Verse:Mwail/Bjeheond

Rostherian /rɒʃˈtɛriən/ (erhbaerostherim 'The Rostherian language') is a Talmic language spoken in East Cuadhlabh. It is head-initial and polysynthetic, using bipersonal conjugation, applicative constructions and noun incorporation.

Todo

• bon- = profession
• bonpenicili, bonpenicili- = penicillin player
• hesh-, henysh = water, liquid
  • hesnhoqa-, hesnhoq = sauce (noqa-, noq = 'top')
  • heshołhi-, heshołhi = fruit juice
• vîpy-, vîp = eye
  • heshvîpy-, heshvîp = tears
• qeqeqeqeqe... = (laughter or snickering)
• hołhi-, hołhi, hôłhi = fruit
• qârhan = laugh

Numbers

• 1: pêm
• 2: tiłuar
• 3: narhg
• 4: lôb
• 5: selił
• 6: thiam
• 7: ruad
• 8: lored
• 9: barh
• 10: ghîr
• 11: hunaes?
• 12: naes

Phonology

Among Talmic languages, Rostherian is notable for having retroflex consonants, uvular consonants and multiple liquids.

Consonants

		Labial	Dental/Alveolar		Retroflex		Velar	Uvular	Glottal
			central	lateral	central	lateral
Nasal		m /m/	n /n̪/		nh /ɳ/		[ŋ]	[ɴ]
Stop	voiceless	p /p/	t /t̪/		th /ʈ/		c /k/	q /q/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d̪/		dh /ɖ/		g /g/
Continuant	voiceless		s /s/	ł /ɬ/	sh /ʂ/	łh /ɬʵ/			h /h/
	voiced	v /v~w/	r /r/	l /l/	rh /ʐ~ɻ~ɭ/			gh /ʁ/

evidentials, quasi-polysynthetic

Vowels

i i: u u: e e: ə ə: o o: a a: aɪ eɪ iə eʊ uə oɪ iʊ

⟨i î u û e ê y ŷ o ô a â ae ei ia eu ua oe iu⟩

Stress

There is no phonemic stress, and all syllables are stressed roughly equally.

Sound changes

The most significant changes characterizing Rostherian are coalescing and altering of consonant clusters.

• *ā > ia (*nā > nia 'I'); *ō > ua; *au > ô; *ou > û; *ū > î
• *qʷ > /χʷ/ > /ɧ/ > sh; *ʁʷ > /ζ/ > rh
  • ʁʷelinə ("6 parts [of 12]") > rhelin 'half'
• *nw, tw, dw, sw, łw, lw, rw > nh, th, dh, sh, łh, rh, rh /ɳ, ʈ, ɖ, ʂ, ɬ̠, ʐ~ɻ~ɭ, ʐ~ɻ~ɭ/
  • gʷałwā > bâłhi 'neck, throat' ~ Thn. gaθuā 'throat (also language)'
• *sl-, sm-, sn- > rh-, m-, nh-
• *sɸ-, sr-, sw- > sh-, rh-, sh-
• *st, sk > t-/st, th-/sth-
  • stas- > tatsil 'gathering' (~ Thn. Stasnyssōs)
  • skəttā > thytti 'body' ~ Thn. scyttā
  • *bastom > bast 'king' ~ Thn. bastom 'head'
• *sb, sd, sg > rhb, rhdh, rhg
  • *nasg- > narhg '3'
• *φn, tn, φl, tl > /ːn, ts, ːɬ, tɬ/
  • łnāgin > tłiagin 'I believe' ~ Thn. θnāginis
  • oφlutsus > ôłus 'wave'
• *kt, qt > /jt, :ʈ/
  • *tektə > teit /teit/ 'child'
  • *neqtə > nêth /neːʈ/ 'cloud'
• *kn, gn, qn, ql, qr > /jn, jn, :ɳ, :ɻ, :ɻ/ (with **/uj/ > /uː/ )
  • sφugnus > shûn 'root' ~ Thn. sφugnus
  • leqnos > lênh 'river' ~ Thn. leānos?
  • qrīdis > rhîd 'knife' ~ Thn. ȝrīdis 'edge'
• *φj, tj, kj, qj > pt ss ts gh
• *φ-, j-, s- > h-
• *skj, stj > th-/sth, s-/ss
• final short vowels lost; final -m, -s, -t lost; final long vowels shorten (ia, ua > i, u)

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns are marked with a singular-plural distinction, and may also take possessive suffixes. However, the lemma form of a noun is typically its combining form, which is the incorporated form of a noun and is also used to form possessed forms and compounds. The Proto-Talmic grammatical gender was lost; pronouns and gender verb affixes no longer mark grammatical gender, but natural gender (as in Naquian).

Nouns may end in a consonant, i, e or u.

The plural form is inherited from the Proto-Talmic reduplicated collective; some irregularities may be present due to the preservation of the original single consonant in the reduplicant (as opposed to the cluster which interacted to produce new consonants and clusters in the stem)

veiny- 'brother'

Combining	Singular	Plural
veiny-	vein	vevein

loero- 'bird'

Combining	Singular	Plural
loero-	loer	leloer

rhîdi- 'knife'

Combining	Singular	Plural
rhîdi-	rhîd	qerhîd

qutri- 'blood'

Combining	Singular	Plural
qutri-	qutri	qequtri

bondi- 'person'

Combining	Singular	Plural
bondi-	bondi	bebondi

Verbs

Object incorporation

hothicâsyn 'eat fruit' < hothi 'fruit' + câsyn 'eat'

Object affixes

Object affixes

	Singular	Plural
1	ni-	mi-
1 + 2	-	łi-
2	ti-	hi-
3	bi-	ne-

Subject+TAM affixes

Progressive tense

Person	Affix	ghaeman 'I fly'	tłiagin "I believe"
1SG	-n	ghaeman	tłiagin
2SG	-r	ghaemar	tłiagir
3SG.M	-m	ghaemam	tłiagim
3SG.F	-s	ghaemas	tłiagis
3SG.N	-0	ghaema	tłiagi
1EX	-me	ghaemame	tłiagime
1IN	-nt	ghaemant	tłiagint
2PL	-sh	ghaemash	tłiagish
3PL	-t	ghaemat	tłiagit

Habitual tense

Person	Affix	ghaeman 'I fly'	tłiagin "I believe"
1SG	RDP--n	gheghaeman	tetłiagin
2SG	RDP--r	gheghaemar	tetłiagir
3SG.M	RDP--m	gheghaemam	tetłiagim
3SG.F	RDP--s	gheghaemas	tetłiagis
3SG.N	RDP--0	gheghaema	tetłiagi
1EX	RDP--me	gheghaemame	tetłiagime
1IN	RDP--nt	gheghaemant	tetłiagint
2PL	RDP--sh	gheghaemash	tetłiagish
3PL	RDP--t	gheghaemat	tetłiagit

Perfective tense

Person	ghaeman "I swim"	câsyn "I eat"
1SG	ghaemân	cêsŷn
2SG	ghaemâr	cêsŷr
3SG.M	ghaemâm	cêsŷm
3SG.F	ghaemâs	cêsŷs
3SG.N	ghaemâ	cêsŷ
1EX	ghaemamer	cêsymer
1IN	ghaemanter	cêsynter
2PL	ghaemasher	cêsysher
3PL	ghaemater	cêsyter

Voice affixes

-ron = passive suffix