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#REDIRECT [[Rostherian]]
'''Roshterian''' /rɒʃˈtɛriən/ (''erhbirostherim'' 'The Roshterian language') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] spoken in Northeastern Cuadhlabh, inspired partly by Welsh. It is head-initial and polysynthetic; verbs use bipersonal conjugation, applicative constructions and noun incorporation.
==Todo==
*Suffixed copula for predicatives.
*''cannu'' 'wife'
*''ôłus'' /oːˈɬus/ 'wave'
*''rondh, rondho-'' /rɔɳɖ/ = man (male) ({{recon|''rondwom''}}?)
*''breit, breit-'' /brɛɪt/ (irregularly from ''bondi-'' + ''teit'' 'child') = woman
*''bo-'' = profession
**''bopenicili-, bopenicili'' /bopɛnikiˈli/ = ''penicillin'' player
*''nysh-, henysh'' /hɛˈnəʂ/ = water, liquid
**''nysnhoq'' = sauce (''noqa-, noq'' = 'top')
**''nyshołhi'' = fruit juice
*''vîp'' = eye
**''nyshvîp'' = tears
*''qeqeqeqeqe...'' = (laughter or snickering)
*''hołhi, hôłhi'' = fruit
*''qârhan'' = laugh
 
==Numbers==
TODO: Combining forms, ordinals, distributives
*1: ''pêm''
*2: ''tiłu''
*3: ''narhg''
*4: ''lôb''
*5: ''selił''
*6: ''thiam''
*7: ''ruad''
*8: ''lored''
*9: ''barh''
*10: ''ghîr''
*11: ''hunaes''
*12: ''naes''
 
==Phonology==
Among Talmic languages, Roshterian is notable for having retroflex consonants, uvular consonants and multiple liquids.
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" |Dental/Alveolar
! colspan="2" |Retroflex
! rowspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2" |Uvular
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
|-
!<small>central</small>
!<small>lateral</small>
!<small>central</small>
!<small>lateral</small>
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n̪/
|
| '''ṉ''' /ɳ/
|
| [ŋ]
| [ɴ]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stop
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t̪/
|
| '''ṯ''' /ʈ/
|
| '''k''' /k/
| '''q''' /q/
|
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d̪/
|
| '''ḏ''' /ɖ/
|
| '''g''' /g/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Continuant
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''x''' /ɬ/
| '''s̱''' /ʂ/
| '''x̱''' /ɬʵ/
|
|
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
| '''r''' /r~ɽ/
| '''l''' /l/
| '''ṟ''' /ʐ~ɻ/ || '''ḻ''' /ɭ/
|
| '''ḡ''' /ʁ/
|
|}
 
Northeastern dialects fail to distinguish /ɭ/ from /ɻ/.
 
===Vowels===
ɪ i: ʊ u:
ɛ e: ə ə: ɔ o:
a a:
aɪ ɛɪ iə ɛʊ uə ɔɪ ɪʊ
 
{{angbr|'''i ỉ u ủ e ẻ y ỷ o ỏ a ả ai ei ia au ua oi iu'''}}
 
===Stress===
There is no phonemic stress; however, all words are pronounced with weak word-final stress.
 
===Phonotactics===
Roshterian allows relatively few clusters compared to e.g. [[Thensarian]], but more clusters than [[Nurian]].
 
Allowed clusters:
 
*Not allowed initially: ''mp, mb, nt, nd, nth, ndh, nc, ng, nq, ngh, lp, lt, lc, lq, lb, ld, lg, lgh, rp, rt, rhth, rc, rq, rb, rd, rg, rgh, st, sth, sv-, rhb, rhdh, rhg''?
*Allowed initially: ''pl, pr, bl, br, tr, thr, dr, ts, tł, tłh, cl, cr, gl, gr''
====Sandhi====
 
==Sound changes==
The most significant changes characterizing Roshterian are coalescing and altering of consonant clusters, often creating retroflex consonants.
*{{recon|ā}} > ''ia'' ({{recon|nā}} > ''nia'' 'I'); {{recon|ō}} > ''ua''; {{recon|au}} > ô; {{recon|ou}} > ''û''; {{recon|ū}} > ''î''
*{{recon|qʷ}} > /χʷ/ > /ɧ/ > ''sh''; {{recon|ʁʷ}} > /ζ/ > ''rh''
**''ʁʷelinə'' ("6 parts [of 12]") > ''rhelin'' 'half'
*{{recon|nw, tw, dw, sw, łw, lw, rw}} > ''nh, th, dh, sh, łh, rh, rh'' /ɳ, ʈ, ɖ, ʂ, ɬ̠, ʐ~ɻ~ɭ, ʐ~ɻ~ɭ/
**''gʷałwā'' > ''bałhi'' 'neck, throat' ~ Thn. ''gaθuā'' 'throat (also language)'
*{{recon|sl-, sm-, sn-}} > ''lh-, m-, nh-''
*{{recon|sɸ-, sr-, sw-}} > ''sh-, rh-, sh-''
*{{recon|st, sk, skʷ, sq}} > ''t-/st, th-/sth-, v-/sv-, q-/sq''
**''stas-'' > ''tetsil'' 'gathering' (~ Thn. ''Stasnyssōs'')
**''skəttā'' > ''thytti'' 'body' ~ Thn. ''scyttā''
**{{recon|bastom}} > ''bast'' 'king' ~ Thn. ''bastom'' 'head'
*{{recon|sb, sd, sg}} > ''rhb, rhdh, rhg''
**{{recon|nasg-}} > ''narhg'' '3'
*{{recon|φn, tn, φl, tl}} > /ːn, ts, ːɬ, tɬ/
**''łnāgin'' > ''tłiagin'' 'I believe' ~ Thn. ''θnāginis''
**''oφlutsus'' > ''ôłus'' 'wave'
*{{recon|kt, qt}} > /jt, :ʈ/
**{{recon|tektə}} > ''teit'' /teit/ 'child'
**{{recon|neqtə}} > ''nêth'' /neːʈ/ 'cloud'
*{{recon|kn, gn, qn, ql, qr}} > /jn, jn, :ɳ, :ɻ, :ɻ/ (with **/uj/ > /uː/ )
**''sφugnus'' > ''shûn''  'root' ~ Thn. ''sφugnus''
**''leqnos'' > ''lênh'' 'river' ~ Thn. ''leānos''?
**''qrīdis'' > ''rhîd'' 'knife' ~ Thn. ''ȝrīdis'' 'edge'
*{{recon|φj, tj, kj, qj}} > ''pt ss ts gh''
*{{recon|φ-, j-, s-}} > ''h-''
*{{recon|skj, stj}} > ''th-/sth, s-/ss''
*final short vowels lost; final ''-m, -r, -s, -t'' lost; final long vowels shorten (''ia, ua'' > ''i, u'')
*''i''-affection: The following changes affect V1 in sequences of the form V1 + consonant cluster + (*i/*ī/*j) unless the consonant cluster after V1 contains a retroflex consonant.
**''a'' > ''e''
*Stress shifts to final
*Some combining forms and combined forms are altered due to the stress shift - conjunct forms for verbs arise when there is an antepenultimate syllable
 
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Nouns are marked with a singular-plural distinction, and may also take possessive suffixes. However, the lemma form of a noun is typically its combining form, which is the incorporated form of a noun and is also used to form possessed forms and compounds. Unlike in [[Thensarian]] and its descendants, the [[Proto-Talmic]] grammatical gender was lost; pronouns and gender verb affixes no longer mark grammatical gender, but natural gender (as in [[Naquian]]).
 
Nouns may end in a consonant, ''i'', ''e'' or ''u''.
 
The plural form is inherited from the Proto-Talmic reduplicated collective; some irregularities may be present due to the retention of the original single consonant in the reduplicant, as opposed to the stem-initial cluster where the consonants interacted to produce new consonants and clusters.
 
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|+ ''veiny-'' 'brother'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Combining
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
| ''veiny-'' || ''vein'' || ''vevein''
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|+Possessed forms
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>Possessor↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singular
!style="width: 100px;"|Plural
|-
!|my
|''veinyn''||''veveinyn''
|-
!|thy
|''veinys''||''veveinys''
|-
!|his/her
|''veinyti''||''veveinyti''
|-
!|its
|''veinyt''||''veveinyt''
|-
!|our (exc)
|''veinym''||''veveinym''
|-
!|our (inc)
|''veinysh''||''veveinysh''
|-
!|your (pl)
|''veinyc''||''veveinyc''
|-
!|their
|''veinytu''||''veveinytu''
|}
 
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|+ ''loero-'' 'bird'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Combining
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
| ''loero-'' || ''loer'' || ''leloer''
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|+Possessed forms
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>Possessor↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singular
!style="width: 100px;"|Plural
|-
!|my
|''loeron''||''leloeron''
|-
!|thy
|''loeros''||''leloeros''
|-
!|his/her
|''loeroti''||''leloeroti''
|-
!|its
|''loerot''||''leloerot''
|-
!|our (exc)
|''loerom''||''leloerom''
|-
!|our (inc)
|''loerosh''||''leloerosh''
|-
!|your (pl)
|''loeroc''||''leloeroc''
|-
!|their
|''loerotu''||''leloerotu''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|+ ''rhîdi-'' 'knife'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Combining
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
| ''rhîdi-'' || ''rhîd'' || '''''qe'''rhîd''
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|+Possessed forms
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>Possessor↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singular
!style="width: 100px;"|Plural
|-
!|my
|''rhîdin''||''qerhîdin''
|-
!|thy
|''rhîdis''||''qerhîdis''
|-
!|his/her
|''rhîditi''||''qerhîditi''
|-
!|its
|''rhîdit''||''qerhîdit''
|-
!|our (exc)
|''rhîdim''||''qerhîdim''
|-
!|our (inc)
|''rhîdish''||''qerhîdish''
|-
!|your (pl)
|''rhîdic''||''qerhîdic''
|-
!|their
|''rhîditu''||''qerhîditu''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|+ ''qutri-'' 'blood'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Combining
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
| ''qutri-'' || ''qutri'' || ''qequtri''
|}
 
<center>''et sim.''</center>
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|+ ''bondi-'' 'person'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Combining
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
| ''bondi-'' || ''bondi'' || ''bebondi''
|}
{{col-end}}
 
===Verbs===
====Evidentiality/Discourse affixes====
====Object incorporation====
Verbs often change form when used with incorporated objects.
 
''hỏx̱ỉs̱yn'' 'eat fruit' < ''hỏx̱i'' 'fruit' + ''kảsyn'' 'eat'
 
====Object affixes====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|+ Object affixes
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''ni-''
|''mi-''
|-
!|1 + 2
|''-''
|''xi-''
|-
!|2
|''ti-''
|''hi-''
|-
!|3
|''bi-''
|''ne-''
|}
 
====Subject+TAM affixes====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Progressive tense
|-
! Person !! Affix !! ''ḡaiman'' 'I fly' !! ''txiagin'' "I believe"
|-
| 1SG || ''-n'' || ''ḡaiman'' || ''txiagin''
|-
| 2SG || ''-r'' || ''ḡaimar'' || ''txiagir''
|-
| 3SG.M || ''-m'' || ''ḡaimam'' || ''txiagim''
|-
| 3SG.F || ''-s'' || ''ḡaimas'' || ''txiagis''
|-
| 3SG.N || ''-0'' || ''ḡaima'' || ''txiagi''
|-
| 1EX || ''-me'' || ''ḡaimame'' || ''txiagime''
|-
| 1IN || ''-nt'' || ''ḡaimant'' || ''txiagint''
|-
| 2PL || ''-f'' || ''ḡaimaf'' || ''txiagif''
|-
| 3PL || ''-tu'' || ''ḡaimatu'' || ''txiagitu''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Habitual tense
|-
! Person !! Affix !! ''ḡaiman'' 'I fly' !! ''txiagin'' "I believe"
|-
| 1SG || RDP-''-n'' || ''ḡeḡaiman'' || ''tetxiagin''
|-
| 2SG || RDP-''-r'' || ''ḡeḡaimar'' || ''tetxiagir''
|-
| 3SG.M || RDP-''-m'' || ''ḡeḡaimam'' || ''tetxiagim''
|-
| 3SG.F || RDP-''-s'' || ''ḡeḡaimas'' || ''tetxiagis''
|-
| 3SG.N || RDP-''-0'' || ''ḡeḡaima'' || ''tetxiagi''
|-
| 1EX || RDP-''-me'' || ''ḡeḡaimame'' || ''tetxiagime''
|-
| 1IN || RDP-''-nt'' || ''ḡeḡaimant'' || ''tetxiagint''
|-
| 2PL || RDP-''-f'' || ''ḡeḡaimaf'' || ''tetxiagif''
|-
| 3PL || RDP-''-tu'' || ''ḡeḡaimatu'' || ''tetxiagitu''
|}
 
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Perfective tense
|-
! Person  !! ''ḡaiman'' "I fly" || ''kảsyn'' "I eat"
|-
| 1SG || ''ḡaimản'' || ''kẻsỷn''
|-
| 2SG || ''ḡaimảr''  || ''kẻsỷr''
|-
| 3SG.M || ''ḡaimảm'' || ''kẻsỷm''
|-
| 3SG.F || ''ḡaimảs'' || ''kẻsỷs''
|-
| 3SG.N || ''ḡaimả'' || ''kẻsỷ''
|-
| 1EX || ''ḡaimamer'' || ''kẻsymer''
|-
| 1IN || ''ḡaimanter'' || ''kẻsynter''
|-
| 2PL || ''ḡaimafer'' || ''kẻsyfer''
|-
| 3PL || ''ḡaimater'' || ''kẻsyter''
|}
{{col-end}}
 
====Voice affixes====
*''-ron'' = passive suffix
*''-stan'' = causative suffix
 
==Syntax==
Roshterian is a head-marking polysynthetic language. Verbs take both subject and object affixes (this occurs in Thensarian as well).
 
:'''''Tiraḏan.'''''
:/t̪ɪraˈɖan/
:ti-radda-n
:2SG.OBJ-love-1SG.SUBJ
:''I love you.''
 
==Sample texts==
[[Category:Talmic languages]]
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Roshterian"