Lahob languages: Difference between revisions

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===Numeral system===

All Lahob languages have a purely duodecimal number system, and it is one of only a few human language families on Calémere to use that. It has been hypothesized that the duodecimal system was an influence from the Orcs, as Orcs in both hemispheres all have duodecimal number systems and all human language families with non-borrowed duodecimal systems have a current or proto-homeland near Orcish populations.

Lahob languages have also been unique in spreading duodecimal systems: in the West, northern dialects of Gathura have a system of duodecimal numerals (up to 4810 (4012)) coexisting with their native decimal ones, most probably because of early ~~Gathurani~~ explorers and settlers of the far northern lands adopting this in order to better trade with indigenous Lahob-speaking tribes. In the East, Brono-Fathanic, Kalurilut, and Gorjonur dialects of [[Skyrdagor]], as well as the Bazá dialects spoken in Chlouvānem areas, all have a native decimal system and a duodecimal one borrowed from Chlouvānem. This has gone even further in regional vernaculars of [[Verse:Chlouvānem Inquisition|the Inquisition]], such as Hūnakañumi, which do not use their native (usually decimal or quinary) systems anymore, having substituted them with the duodecimal Chlouvānem system (all of these languages usually count with native numerals up to 5 or 10 and then use the Chlouvānem numerals).

Lahob languages have also been unique in spreading duodecimal systems: in the West, northern dialects of Gathura have a system of duodecimal numerals (up to 4810 (4012)) coexisting with their native decimal ones, most probably because of early Gathura explorers and settlers of the far northern lands adopting this in order to better trade with indigenous Lahob-speaking tribes. In the East, Brono-Fathanic, Kalurilut, and Gorjonur dialects of [[Skyrdagor]], as well as the Bazá dialects spoken in Chlouvānem areas, all have a native decimal system and a duodecimal one borrowed from Chlouvānem. This has gone even further in regional vernaculars of [[Verse:Chlouvānem Inquisition|the Inquisition]], such as Hūnakañumi, which do not use their native (usually decimal or quinary) systems anymore, having substituted them with the duodecimal Chlouvānem system (all of these languages usually count with native numerals up to 5 or 10 and then use the Chlouvānem numerals).

==Proto-Lahob==

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====Verbs====

Proto-Lahob had a verbal conjugation which was very similar to Classical Chlouvānem (with the reflexive *-ir- and the causative *-iʕd- affixes that are analyzed as "stem modifiers" instead of different types of endings - cf. Chlouvānem interior and causative forms). Most modern Lahob languages have retained only a small amount of verbs, often using them as light verbs by extending them with other nouns or else - cf. Łaȟoḇszer ''darek'' (to do<ref>Łaȟoḇszer, like most Lahob languages, has no infinitive - this form is actually 2SG and 3SG.</ref>), ''wašišan darek'' (to pay (< ~~Gathurani~~ ''waxishan'' "money"), ''pov darek'' (to hunt (''pov'' "hunt" < PLB *podʱo)). Also, most Lahob languages have inverted the voices and the older *te affix for agent-trigger conjugation now marks the antipassive in the ergative/absolutive system of most Lahob languages (apart from Macro-Pwaɬasd and Chlouvānem).

Proto-Lahob had a verbal conjugation which was very similar to Classical Chlouvānem (with the reflexive *-ir- and the causative *-iʕd- affixes that are analyzed as "stem modifiers" instead of different types of endings - cf. Chlouvānem interior and causative forms). Most modern Lahob languages have retained only a small amount of verbs, often using them as light verbs by extending them with other nouns or else - cf. Łaȟoḇszer ''darek'' (to do<ref>Łaȟoḇszer, like most Lahob languages, has no infinitive - this form is actually 2SG and 3SG.</ref>), ''wašišan darek'' (to pay (< Gathura ''waxishan'' "money"), ''pov darek'' (to hunt (''pov'' "hunt" < PLB *podʱo)). Also, most Lahob languages have inverted the voices and the older *te affix for agent-trigger conjugation now marks the antipassive in the ergative/absolutive system of most Lahob languages (apart from Macro-Pwaɬasd and Chlouvānem).

Here are the singular present and past forms of "to do" (PLB *dṛ-, *dar-) for patientive/unmarked and agentive/antipassive voices in Proto-Lahob, Łaȟoḇszer, Łokow, Yełeshian Lawo, Shershan Lawo (all Central Lahobic), Šlokhowdeš, and Chlouvānem. Instantly noticeable are the closeness of the PLB and the Chlouvānem forms, but the present forms are all recognizable with similar meanings; noteworthy is how Central Lahobic uses the voice affixes before the verb instead of after it (as in Chlouvānem in prefixed verbs). Note that Łaȟoḇszer and Šlokhowdeš have both generalized third persons at the expense of second persons:

@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 ===Numeral system===
 All Lahob languages have a purely duodecimal number system, and it is one of only a few human language families on Calémere to use that. It has been hypothesized that the duodecimal system was an influence from the Orcs, as Orcs in both hemispheres all have duodecimal number systems and all human language families with non-borrowed duodecimal systems have a current or proto-homeland near Orcish populations.<br/>
-Lahob languages have also been unique in spreading duodecimal systems: in the West, northern dialects of Gathura have a system of duodecimal numerals (up to 48<sub>10</sub> (40<sub>12</sub>)) coexisting with their native decimal ones, most probably because of early Gathurani explorers and settlers of the far northern lands adopting this in order to better trade with indigenous Lahob-speaking tribes. In the East, Brono-Fathanic, Kalurilut, and Gorjonur dialects of [[Skyrdagor]], as well as the Bazá dialects spoken in Chlouvānem areas, all have a native decimal system and a duodecimal one borrowed from Chlouvānem. This has gone even further in regional vernaculars of [[Verse:Chlouvānem Inquisition|the Inquisition]], such as Hūnakañumi, which do not use their native (usually decimal or quinary) systems anymore, having substituted them with the duodecimal Chlouvānem system (all of these languages usually count with native numerals up to 5 or 10 and then use the Chlouvānem numerals).
+Lahob languages have also been unique in spreading duodecimal systems: in the West, northern dialects of Gathura have a system of duodecimal numerals (up to 48<sub>10</sub> (40<sub>12</sub>)) coexisting with their native decimal ones, most probably because of early Gathura explorers and settlers of the far northern lands adopting this in order to better trade with indigenous Lahob-speaking tribes. In the East, Brono-Fathanic, Kalurilut, and Gorjonur dialects of [[Skyrdagor]], as well as the Bazá dialects spoken in Chlouvānem areas, all have a native decimal system and a duodecimal one borrowed from Chlouvānem. This has gone even further in regional vernaculars of [[Verse:Chlouvānem Inquisition|the Inquisition]], such as Hūnakañumi, which do not use their native (usually decimal or quinary) systems anymore, having substituted them with the duodecimal Chlouvānem system (all of these languages usually count with native numerals up to 5 or 10 and then use the Chlouvānem numerals).
 ==Proto-Lahob==
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 ====Verbs====
-Proto-Lahob had a verbal conjugation which was very similar to Classical Chlouvānem (with the reflexive *-ir- and the causative *-iʕd- affixes that are analyzed as "stem modifiers" instead of different types of endings - cf. Chlouvānem interior and causative forms). Most modern Lahob languages have retained only a small amount of verbs, often using them as light verbs by extending them with other nouns or else - cf. Łaȟoḇszer ''darek'' (to do<ref>Łaȟoḇszer, like most Lahob languages, has no infinitive - this form is actually 2SG and 3SG.</ref>), ''wašišan darek'' (to pay (< Gathurani ''waxishan'' "money"), ''pov darek'' (to hunt (''pov'' "hunt" < PLB *podʱo)). Also, most Lahob languages have inverted the voices and the older *te affix for agent-trigger conjugation now marks the antipassive in the ergative/absolutive system of most Lahob languages (apart from Macro-Pwaɬasd and Chlouvānem).
+Proto-Lahob had a verbal conjugation which was very similar to Classical Chlouvānem (with the reflexive *-ir- and the causative *-iʕd- affixes that are analyzed as "stem modifiers" instead of different types of endings - cf. Chlouvānem interior and causative forms). Most modern Lahob languages have retained only a small amount of verbs, often using them as light verbs by extending them with other nouns or else - cf. Łaȟoḇszer ''darek'' (to do<ref>Łaȟoḇszer, like most Lahob languages, has no infinitive - this form is actually 2SG and 3SG.</ref>), ''wašišan darek'' (to pay (< Gathura ''waxishan'' "money"), ''pov darek'' (to hunt (''pov'' "hunt" < PLB *podʱo)). Also, most Lahob languages have inverted the voices and the older *te affix for agent-trigger conjugation now marks the antipassive in the ergative/absolutive system of most Lahob languages (apart from Macro-Pwaɬasd and Chlouvānem).
 Here are the singular present and past forms of "to do" (PLB *dṛ-, *dar-) for patientive/unmarked and agentive/antipassive voices in Proto-Lahob, Łaȟoḇszer, Łokow, Yełeshian Lawo, Shershan Lawo (all Central Lahobic), Šlokhowdeš, and Chlouvānem. Instantly noticeable are the closeness of the PLB and the Chlouvānem forms, but the present forms are all recognizable with similar meanings; noteworthy is how Central Lahobic uses the voice affixes before the verb instead of after it (as in Chlouvānem in prefixed verbs). Note that Łaȟoḇszer and Šlokhowdeš have both generalized third persons at the expense of second persons: