Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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* ''dṛ'' (to do, to make) → ''dara'' (activity)<br/> | * ''dṛ'' (to do, to make) → ''dara'' (activity)<br/> | ||
* ''lil'' (to live) → ''lila'' (person; living thing)<br/> | * ''lil'' (to live) → ''lila'' (person; living thing)<br/> | ||
* | * ''tṛl'' (to know) → ''tarlā'' (science) | ||
'''-as''' is another common derivative, without fixed meaning, but usually denoting objects or things done by acting. It is used to derive positions from positional verbs.<br/> | '''-as''' is another common derivative, without fixed meaning, but usually denoting objects or things done by acting. It is used to derive positions from positional verbs.<br/> | ||
* | * ''tug'' (to beat) → ''tugas'' (beat)<br/> | ||
* | * ''jlitiā (jlitim-)'' (be to the right of) → ''jlitimas'' (right)<br/> | ||
* | * ''āntiā (āntim-)'' (be above, be on) → ''āntimas'' (part above) | ||
'''-ūm''' is another derivative without fixed meaning, overlapping with ''-as''.<br/> | '''-ūm''' is another derivative without fixed meaning, overlapping with ''-as''.<br/> | ||
* | * ''lgut'' (to buy) → ''lgutūm'' (something bought)<br/> | ||
* | * ''peith'' (to go, walk (multidirectional)) → ''peithūm'' (walk)<br/> | ||
* | * ''yālv'' (to be sweet (taste)) → ''yālvūm'' (sweet taste) | ||
'''-laukas''' is a singulative suffix, denoting either a single thing of a collective noun, or a single constituent of a broader act. Unlike the previous ones, it is most commonly applied to other nouns.<br/> | '''-laukas''' is a singulative suffix, denoting either a single thing of a collective noun, or a single constituent of a broader act. Unlike the previous ones, it is most commonly applied to other nouns.<br/> | ||
* | * ''flun'' (to go, walk (monodirectional)) → ''fluṃlaukas'' (step)<br/> | ||
* | * ''lil'' (to live) (or ''liloe'' (life)) → ''lillaukas'' (moment, instant)<br/> | ||
* | * ''daša'' (rain) → ''dašilaukas'' (raindrop) | ||
'''-anah''', with middle-grade ablaut if possible, denotes an act or process, or something closely related to that.<br/> | '''-anah''', with middle-grade ablaut if possible, denotes an act or process, or something closely related to that.<br/> | ||
* | * ''dig'' (to pour) → ''deganah'' ((act of) pouring)<br/> | ||
* | * ''miš'' (to see) → ''mešanah'' (sight)<br/> | ||
* | * ''lgut'' (to buy) → ''lgotanah'' (shopping) | ||
'''-yāva''' with lengthening denotes a quality.<br/> | '''-yāva''' with lengthening denotes a quality.<br/> | ||
* | * ''māl'' (to keep together) → ''mālyāva'' (union)<br/> | ||
* | * ''hælvė'' (fruit) → ''šaulvyāva'' (fertility) (morphemically //hьaulvyava//)<br/> | ||
* | * ''blut'' (to clean) → ''blūtyāva'' (cleanliness) | ||
* Lengthening is absent if the word is derived from an ''-aus-'' adjectival verb (e.g. ''chlærausake'' ((to be) easy) → ''chlærausyāva'' (easiness)) and in a few exceptions (e.g. ''lalla'' (high) → ''lalliyāva'' (highness, superiority)). ''taugyāva'' (life) has ''au'' because it's derived from ''taugikā'' (heart) and not the bare root ''tug'' (to beat). | * Lengthening is absent if the word is derived from an ''-aus-'' adjectival verb (e.g. ''chlærausake'' ((to be) easy) → ''chlærausyāva'' (easiness)) and in a few exceptions (e.g. ''lalla'' (high) → ''lalliyāva'' (highness, superiority)). ''taugyāva'' (life) has ''au'' because it's derived from ''taugikā'' (heart) and not the bare root ''tug'' (to beat). | ||
* Inverse-ablaut roots have the reduced vowel as a prefix, much like in causative verbs (e.g. ''vald'' (to (be) open) → ''uvaldyāva'' (opening, state of being open)). | * Inverse-ablaut roots have the reduced vowel as a prefix, much like in causative verbs (e.g. ''vald'' (to (be) open) → ''uvaldyāva'' (opening, state of being open)). | ||
'''-išam''' has the same meaning as ''-yāva'', but it's rarer.<br/> | '''-išam''' has the same meaning as ''-yāva'', but it's rarer.<br/> | ||
* | * ''yųlniltas'' (edible) → ''yųlniltešam'' (edibility)<br/> | ||
* ''yālv'' (to be sweet (taste)) → ''yālvišam'' (sweetness)<br/> | * ''yālv'' (to be sweet (taste)) → ''yālvišam'' (sweetness)<br/> | ||
* | * ''ñailūh'' (ice) → ''ñailūvišam'' (coldness) | ||
'''-āmita''', often with high-grade ablaut, is another suffix forming quality nouns, but it is often more abstract, being translatable with suffixes like English ''-ism''.<br/> | '''-āmita''' (''-ьāmita'' when used with nouns with thematic ''e'' or ''i''), often with high-grade ablaut, is another suffix forming quality nouns, but it is often more abstract, being translatable with suffixes like English ''-ism''.<br/> | ||
* | * ''lalteh'' (friend (female)) → ''laltiāmita'' (friendship)<br/> | ||
* ''ėmīla'' (tiger) → ''ėmīlāmita'' (nobility (quality); most important people in society<ref>Chlouvānem society lacked a true noble class; this term applies to the most influential people in society. Tigers are considered among the noblest animals.</ref>)<br/> | * ''ėmīla'' (tiger) → ''ėmīlāmita'' (nobility (quality); most important people in society<ref>Chlouvānem society lacked a true noble class; this term applies to the most influential people in society. Tigers are considered among the noblest animals.</ref>)<br/> | ||
* | * ''ñæltah'' (sister (for a male)) → ''ñæltāmita'' (brotherhood) | ||
'''-endān''' (''-indān'' after voiced stops, and ''-innān'' after '''d'''), with middle-grade ablaut, has various generic and sometimes unpredictable meanings. | '''-endān''' (''-indān'' after voiced stops, and ''-innān'' after '''d'''), with middle-grade ablaut, has various generic and sometimes unpredictable meanings. | ||
* ''māl'' (to keep together) → ''mālendān'' (number) | * ''māl'' (to keep together) → ''mālendān'' (number) | ||
* ''lij'' (to sing) → ''lejindān'' (choir) | * ''lij'' (to sing) → ''lejindān'' (choir) | ||
* ''dæld'' (to speak) → ''dældinnān'' (voice) | * ''dæld'' (to speak) → ''dældinnān'' (voice) | ||
'''-rṣūs''' (''-ṛṣūs'' after a consonant) denotes a tool, namely something used in doing an action. | '''-rṣūs''' (''-ṛṣūs'' after a consonant) denotes a tool, namely something used in doing an action. | ||
* | * ''yaud'' (to catch) → ''yaudṛṣūs'' (trap) | ||
* | * ''miš'' (to see) → ''meširṣūs'' (eye <small>''(literary, rare)''</small>)<ref>Middle-grade ablaut is specific to this root.</ref> | ||
* | * ''hær'' (to kiss) → ''hærṣūs'' (lips (pair of)) | ||
'''-gis''' denotes something used ''for'' doing an action, not always synonymous with ''-rṣūs''. ''-t-gis'' becomes ''-ñjis''. | '''-gis''' denotes something used ''for'' doing an action, not always synonymous with ''-rṣūs''. ''-t-gis'' becomes ''-ñjis''. | ||
* ''mešīn'' (eye) → ''mešīlgis'' (glasses (pair of)) | * ''mešīn'' (eye) → ''mešīlgis'' (glasses (pair of)) | ||
* ''tug'' (to beat) → ''tulgis'' (drumstick) | * ''tug'' (to beat) → ''tulgis'' (drumstick) | ||
* ''lgut'' (to buy) → ''lguñjis'' (money, currency) | * ''lgut'' (to buy) → ''lguñjis'' (money, currency) | ||
'''-oe''' (with middle-grade ablaut) often denotes a result, but has lots of various meanings. | '''-oe''' (with middle-grade ablaut) often denotes a result, but has lots of various meanings. | ||
* ''hal'' (to call) → ''haloe'' (name, noun) | * ''hal'' (to call) → ''haloe'' (name, noun) | ||
* ''peith'' (to go, walk (multidirectional)) → ''peithoe'' (development; the way something is carried out) | * ''peith'' (to go, walk (multidirectional)) → ''peithoe'' (development; the way something is carried out) | ||
* | * ''yųl'' (to eat) → ''yąloe'' (meal) | ||
'''-īn''' plus middle grade-ablaut denotes a doer (roughly equivalent to English ''-er''); usually it is a person, but not always. | '''-īn''' plus middle grade-ablaut denotes a doer (roughly equivalent to English ''-er''); usually it is a person, but not always. | ||
* | * ''bhi'' (to take care of; to care for) → ''bhayīn'' (someone who takes care; guardian) | ||
* ''tug'' (to beat) → ''togīn'' (heart) | * ''tug'' (to beat) → ''togīn'' (heart) | ||
* ''lgut'' (to buy) → ''lgotīn'' (buyer) | * ''lgut'' (to buy) → ''lgotīn'' (buyer) | ||
'''-āvi''' denotes something derived from X. It is also used in forming matronymics. | '''-āvi''' denotes something derived from X. It is also used in forming matronymics. | ||
* ''lameṣa'' (coconut palm) → ''laṃṣāvi'' (coconut) | * ''lameṣa'' (coconut palm) → ''laṃṣāvi'' (coconut) | ||
* ''mešanah'' (sight) → ''mešanąvi'' (knowledge) | * ''mešanah'' (sight) → ''mešanąvi'' (knowledge) | ||
* | * ''yųl'' (to eat) → ''yųlāvi'' (strength <small>''(literary, rare)''</small>) | ||
'''-āmis''', with lengthening, means "made of X". | '''-āmis''', with lengthening, means "made of X". | ||
* | * ''tāmira'' (rock, stone) → ''tāmirāmis'' (stone tool) | ||
* ''tarlā'' (knowledge, science) → ''tārlāmis'' (wisdom) | * ''tarlā'' (knowledge, science) → ''tārlāmis'' (wisdom) | ||
* ''lil'' (to live) → ''līlāmis'' (a blissful place) | * ''lil'' (to live) → ''līlāmis'' (a blissful place) | ||
* Words ending in a final long vowel (plus either ''h'', ''s'', or ''m'') do not lengthen any vowel in a previous syllable (e.g. ''ñariāh'' (mountain) → ''ñariāmis'' (mountainous area)). | * Words ending in a final long vowel (plus either ''h'', ''s'', or ''m'') do not lengthen any vowel in a previous syllable (e.g. ''ñariāh'' (mountain) → ''ñariāmis'' (mountainous area)). | ||
'''-ikā''' has various meanings, often somewhat abstract, intensive, or related to highly valued things/roles. | '''-ikā''' has various meanings, often somewhat abstract, intensive, or related to highly valued things/roles. | ||
* ''daša'' (rain) → ''dāšikā'' (monsoon) (irregular lengthening) | * ''daša'' (rain) → ''dāšikā'' (monsoon) (irregular lengthening) | ||
* ''hær'' (to kiss) → ''hærikā'' (love <small>''(literary, rare)''</small>) | * ''hær'' (to kiss) → ''hærikā'' (love <small>''(literary, rare)''</small>) | ||
* | * ''lalāruṇa'' (giant domestic lizard) → ''lalārauṇikā'' (knight mounting a ''lalāruṇa'') | ||
'''-dhūs''' means "having X". | '''-dhūs''' means "having X". | ||
* | * ''dara'' (activity) → ''daradhūs'' (verb) | ||
* | * ''šaṇṭrās'' (field, soil) → ''šaṇṭrādhūs'' (countryside) | ||
* | * ''hælvė'' (fruit) → ''hælvidhūs'' (fruiting tree; <small>literary:</small> pregnant woman) | ||
'''-bān''' and '''-ūrah''' are two roughly equivalent suffixes used for locations. The first one is generally used after vowels, the second after consonants, but it's no strict rule. | '''-bān''' and '''-ūrah''' are two roughly equivalent suffixes used for locations. The first one is generally used after vowels, the second after consonants, but it's no strict rule. | ||
* | * ''hælvė'' (fruit) → ''hælvėbān'' (orchard) | ||
* | * ''lil'' (to live) → ''lilūrah'' (world) | ||
* | * ''peith'' (to go, to walk (multidirectional)) → ''peithūrah'' (passage) | ||
'''-(l)āṇa''' forms a true collective noun: | '''-(l)āṇa''' forms a true collective noun: | ||
* ''lalteh'' (friend (female)) → ''laltelāṇa'' (group of friends) | * ''lalteh'' (friend (female)) → ''laltelāṇa'' (group of friends) | ||
* ''jīma'' (character, symbol, letter) → ''jīmalāṇa'' (writing system) | * ''jīma'' (character, symbol, letter) → ''jīmalāṇa'' (writing system) | ||
* ''maiva'' (word) → ''maivalāṇa'' (lexicon) | * ''maiva'' (word) → ''maivalāṇa'' (lexicon) | ||
'''-(l)ænah''' denotes a tree or a plant having a certain fruit<ref>As for all living things, being Calémere a different planet, the given translation is the one of the closest equivalent on Earth.</ref>. | '''-(l)ænah''' denotes a tree or a plant having a certain fruit<ref>As for all living things, being Calémere a different planet, the given translation is the one of the closest equivalent on Earth.</ref>. | ||
* '' | * ''haisah'' (pineapple) → ''haisænah'' (pineapple tree) | ||
* '' | * ''maɂika'' (uncooked rice) → ''maɂikænah'' (rice plant) | ||
* ''šikālas'' (prickly pear) → ''šikālænah'' (prickly pear cactus) | * ''šikālas'' (prickly pear) → ''šikālænah'' (prickly pear cactus) | ||
'''- | '''-yūs''' is used with toponyms and is one of the most common ways to form denonymal nouns. As many of the nouns these words are derived from are proper nouns and of non-Chlouvānem origin, there are often irregular formations, e.g. using only a part of the original word. | ||
* ''Līlasuṃghāṇa'' → '' | * ''Līlasuṃghāṇa'' → ''līlasuṃghāṇyūs'' | ||
* ''Cami'' → ''camiyūs'' | * ''Cami'' → ''camiyūs'' | ||
* ''Galiākina'' → '' | * ''Galiākina'' → ''galiākyūs'' | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||