Verse:Hmøøh/Fyxoom/Music

Tumacan is a grammatically conservative descendant of Old Bhadhagha, spoken near the Tumaca Mountains.

Phonology

Consonants

• /b d dʒ g/ are devoiced to (unaspirated) [p t c k] in all positions.
• slender c, g, ch > /tʃ, dʒ, ʃ/ > retroflexes
• /n, ʟ, ɾ/ distinguish between "fortis" or unlenited [n̪, ɫ, r] and "lenis" or lenited [ð̞̃, ʀ, z].
• th, dh are [ħ, z] word-initially and become [h, z] word-finally.
• /ʉ, ɵ/ are always fully back [uː, oː].

or just new consonants like tr dr > ts dz ks gz

grammatical mutation: just lenition - or no mutation at all?

Vowels

Tumacan retains some Old Bhadhagha diphthongs - and has altered some of them.

Morphology

Nouns

Tumacan retains the Old Bhadhagha possessive suffixes.

Verbs

tumaca could have b-prefixation (lenition or b-) only when there's a direct object

ní on the other hand doesnt trigger lenition (it didn't in OT)

• 1sg: túsain > tiusen
• 2sg: túsair > tiusez
• 3sg: tús > tius (not pro-drop)
• 1pl.exc: túsaiṁ > tiusem
• 1pl.inc: túsait > tiused
• 2pl: túsaisc > tiuseš
• 3pl: tiusa or tiusai