called '''Old Netagin''' ([[Eevo]]: ''Nyðogín Dair''), is the stage of [[Netagin]] descended from [[Ancient Netagin]].  


Noble Netagin is a classical language in Talma; it was the language of the Netagin Republic in Ancient Talma and lent some loans to other Talman languages such as [[Eevo]] and [[Bênôcian]]. Noble Netagin used to be a mainstay of elite education and is still commonly taught in Talma.
Noble Netagin is a classical language in Talma; it was the language of the Netagin Republic in Ancient Talma and lent some loans to other Talman languages such as [[Eevo]] and [[Bênôcian]]. Noble Netagin used to be a mainstay of elite education and is still commonly taught in Talma.
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==Sound changes from ANtg==
==Sound changes from ANtg==
*a > a
*a > a
*ā > â
*ā > å
*ay, i > e
*ay, i > e
**i > è in stressed syllables in construct state
**i > è in stressed syllables in construct state
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|  
|  
| '''a''' /a/
| '''a''' /a/
| '''â''' /ɒ/
| '''å''' /ɒ/
|}
|}


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===Vowels===
===Vowels===
<!--
<!--
{{angbr|ı/ıƪ ᙮/᙮ӿ ˫/˫ƪ ; :/:ӿ ‹ » ›/›п · ⸗}} = i u e ö o è ò â ă a
{{angbr|ı/ıƪ ᙮/᙮ӿ ˫/˫ƪ ; :/:ӿ ‹ » ›/›п · ⸗}} = i u e ö o è ò å ă a
-->
-->


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*''xed, xidd-'' = with (instrumental)
*''xed, xidd-'' = with (instrumental)
*''feś, fiśś-'' = between, among
*''feś, fiśś-'' = between, among
*''derâ'' = because of
*''derå'' = because of
*''dön'' = around, about
*''dön'' = around, about
*''keȝ'' = over, above
*''keȝ'' = over, above
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|-
|-
!Masculine, animate
!Masculine, animate
|| ''xod'' || ''xod'' || ''xuddâ'' || ''xuddâ''
|| ''xod'' || ''xod'' || ''xuddå'' || ''xuddå''
|-
|-
!Masculine, inanimate
!Masculine, inanimate
|| ''yărefâ'' || ''yirfâ'' || ''yaref'' || ''yăref''
|| ''yărefå'' || ''yirfå'' || ''yaref'' || ''yăref''
|-
|-
!Feminine, animate
!Feminine, animate
|| ''ʔèȝsö'' || ''ʔèȝsön'' || ''ʔăȝâsöb'' || ''ʔèȝsöb''
|| ''ʔèȝsö'' || ''ʔèȝsön'' || ''ʔăȝåsöb'' || ''ʔèȝsöb''
|-
|-
!Feminine, inanimate
!Feminine, inanimate
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''năþâgin'' 'Netagin'
|+ ''năþågin'' 'Netagin'
|-
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!Masculine animate
!Masculine animate
|| ''năþâgin'' || ''năþâginâ''  
|| ''năþågin'' || ''năþåginå''  
|-
|-
!Masculine inanimate
!Masculine inanimate
|| ''năþâginâ'' || ''năþâgin''  
|| ''năþåginå'' || ''năþågin''  
|-
|-
!Feminine animate
!Feminine animate
|| ''năþâgiyö'' || ''năþâgiyöb''  
|| ''năþågiyö'' || ''năþågiyöb''  
|-
|-
!Feminine inanimate
!Feminine inanimate
|| ''năþâgiyöb'' || ''năþâgiyö''  
|| ''năþågiyöb'' || ''năþågiyö''  
|}
|}
====Degree====
====Degree====
Degree is indicated with affixes, as in European languages.
Degree is indicated with affixes, as in European languages.
*''-âm'' = "very"
*''-åm'' = "very"


"than": ''fâ''
"than": ''få''


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
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|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''ʔaxd'' || ''ʔaxxâ''
| ''ʔaxd'' || ''ʔaxxå''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| ''ʔan'' || ''ʔannâ''   
| ''ʔan'' || ''ʔannå''   
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| ''heh'' (m)<br/>''han'' (f) || ''hènnâ''<br/>''hanib'' (f)
| ''heh'' (m)<br/>''han'' (f) || ''hènnå''<br/>''hanib'' (f)
|}
|}


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*Binyan 10 - frequentative, "-le"
*Binyan 10 - frequentative, "-le"
*Binyan 11 verbs tend to express gradual processes.  
*Binyan 11 verbs tend to express gradual processes.  
**Ex. ''ħădâdex'' 'warm up (literally or romantically)'.
**Ex. ''ħădådex'' 'warm up (literally or romantically)'.
*Binyan 12 - "mis-X, over-X"
*Binyan 12 - "mis-X, over-X"


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|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''1â2a3'' || ''-i12a3'' || ''1ö2e3'' || ''1e2o3'' || ''1â2e3''
| ''1å2a3'' || ''-i12a3'' || ''1ö2e3'' || ''1e2o3'' || ''1å2e3''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| ''1a2ö3'' || ''-a12u3'' || ''1â2i3'' || ''1â2u3'' || ''1â2â3''
| ''1a2ö3'' || ''-a12u3'' || ''1å2i3'' || ''1å2u3'' || ''1å2å3''
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| ''ʔa12i<sup>1</sup>3'' || ''-â12e3'' || ''bi11u2â3'' || ''þi11u2â3'' || ''ʔa12o3''
| ''ʔa12i<sup>1</sup>3'' || ''-å12e3'' || ''bi11u2å3'' || ''þi11u2å3'' || ''ʔa12o3''
|-
|-
! 4
! 4
| ''ʔa1â2e3'' || ''-ă1e2u3'' || ''ba12a3'' || ''þa12â3'' || ''ʔa12a3ö''
| ''ʔa1å2e3'' || ''-ă1e2u3'' || ''ba12a3'' || ''þa12å3'' || ''ʔa12a3ö''
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
| ''þa12u3'' || ''-uþ1â2e3'' || ''buþ1â2o3'' || ''þuþ1â2o3'' || ''þa12ö3ö''
| ''þa12u3'' || ''-uþ1å2e3'' || ''buþ1å2o3'' || ''þuþ1å2o3'' || ''þa12ö3ö''
|-
|-
! 6
! 6
| ''ʔi1:â2a3'' || ''-u1:e2o3'' || ''bu1:e2o3'' || ''þu1:e2o3'' || ''ʔu1:â2e3''
| ''ʔi1:å2a3'' || ''-u1:e2o3'' || ''bu1:e2o3'' || ''þu1:e2o3'' || ''ʔu1:å2e3''
|-
|-
! 7
! 7
| ''ʔiþþă1â2o3'' || ''-uþþă1â2e3'' || ''buþþă1â2o3'' || ''þuþþă1â2o3'' || ''þiþþă1â2ī3''
| ''ʔiþþă1å2o3'' || ''-uþþă1å2e3'' || ''buþþă1å2o3'' || ''þuþþă1å2o3'' || ''þiþþă1å2ī3''
|-
|-
! 8
! 8
| ''ʔi21â2e3'' || ''-i21e2o3'' || ''bu21â2o3'' || ''þu21â2o3'' || ''ʔu21â2e3''
| ''ʔi21å2e3'' || ''-i21e2o3'' || ''bu21å2o3'' || ''þu21å2o3'' || ''ʔu21å2e3''
|-
|-
! 9
! 9
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|-
|-
! 10
! 10
| ''1ă2â2a3'' || ''-i12â2o3'' || ''bu12â2o3'' || ''þu12â2o3'' || ''þu12â2e3''
| ''1ă2å2a3'' || ''-i12å2o3'' || ''bu12å2o3'' || ''þu12å2o3'' || ''þu12å2e3''
|-
|-
! 11
! 11
| ''1ă2â2e3'' || ''-i12e2o3'' || ''bu12e2o3'' || ''þu12e2o3'' || ''þi12â2e3''
| ''1ă2å2e3'' || ''-i12e2o3'' || ''bu12e2o3'' || ''þu12e2o3'' || ''þi12å2e3''
|-
|-
! 12
! 12
| ''1i31a2o3'' || ''-i1i31e2o3'' || ''bu1i31â2o3'' || ''þu1i31â2o3'' || ''1i31â2e3''
| ''1i31a2o3'' || ''-i1i31e2o3'' || ''bu1i31å2o3'' || ''þu1i31å2o3'' || ''1i31å2e3''
|}
|}
<sup>1</sup> Shortens to ''e'' when a suffix is added.
<sup>1</sup> Shortens to ''e'' when a suffix is added.
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|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''-x'' || ''-xâ''
| ''-x'' || ''-xå''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| ''-an''<br/>''-at'' (polite) || ''-nâ''<br/>''-tâ'' (polite)
| ''-an''<br/>''-at'' (polite) || ''-nå''<br/>''-tå'' (polite)
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| ''-∅'' (m.)<br/>''-ö'' (f.) || ''-â'' (m.) <br/> ''-öb'' (f.)
| ''-∅'' (m.)<br/>''-ö'' (f.) || ''-å'' (m.) <br/> ''-öb'' (f.)
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
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|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''ʔabnesx'' || ''ʔabnesxâ''
| ''ʔabnesx'' || ''ʔabnesxå''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| ''ʔabnesan''<br/>''ʔabnesat'' (polite) || ''ʔabnesnâ''<br/>''ʔabnestâ'' (polite)
| ''ʔabnesan''<br/>''ʔabnesat'' (polite) || ''ʔabnesnå''<br/>''ʔabnestå'' (polite)
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| ''ʔabnes'' (m.)<br/>''ʔabnesö'' (f.) || ''ʔabnesâ'' (m.)<br/>''ʔabnesöb'' (f.)
| ''ʔabnes'' (m.)<br/>''ʔabnesö'' (f.) || ''ʔabneså'' (m.)<br/>''ʔabnesöb'' (f.)
|}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
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|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''x-'' || ''x-â''
| ''x-'' || ''x-å''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| ''n-''<br/>''n-t'' (hon.) || ''n-â''<br/>''n-tâ'' (hon.)
| ''n-''<br/>''n-t'' (hon.) || ''n-å''<br/>''n-tå'' (hon.)
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| ''h-''<br/>''h-ö'' (f.) || ''h-â''<br/>''h-öb'' (f.)
| ''h-''<br/>''h-ö'' (f.) || ''h-å''<br/>''h-öb'' (f.)
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
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|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''xibbenos'' || ''xibbenosâ''
| ''xibbenos'' || ''xibbenoså''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| ''nibbenos''<br/>''nibbenost'' (hon.) || ''nibbenosâ''<br/>''nibbenostâ'' (hon.)
| ''nibbenos''<br/>''nibbenost'' (hon.) || ''nibbenoså''<br/>''nibbenostå'' (hon.)
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| ''hibbenos''<br/>''hibbenosö'' (f.) || ''hibbenosâ'' <br/>''hibbenosöb'' (f.)
| ''hibbenos''<br/>''hibbenosö'' (f.) || ''hibbenoså'' <br/>''hibbenosöb'' (f.)
|}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
Line 503: Line 503:
''ħatr'''e''''' = swim! (2sg)
''ħatr'''e''''' = swim! (2sg)


''ħatar'''nân''''' = swim! (2pl)
''ħatar'''nån''''' = swim! (2pl)


''ħatar'''þun''''' = swim! (polite, all numbers)
''ħatar'''þun''''' = swim! (polite, all numbers)
Line 522: Line 522:
|0
|0
|''ħaŋic''
|''ħaŋic''
|''băhâŋuc''
|''băhåŋuc''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
Line 529: Line 529:
|1
|1
|''böd''
|''böd''
|''băhâbud''
|''băhåbud''
|''budbâd''
|''budbåd''
|''halálédh''
|''halálédh''
|''-''
|''-''
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|''ħez''
|''ħez''
|''băħuz''
|''băħuz''
|''ħuzħâz''
|''ħuzħåz''
|''gaḥáḥéz''
|''gaḥáḥéz''
|''géḥáz''
|''géḥáz''
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|''tuŋ''
|''tuŋ''
|''bătuŋ''
|''bătuŋ''
|''tuŋtâŋ''
|''tuŋtåŋ''
|''tzebhábhél''
|''tzebhábhél''
|''tzibál''
|''tzibál''
|-
|-
|4
|4
|''mikâś''
|''mikåś''
|''bămâkuś''
|''bămåkuś''
|''măkuśkâś''
|''măkuśkåś''
|''meqháqhétz''
|''meqháqhétz''
|''miqátz''
|''miqátz''
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|5
|5
|''fazzim''
|''fazzim''
|''băfâzum''
|''băfåzum''
|''făzumzâm''
|''făzumzåm''
|''pezázémh''
|''pezázémh''
|''pizzámh''
|''pizzámh''
|-
|-
|6
|6
|''ʔaŋbân''
|''ʔaŋbån''
|''băŋâbun''
|''băŋåbun''
|''ŋăbunbân''
|''ŋăbunbån''
|''lebhábhén''
|''lebhábhén''
|''libán''
|''libán''
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|7
|7
|''kacăd''
|''kacăd''
|''băkâcud''
|''băkåcud''
|''kăcudcâd''
|''kăcudcåd''
|''qetzátzédh''
|''qetzátzédh''
|''qittzádh''
|''qittzádh''
|-
|-
|8
|8
|''xoȝâs''
|''xoȝås''
|''băxâȝus''
|''băxåȝus''
|''xăȝusȝâs''
|''xăȝusȝås''
|''ceˁáˁéš''
|''ceˁáˁéš''
|''céˁáš''
|''céˁáš''
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|9
|9
|''riffuy''
|''riffuy''
|''bărâfuy''
|''băråfuy''
|''răfuyfâ''
|''răfuyfå''
|''rephápheh''
|''rephápheh''
|''ripeh''
|''ripeh''
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|10
|10
|''þabiŋ''
|''þabiŋ''
|''băþâbuŋ''
|''băþåbuŋ''
|''þăbiŋbâŋ''
|''þăbiŋbåŋ''
|''ḥacháchébh''
|''ḥacháchébh''
|''ḥicábh''
|''ḥicábh''
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|11
|11
|''śǎduȝ''
|''śǎduȝ''
|''băśâduȝ''
|''băśåduȝ''
|''śăduȝdâȝ''
|''śăduȝdåȝ''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|12
|12
|''zârux''
|''zårux''
|''băzârux''
|''băzårux''
|''zăruxrâx''
|''zăruxråx''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|144
|144
|''gamân''
|''gamån''
|''băgâmun''
|''băgåmun''
|''gămunmân''
|''gămunmån''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
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|1728
|1728
|''yeŋăs''
|''yeŋăs''
|''băyâŋus''
|''băyåŋus''
|''yăŋusŋâs''
|''yăŋusŋås''
|
|
|
|
Line 628: Line 628:
===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
*''1a2ă3, 1e2ă3, 1o2ă3'' = noun
*''1a2ă3, 1e2ă3, 1o2ă3'' = noun
*''1a2â3, 1a2ö3'' = adjective, noun?
*''1a2å3, 1a2ö3'' = adjective, noun?
*''1a22u3'' = adjective relating to personal qualities
*''1a22u3'' = adjective relating to personal qualities
*''ta12u3'' = noun
*''ta12u3'' = noun
*''ʔi12â3'' = agent noun
*''ʔi12å3'' = agent noun
*''1â2a3, 1â2e3'' = noun
*''1å2a3, 1å2e3'' = noun
*''1ö2a3'' = noun
*''1ö2a3'' = noun
*''1i2a3, 1i2i3, 1i2u3'' = noun
*''1i2a3, 1i2i3, 1i2u3'' = noun
Line 639: Line 639:
*''1a22e3'' = desire for X
*''1a22e3'' = desire for X
*''-in'' = adjective suffix
*''-in'' = adjective suffix
*''-âm'' = augmentative
*''-åm'' = augmentative
<!--
<!--
from my old Netagin article
from my old Netagin article
Line 660: Line 660:
When preverbs such as negation or subordinate conjunctions are used, the verb takes the "opposite" aspect of unpreceded verbs:  
When preverbs such as negation or subordinate conjunctions are used, the verb takes the "opposite" aspect of unpreceded verbs:  


*''ȝânx'' 'I come (imperfective)', ''sâ xaȝân'' 'I do not come (imperfective)', ''nit xaȝân'' 'if I come (imperfective)'
*''ȝånx'' 'I come (imperfective)', ''så xaȝån'' 'I do not come (imperfective)', ''nit xaȝån'' 'if I come (imperfective)'
*''xaȝân'' 'I came (perfective)', ''sâ ȝânx'' 'I did not come (perfective)', ''nit ȝâxx'' 'if I came (perfective)'
*''xaȝån'' 'I came (perfective)', ''så ȝånx'' 'I did not come (perfective)', ''nit ȝåxx'' 'if I came (perfective)'


===Ergativity===
===Ergativity===
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*''ʔEs-þay hichem.'' = Father returned.
*''ʔEs-þay hichem.'' = Father returned.


*''ʔEs-mâȝ hiskăȝö yis-þay.'' = Father saw Mother.
*''ʔEs-måȝ hiskăȝö yis-þay.'' = Father saw Mother.


*''ʔEs-þay hiskaȝ yis-mâȝ.'' = Mother saw Father.
*''ʔEs-þay hiskaȝ yis-måȝ.'' = Mother saw Father.


*''ʔEs-þay hichem dă ʔes-mâȝ hiskăȝö yis-þay.'' = Father returned and saw Mother.
*''ʔEs-þay hichem dă ʔes-måȝ hiskăȝö yis-þay.'' = Father returned and saw Mother.


*''ʔEs-þay hichem dă sökeȝ xaþ-þay.'' = Father returned and saw Mother. (using the antipassive)
*''ʔEs-þay hichem dă sökeȝ xaþ-þay.'' = Father returned and saw Mother. (using the antipassive)


*''ʔEs-þay hichem dă hiskaȝ yis-mâȝ.'' = Father returned and Mother saw Father.
*''ʔEs-þay hichem dă hiskaȝ yis-måȝ.'' = Father returned and Mother saw Father.


===Relative clauses===
===Relative clauses===
Line 683: Line 683:
==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===Tower of Babel===
===Tower of Babel===
:''Xad, să-rög ʔes-gâser böd băric da-yħenâ bikâ.''
:''Xad, să-rög ʔes-gåser böd băric da-yħenå bikå.''
:then in-all DEF-world one language and word-PL same-PL.M
:then in-all DEF-world one language and word-PL same-PL.M


:''Sem sa-fătinăhâ ʔaŋ-þimmuś, kurac haroz yihâ dă-hikzăʔâ rân.''
:''Sem sa-fătinăhå ʔaŋ-þimmuś, kurac haroz yihå dă-hikzăʔå rån.''
:but in-migrate-3PL to-east, plain 3.PFV-find ERG-3PL and-3.PFV-dwell-PL there.  
:but in-migrate-3PL to-east, plain 3.PFV-find ERG-3PL and-3.PFV-dwell-PL there.  


:''Dă-hibrăsâ, "ʔAce, 3ammâ ʔaŋ-yăgâþ ogăn dă-ŋaþþiȝnân heh siħþây." Dă-ʔemmăd ʔu-fenuś huþħânăbâ yis-yinnâk dă-ʔu-xâwăd huþħânăbâ yis-wăŋâr.''
:''Dă-hibrăså, "ʔAce, 3ammå ʔaŋ-yăgåþ ogăn dă-ŋaþþiȝnån heh siħþåy." Dă-ʔemmăd ʔu-fenuś huþħånăbå yis-yinnåk dă-ʔu-xåwăd huþħånăbå yis-wăŋår.''


==Miscellaneous==
==Miscellaneous==
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