Verse:Mwail/Old Gloob/Lexicon: Difference between revisions

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The emphatic marker is usually added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle:
The emphatic marker is usually added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle:
*''cacsynis'' = I eat
*''caxynis'' = I eat
*''nīs cacsyn'' = I do not eat
*''nīs caxyn'' = I do not eat
====Present====
====Present====
Independent forms:
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
{| class="bluetable"
|-
|-
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 1SG || tussanis || torenis || aellinis || cacsynis
| 1SG || tussanis || torenis || aellinis || caxynis
|-
|-
| 2SG || tussaris || toreris || aelliris || cacsyris
| 2SG || tussaris || toreris || aelliris || caxyris
|-
|-
| 3SG.M || tussamis || toremis || aellimis || cacsymis
| 3SG.M || tussamis || toremis || aellimis || caxymis
|-
|-
| 3SG.F || tussasis || toresis || aellisis || cacsysis
| 3SG.F || tussasis || toresis || aellisis || caxysis
|-
|-
| 3SG.N || tussas || tores || aellis || cacsis
| 3SG.N || tussas || tores || aellis || caxis
|-
|-
| 1EX || tussamēs || toremēs || aellimēs || cacsymēs
| 1EX || tussamēs || toremēs || aellimēs || caxymēs
|-
|-
| 1IN || tussantis || torentis || aellintis || cacsyntis
| 1IN || tussantis || torentis || aellintis || caxyntis
|-
|-
| 2PL || tussasces || toresces || aellisces || cacsysces
| 2PL || tussasces || toresces || aellisces || caxysces
|-
|-
| 3PL || tussatis || toretis || aellitis || cacsytis
| 3PL || tussatis || toretis || aellitis || caxytis
|}
|}
Dependent forms (shown with ''nīs'' 'not'):
Dependent forms (shown with ''nīs'' 'not'):
{| class="bluetable"
{| class="bluetable"
|-
|-
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 1SG || nīs tussan || nīs toren || nīs aellin || nīs cacsyn
| 1SG || nīs tussan || nīs toren || nīs aellin || nīs caxyn
|-
|-
| 2SG || nīs tussar || nīs torer || nīs aellir || nīs cacsyr
| 2SG || nīs tussar || nīs torer || nīs aellir || nīs caxyr
|-
|-
| 3SG.M || nīs tussam || nīs torem || nīs aellim || nīs cacsym
| 3SG.M || nīs tussam || nīs torem || nīs aellim || nīs caxym
|-
|-
| 3SG.F || nīs tussasi || nīs toresi || nīs aellisi || nīs cacsysi
| 3SG.F || nīs tussasi || nīs toresi || nīs aellisi || nīs caxysi
|-
|-
| 3SG.N || nīs tussa || nīs tore || nīs aelli || nīs cacsy
| 3SG.N || nīs tussa || nīs tore || nīs aelli || nīs caxy
|-
|-
| 1EX || nīs tussamē || nīs toremē || nīs aellimē || nīs cacsymē
| 1EX || nīs tussamē || nīs toremē || nīs aellimē || nīs caxymē
|-
|-
| 1IN || nīs tussant || nīs torent || nīs aellint || nīs cacsynt
| 1IN || nīs tussant || nīs torent || nīs aellint || nīs caxynt
|-
|-
| 2PL || nīs tussasce || nīs toresce || nīs aellisce || nīs cacsysce
| 2PL || nīs tussasce || nīs toresce || nīs aellisce || nīs caxysce
|-
|-
| 3PL || nīs tussat || nīs toret || nīs aellit || nīs cacsyt
| 3PL || nīs tussat || nīs toret || nīs aellit || nīs caxyt
|}
|}


Line 313: Line 313:
{| class="bluetable"
{| class="bluetable"
|-
|-
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 1SG || tetussanis || tetorenis || aeaellinis || cecacsynis
| 1SG || tetussanis || tetorenis || aeaellinis || cecaxynis
|-
|-
| 2SG || tetussaris || tetoreris || aeaelliris || cecacsyris
| 2SG || tetussaris || tetoreris || aeaelliris || cecaxyris
|-
|-
| 3SG.M || tetussamis || tetoremis || aeaellimis || cecacsymis
| 3SG.M || tetussamis || tetoremis || aeaellimis || cecaxymis
|-
|-
| 3SG.F || tetussasis || tetoresis || aeaellisis || cecacsysis
| 3SG.F || tetussasis || tetoresis || aeaellisis || cecaxysis
|-
|-
| 3SG.N || tetussas || tetores || aeaellis || cecacsis
| 3SG.N || tetussas || tetores || aeaellis || cecaxis
|-
|-
| 1EX || tetussamēs || tetoremēs || aeaellimēs || cecacsymēs
| 1EX || tetussamēs || tetoremēs || aeaellimēs || cecaxymēs
|-
|-
| 1IN || tetussantis || tetorentis || aeaellintis || cecacsyntis
| 1IN || tetussantis || tetorentis || aeaellintis || cecaxyntis
|-
|-
| 2PL || tetussasces || tetoresces || aeaellisces || cecacsysces
| 2PL || tetussasces || tetoresces || aeaellisces || cecaxysces
|-
|-
| 3PL || tetussatis || tetoretis || aeaellitis || cecacsytis
| 3PL || tetussatis || tetoretis || aeaellitis || cecaxytis
|}
|}
Dependent forms:
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
{| class="bluetable"
|-
|-
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 1SG || nīs tetussan || nīs tetoren || nīs aeaellin || nīs cecacsyn
| 1SG || nīs tetussan || nīs tetoren || nīs aeaellin || nīs cecaxyn
|-
|-
| 2SG || nīs tetussar || nīs tetorer || nīs aeaellir || nīs cecacsyr
| 2SG || nīs tetussar || nīs tetorer || nīs aeaellir || nīs cecaxyr
|-
|-
| 3SG.M || nīs tetussam || nīs tetorem || nīs aeaellim || nīs cecacsym
| 3SG.M || nīs tetussam || nīs tetorem || nīs aeaellim || nīs cecaxym
|-
|-
| 3SG.F || nīs tetussasi || nīs tetoresi || nīs aeaellisi || nīs cecacsysis
| 3SG.F || nīs tetussasi || nīs tetoresi || nīs aeaellisi || nīs cecaxysis
|-
|-
| 3SG.N || nīs tetussa || nīs tetore || nīs aeaelli || nīs cecacsy
| 3SG.N || nīs tetussa || nīs tetore || nīs aeaelli || nīs cecaxy
|-
|-
| 1EX || nīs tetussamē || nīs tetoremē || nīs aeaellimē || nīs cecacsymē
| 1EX || nīs tetussamē || nīs tetoremē || nīs aeaellimē || nīs cecaxymē
|-
|-
| 1IN || nīs tetussant || nīs tetorent || nīs aeaellint || nīs cecacsynt
| 1IN || nīs tetussant || nīs tetorent || nīs aeaellint || nīs cecaxynt
|-
|-
| 2PL || nīs tetussasce || nīs tetoresce || nīs aeaellisce || nīs cecacsysce
| 2PL || nīs tetussasce || nīs tetoresce || nīs aeaellisce || nīs cecaxysce
|-
|-
| 3PL || nīs tetussat || nīs tetoret || nīs aeaellit || nīs cecacsyt
| 3PL || nīs tetussat || nīs tetoret || nīs aeaellit || nīs cecaxyt
|}
|}


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{| class="bluetable"
{| class="bluetable"
|-
|-
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 1SG || tussannemis || torennemis || aellinnemis || cēnnemis
| 1SG || tussannemis || torennemis || aellinnemis || cēnnemis
Line 386: Line 386:
{| class="bluetable"
{| class="bluetable"
|-
|-
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 1SG || nīs tussannem || nīs torennem || nīs aellinnem || nīs cēnnem
| 1SG || nīs tussannem || nīs torennem || nīs aellinnem || nīs cēnnem
Line 421: Line 421:
{| class="bluetable"
{| class="bluetable"
|-
|-
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 1SG || tussatēnis || toretēnis || cāstēnis
| 1SG || tussatēnis || toretēnis || cāstēnis
Line 444: Line 444:
{| class="bluetable"
{| class="bluetable"
|-
|-
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 1SG || nīs tussatēn || nīs toretēn || nīs cāstēn
| 1SG || nīs tussatēn || nīs toretēn || nīs cāstēn
Line 469: Line 469:
{| class="bluetable"
{| class="bluetable"
|-
|-
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 1SG || tussanaes || torenaes || cacsynaes
| 1SG || tussanaes || torenaes || caxynaes
|-
|-
| 2SG || tussaraes || toreraes || cacsyraes
| 2SG || tussaraes || toreraes || caxyraes
|-
|-
| 3SG.M || tussamioris || toremioris || cacsymioris
| 3SG.M || tussamioris || toremioris || caxymioris
|-
|-
| 3SG.F || tussasioris || toresioris || cacsysioris
| 3SG.F || tussasioris || toresioris || caxysioris
|-
|-
| 3SG.N || tussoris || torioris || cacsioris
| 3SG.N || tussoris || torioris || caxioris
|-
|-
| 1EX || tussamaes || toremaes || cacsymaes
| 1EX || tussamaes || toremaes || caxymaes
|-
|-
| 1IN || tussantaes || torentaes || cacsyntaes
| 1IN || tussantaes || torentaes || caxyntaes
|-
|-
| 2PL || tussascaes || torescaes || cacsyscaes
| 2PL || tussascaes || torescaes || caxyscaes
|-
|-
| 3PL || tussatioris || toretioris || cacsytioris
| 3PL || tussatioris || toretioris || caxytioris
|}
|}
Dependent forms (shown with the irrealis negative ''δā''):
Dependent forms (shown with the irrealis negative ''δā''):
{| class="bluetable"
{| class="bluetable"
|-
|-
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 1SG || δā tussanae || δā torenae || δā cacsynae
| 1SG || δā tussanae || δā torenae || δā caxynae
|-
|-
| 2SG || δā tussarae || δā torerae || δā cacsyrae
| 2SG || δā tussarae || δā torerae || δā caxyrae
|-
|-
| 3SG.M || δā tussamior || δā toremior || δā cacsymior
| 3SG.M || δā tussamior || δā toremior || δā caxymior
|-
|-
| 3SG.F || δā tussasior || δā toresior || δā cacsysior
| 3SG.F || δā tussasior || δā toresior || δā caxysior
|-
|-
| 3SG.N || δā tussor || δā torior || δā cacsior
| 3SG.N || δā tussor || δā torior || δā caxior
|-
|-
| 1EX || δā tussamae || δā toremae || δā cacsymae
| 1EX || δā tussamae || δā toremae || δā caxymae
|-
|-
| 1IN || δā tussantae || δā torentae || δā cacsyntae
| 1IN || δā tussantae || δā torentae || δā caxyntae
|-
|-
| 2PL || δā tussascae || δā torescae || δā cacsyscae
| 2PL || δā tussascae || δā torescae || δā caxyscae
|-
|-
| 3PL || δā tussatior || δā toretior || δā cacsytior
| 3PL || δā tussatior || δā toretior || δā caxytior
|}
|}


Line 518: Line 518:
{| class="bluetable"
{| class="bluetable"
|-
|-
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 1SG || tussaedonis || torēdonis || cacsidonis
| 1SG || tussaedonis || torēdonis || caxidonis
|-
|-
| 2SG || tussaedoris || torēdoris || cacsidoris
| 2SG || tussaedoris || torēdoris || caxidoris
|-
|-
| 3SG.M || tussaedomis || torēdomis || cacsidomis
| 3SG.M || tussaedomis || torēdomis || caxidomis
|-
|-
| 3SG.F || tussaedosis || torēdosis || cacsidosis
| 3SG.F || tussaedosis || torēdosis || caxidosis
|-
|-
| 3SG.N || tussaedos || torēdos || cacsidos
| 3SG.N || tussaedos || torēdos || caxidos
|-
|-
| 1EX || tussaedomēs || torēdomēs || cacsidomēs
| 1EX || tussaedomēs || torēdomēs || caxidomēs
|-
|-
| 1IN || tussaedontis || torēdontis || cacsidontis
| 1IN || tussaedontis || torēdontis || caxidontis
|-
|-
| 2PL || tussaedosces || torēdosces || cacsidosces
| 2PL || tussaedosces || torēdosces || caxidosces
|-
|-
| 3PL || tussaedotis || torēdotis || cacsidotis
| 3PL || tussaedotis || torēdotis || caxidotis
|}
|}
Dependent forms:
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
{| class="bluetable"
|-
|-
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 1SG || δā tussaedon || δā torēdon || δā cacsidon
| 1SG || δā tussaedon || δā torēdon || δā caxidon
|-
|-
| 2SG || δā tussaedor || δā torēdor || δā cacsidor
| 2SG || δā tussaedor || δā torēdor || δā caxidor
|-
|-
| 3SG.M || δā tussaedom || δā torēdom || δā cacsidom
| 3SG.M || δā tussaedom || δā torēdom || δā caxidom
|-
|-
| 3SG.F || δā tussaedosi || δā torēdosi || δā cacsidosi
| 3SG.F || δā tussaedosi || δā torēdosi || δā caxidosi
|-
|-
| 3SG.N || δā tussaedo || δā torēdo || δā cacsido
| 3SG.N || δā tussaedo || δā torēdo || δā caxido
|-
|-
| 1EX || δā tussaedomē || δā torēdomē || δā cacsidomē
| 1EX || δā tussaedomē || δā torēdomē || δā caxidomē
|-
|-
| 1IN || δā tussaedont || δā torēdont || δā cacsidont
| 1IN || δā tussaedont || δā torēdont || δā caxidont
|-
|-
| 2PL || δā tussaedosce || δā torēdosce || δā cacsidosce
| 2PL || δā tussaedosce || δā torēdosce || δā caxidosce
|-
|-
| 3PL || δā tussaedot || δā torēdot || δā cacsidot
| 3PL || δā tussaedot || δā torēdot || δā caxidot
|}
|}


Line 566: Line 566:
{| class="bluetable"
{| class="bluetable"
|-
|-
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 2SG || tussās! || torēs! || aellīs! || cacsys!
| 2SG || tussās! || torēs! || aellīs! || caxys!
|-
|-
| 1IN || tussantēs! || torentēs! || aellintēs! || cacsyntēs!
| 1IN || tussantēs! || torentēs! || aellintēs! || caxyntēs!
|-
|-
| 2PL || tussascēs! || torescēs! || aelliscēs! || cacsyscēs!
| 2PL || tussascēs! || torescēs! || aelliscēs! || caxyscēs!
|}
|}
Dependent forms:
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
{| class="bluetable"
|-
|-
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 2SG || δā tussā! || δā torē! || δā aellī! || δā cacsy!
| 2SG || δā tussā! || δā torē! || δā aellī! || δā caxy!
|-
|-
| 1IN || δā tussantē! || δā torentē! || δā aellintē! || δā cacsyntē!
| 1IN || δā tussantē! || δā torentē! || δā aellintē! || δā caxyntē!
|-
|-
| 2PL || δā tussascē! || δā torescē! || δā aelliscē! || δā cacsyscē!
| 2PL || δā tussascē! || δā torescē! || δā aelliscē! || δā caxyscē!
|}
|}


Revision as of 20:52, 20 February 2017

Ablaut

Root ablaut occurs in some stems in verbs and derived nouns. Ablauting verbs follow one of the patterns below (modulo compensatory lengthening); the present stem is in what is called the "a-grade" in Quihum linguistics, and the preterite stem has the "i-grade". (Also cf. Ancient Wiebian.)

  • present stem a - preterite stem e
  • present stem ā - preterite stem ē
  • present stem o - preterite stem i
  • present stem ō - preterite stem ī
  • present stem ō - preterite stem ē
  • present stem ȳ - preterite stem ē
  • present stem ao - preterite stem iū
  • present stem ao - preterite stem iō

Nouns and adjectives

Masculine nouns

δȳrom 'bird'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite δȳros δeδȳros δȳrīs
Definite δȳrae δeδȳrae δȳrinny


Possessed forms of δȳrom - 'word'
Number→
State↓ 		Singulative Plurative
Construct δȳrot δȳrinnyt
1sg possessor δȳrōn δȳroryn
2sg.m possessor δȳrossi δȳroressi
2sg.f possessor δȳrossy δȳroressy
3sg.m possessor δȳrō δȳrory
3sg.f possessor δȳrī δȳrorī
3sg.n possessor δȳra δȳrora
1exc possessor δȳrommo δȳrorammo
1inc possessor δȳront δȳrorynt
2pl possessor δȳrocca δȳrorecca
3pl possessor δȳrōr δȳrorōr

Feminine nouns

gondā 'body'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite gondā gegondā gondār
Definite gondām gegondām gondās


Possessed forms of gondā - 'body'
Number→
State↓ 		Singulative Plurative
Construct gondāt gondāsat
1sg possessor gondaen gondannan
2sg.m possessor gondaessi gondannassi
2sg.f possessor gondaessy gondannassy
3sg.m possessor gondae gondanny
3sg.f possessor gondaeī gondannī
3sg.n possessor gondaea gondanna
1exc possessor gondaemmo gondannammo
1inc possessor gondaent gondannynt
2pl possessor gondaecca gondannecca
3pl possessor gondaeōr gondannōr

Neuter nouns

tectys 'child'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite tectys tetectys tectȳn
Definite tectȳs tetectȳs tectȳr


Possessed forms of tecty - 'child'
Number→
State↓ 		Singulative Plurative
Construct tectyt tectȳt
1sg possessor tectyn tectȳsin
2sg.m possessor tectyssi tectȳssi
2sg.f possessor tectyssy tectȳssy
3sg.m possessor tectymy tectȳsiō
3sg.f possessor tectymī tectȳsī
3sg.n possessor tectyma tectȳsia
1exc possessor tectȳmmo tectȳsimmo
1inc possessor tectȳnt tectȳsint
2pl possessor tectȳcca tectȳsicca
3pl possessor tectymōr tectȳsiōr

Mass nouns

jenās 'water' (n.)
Singulative Collective
Indefinite jenās jenenās
Definite jenaȝes jenenaȝes


stux 'fire' (n.)
Singulative Collective
Indefinite stux stetux
Definite stuφes stetuφes

Adjectives

The predicative form of an adjective is the indefinite singular form.

Verbs

The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of Mwail/Old Gloob/Lexicon grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:

  1. switch-reference marker
  2. applicative or derivational prefixes
  3. object prefix
  4. (prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
  5. STEM
  6. voice suffix
  7. TAM + subject
  8. emphatic suffix -is

Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic -is, which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.

Object markers

  • 1sg: n(i)-
  • 2sg: r(i)-
  • 3sg: b(i)-
  • 1pl.ex: mē-
  • 1pl.ex: dē-
  • 2pl: sē-
  • 3pl: nē-

Voice markers

  • -ro- = passive marker

TAM + subject markers

Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices.

  • Consonant stems: (-y-)
  • Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o-, -u-

The emphatic marker is usually added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle:

  • caxynis = I eat
  • nīs caxyn = I do not eat

Present

Independent forms:

Person tussanis "I pray"
(a-stem)		 torenis "I bloom, flourish"
(e-stem)		 aellinis "I love"
(i-stem)		 caxynis "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG tussanis torenis aellinis caxynis
2SG tussaris toreris aelliris caxyris
3SG.M tussamis toremis aellimis caxymis
3SG.F tussasis toresis aellisis caxysis
3SG.N tussas tores aellis caxis
1EX tussamēs toremēs aellimēs caxymēs
1IN tussantis torentis aellintis caxyntis
2PL tussasces toresces aellisces caxysces
3PL tussatis toretis aellitis caxytis

Dependent forms (shown with nīs 'not'):

Person tussanis "I pray"
(a-stem)		 torenis "I bloom, flourish"
(e-stem)		 aellinis "I love"
(i-stem)		 caxynis "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG nīs tussan nīs toren nīs aellin nīs caxyn
2SG nīs tussar nīs torer nīs aellir nīs caxyr
3SG.M nīs tussam nīs torem nīs aellim nīs caxym
3SG.F nīs tussasi nīs toresi nīs aellisi nīs caxysi
3SG.N nīs tussa nīs tore nīs aelli nīs caxy
1EX nīs tussamē nīs toremē nīs aellimē nīs caxymē
1IN nīs tussant nīs torent nīs aellint nīs caxynt
2PL nīs tussasce nīs toresce nīs aellisce nīs caxysce
3PL nīs tussat nīs toret nīs aellit nīs caxyt

Imperfect

Uses reduplication:

  • Stems beginning in a vowel uses the first vowel (shortened) + the first following consonant as the reduplicant - the exact reduplicant often depends on the word, though.
  • Stems beginning in ħ- or ȝ- lengthen the first vowel: ȝastranis 'I laugh', ȝāstranis 'I used to laugh'.

Independent forms:

Person tussanis "I pray"
(a-stem)		 torenis "I bloom, flourish"
(e-stem)		 aellinis "I love"
(i-stem)		 caxynis "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG tetussanis tetorenis aeaellinis cecaxynis
2SG tetussaris tetoreris aeaelliris cecaxyris
3SG.M tetussamis tetoremis aeaellimis cecaxymis
3SG.F tetussasis tetoresis aeaellisis cecaxysis
3SG.N tetussas tetores aeaellis cecaxis
1EX tetussamēs tetoremēs aeaellimēs cecaxymēs
1IN tetussantis tetorentis aeaellintis cecaxyntis
2PL tetussasces tetoresces aeaellisces cecaxysces
3PL tetussatis tetoretis aeaellitis cecaxytis

Dependent forms:

Person tussanis "I pray"
(a-stem)		 torenis "I bloom, flourish"
(e-stem)		 aellinis "I love"
(i-stem)		 caxynis "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG nīs tetussan nīs tetoren nīs aeaellin nīs cecaxyn
2SG nīs tetussar nīs tetorer nīs aeaellir nīs cecaxyr
3SG.M nīs tetussam nīs tetorem nīs aeaellim nīs cecaxym
3SG.F nīs tetussasi nīs tetoresi nīs aeaellisi nīs cecaxysis
3SG.N nīs tetussa nīs tetore nīs aeaelli nīs cecaxy
1EX nīs tetussamē nīs tetoremē nīs aeaellimē nīs cecaxymē
1IN nīs tetussant nīs tetorent nīs aeaellint nīs cecaxynt
2PL nīs tetussasce nīs tetoresce nīs aeaellisce nīs cecaxysce
3PL nīs tetussat nīs tetoret nīs aeaellit nīs cecaxyt

Preterite

Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant - especially the ablauting verbs - may change the stem form in the preterite.

Independent forms:

Person tussanis "I pray"
(a-stem)		 torenis "I bloom, flourish"
(e-stem)		 aellinis "I love"
(i-stem)		 caxynis "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG tussannemis torennemis aellinnemis cēnnemis
2SG tussarȳs torerȳs aellirȳs cērȳs
3SG.M tussasmis toresmis aellismis cēsmis
3SG.F tussastis torestis aellistis cēstis
3SG.N tussasos toresos aellisos cēsos
1EX tussameris toremeris aellimeris cēmeris
1IN tussanteris torenteris aellinteris cēnteris
2PL tussasceris toresceris aellisceris cēsceris
3PL tussateris toreteris aelliteris cēteris

Dependent forms:

Person tussanis "I pray"
(a-stem)		 torenis "I bloom, flourish"
(e-stem)		 aellinis "I love"
(i-stem)		 caxynis "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG nīs tussannem nīs torennem nīs aellinnem nīs cēnnem
2SG nīs tussarȳ nīs torerȳ nīs aellirȳ nīs cērȳ
3SG.M nīs tussasmi nīs toresmi nīs aellismi nīs cēsmi
3SG.F nīs tussasti nīs toresti nīs aellisti nīs cēsti
3SG.N nīs tussaso nīs toreso nīs aelliso nīs cēso
1EX nīs tussamer nīs toremer nīs aellimer nīs cēmer
1IN nīs tussanter nīs torenter nīs aellinter nīs cēnter
2PL nīs tussascer nīs torescer nīs aelliscer nīs cēscer
3PL nīs tussater nīs toreter nīs aelliter nīs cēter

Future

Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant may change the stem form in the future.

Phonological rules for consonant stems:

  • m + t > nt
  • b, φ, g + t > ct
  • cs + t > :st
  • θ, δ + t > θθ (or metathesis to ts > ss?)
  • d + t > tt
  • ȝ + t > ħt

Independent forms:

Person tussanis "I pray"
(a-stem)		 torenis "I bloom, flourish"
(e-stem)		 caxynis "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG tussatēnis toretēnis cāstēnis
2SG tussatēris toretēris cāstēris
3SG.M tussatēmis toretēmis cāstēmis
3SG.F tussatēsis toretēsis cāstēsis
3SG.N tussatēs toretēs cāstēs
1EX tussatēmēs toretēmēs cāstēmēs
1IN tussatēntis toretēntis cāstēntis
2PL tussatēsces toretēsces cāstēsces
3PL tussatētis toretētis cāstētis

Dependent forms:

Person tussanis "I pray"
(a-stem)		 torenis "I bloom, flourish"
(e-stem)		 caxynis "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG nīs tussatēn nīs toretēn nīs cāstēn
2SG nīs tussatēr nīs toretēr nīs cāstēr
3SG.M nīs tussatēm nīs toretēm nīs cāstēm
3SG.F nīs tussatēsi nīs toretēsi nīs cāstēsi
3SG.N nīs tussatē nīs toretē nīs cāstē
1EX nīs tussatēmē nīs toretēmē nīs cāstēmē
1IN nīs tussatēnt nīs toretēnt nīs cāstēnt
2PL nīs tussatēsce nīs toretēsce nīs cāstēsce
3PL nīs tussatēt nīs toretēt nīs cāstēt

Subjunctive

Independent forms:

Person tussanis "I pray"
(a-stem)		 torenis "I bloom, flourish"
(e-stem)		 caxynis "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG tussanaes torenaes caxynaes
2SG tussaraes toreraes caxyraes
3SG.M tussamioris toremioris caxymioris
3SG.F tussasioris toresioris caxysioris
3SG.N tussoris torioris caxioris
1EX tussamaes toremaes caxymaes
1IN tussantaes torentaes caxyntaes
2PL tussascaes torescaes caxyscaes
3PL tussatioris toretioris caxytioris

Dependent forms (shown with the irrealis negative δā):

Person tussanis "I pray"
(a-stem)		 torenis "I bloom, flourish"
(e-stem)		 caxynis "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG δā tussanae δā torenae δā caxynae
2SG δā tussarae δā torerae δā caxyrae
3SG.M δā tussamior δā toremior δā caxymior
3SG.F δā tussasior δā toresior δā caxysior
3SG.N δā tussor δā torior δā caxior
1EX δā tussamae δā toremae δā caxymae
1IN δā tussantae δā torentae δā caxyntae
2PL δā tussascae δā torescae δā caxyscae
3PL δā tussatior δā toretior δā caxytior

Optative

Independent forms:

Person tussanis "I pray"
(a-stem)		 torenis "I bloom, flourish"
(e-stem)		 caxynis "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG tussaedonis torēdonis caxidonis
2SG tussaedoris torēdoris caxidoris
3SG.M tussaedomis torēdomis caxidomis
3SG.F tussaedosis torēdosis caxidosis
3SG.N tussaedos torēdos caxidos
1EX tussaedomēs torēdomēs caxidomēs
1IN tussaedontis torēdontis caxidontis
2PL tussaedosces torēdosces caxidosces
3PL tussaedotis torēdotis caxidotis

Dependent forms:

Person tussanis "I pray"
(a-stem)		 torenis "I bloom, flourish"
(e-stem)		 caxynis "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG δā tussaedon δā torēdon δā caxidon
2SG δā tussaedor δā torēdor δā caxidor
3SG.M δā tussaedom δā torēdom δā caxidom
3SG.F δā tussaedosi δā torēdosi δā caxidosi
3SG.N δā tussaedo δā torēdo δā caxido
1EX δā tussaedomē δā torēdomē δā caxidomē
1IN δā tussaedont δā torēdont δā caxidont
2PL δā tussaedosce δā torēdosce δā caxidosce
3PL δā tussaedot δā torēdot δā caxidot

Imperative

Independent forms:

Person tussanis "I pray"
(a-stem)		 torenis "I bloom, flourish"
(e-stem)		 aellinis "I love"
(i-stem)		 caxynis "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
2SG tussās! torēs! aellīs! caxys!
1IN tussantēs! torentēs! aellintēs! caxyntēs!
2PL tussascēs! torescēs! aelliscēs! caxyscēs!

Dependent forms:

Person tussanis "I pray"
(a-stem)		 torenis "I bloom, flourish"
(e-stem)		 aellinis "I love"
(i-stem)		 caxynis "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
2SG δā tussā! δā torē! δā aellī! δā caxy!
1IN δā tussantē! δā torentē! δā aellintē! δā caxyntē!
2PL δā tussascē! δā torescē! δā aelliscē! δā caxyscē!

Non-finite forms

Thensarian has multiple infinitives and participles for each verb.

Infinitives

  • First infinitive: -s
  • Second infinitive: -ācos
  • Third infintiive: -bom?

Participles

  • Present participle: -tus
  • Past participle: -īnos
  • Future participle: -tētus

Derivational morphology

  • ar-, aφor- = telic
  • φer- = nominalizer
  • ēs- = co-, together
  • -t- = a causative marker

Numbers

  • 1: cēmym
  • 2: tiθōr
  • 3: narge
  • 4: δaobe
  • 5: salithe
  • 6: stāmym
  • 7: rōde
  • 8: lorede
  • 9: barve
  • 10: ħiōr
  • 11: jācēmym
  • 12: cnaesā
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