Thulean: Difference between revisions
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1) Thulean is written with the Thulean alphabet. The Thulean government also endorses a romanised orthography for the purpose of transliterating Thulean proper names in foreign media. This is also increasingly used in foreign scholarly works on the language. This orthography is as follows: | 1) Thulean is written with the Thulean alphabet. The Thulean government also endorses a romanised orthography for the purpose of transliterating Thulean proper names in foreign media. This is also increasingly used in foreign scholarly works on the language. This orthography is as follows: | ||
"a" = / | "a" = /ɑ/ | ||
"e" = / | "e" = /ɛ/ | ||
"g" = / | "g" = /ŋ/ | ||
"h" = / | "h" = /ɰ/ | ||
"i" = /i/ | "i" = /i/ | ||
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"pp" = /pp/ | "pp" = /pp/ | ||
"q" = / | "q" = /ɬ/ | ||
"qq" = / | "qq" = /ɬɬ/ | ||
"r" = /r/ | "r" = /r/ | ||
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2) This transcription is largely phonemic but shows the effects of consonant gradation and sandhi. | 2) This transcription is largely phonemic but shows the effects of consonant gradation and sandhi. | ||
3) The consonant clusters [mb, nd, | 3) The consonant clusters [mb, nd, ŋg, rd, ld] when they result from morphophonemic processes are written "mm, nn, gg, rr, ll". | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
NASAL: /m, n, | NASAL: /m, n, ŋ/ | ||
PLOSIVE: | PLOSIVE: | ||
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FRICATIVE: | FRICATIVE: | ||
-Lenis: /s, | -Lenis: /s, ɬ, x/ | ||
-Fortis: /ss, | -Fortis: /ss, ɬɬ, xx/ | ||
LIQUID: /r, l/ | LIQUID: /r, l/ | ||
APPROXIMANT: /j, | APPROXIMANT: /j, ɰ, w/ | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
HIGH: /i, u/ | HIGH: /i, u/ | ||
LOW: / | LOW: /ɛ, ɑ/ | ||
===Allophones=== | ===Allophones=== | ||
1) / | 1) /ŋ/ is realised as [g] in word-initial position and in onset position following a coda consonant. | ||
2) Lenis plosives are aspirated in word-initial position. | 2) Lenis plosives are aspirated in word-initial position. | ||
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3) Lenis obstruents are voiced in intervocalic position. | 3) Lenis obstruents are voiced in intervocalic position. | ||
4) / | 4) /ɬ/ is realised as [θ] in coda position and in onset position following a coda consonant. | ||
5) / | 5) /ɬ/ is realised as [ð] in intervocalic position. | ||
6) /x/ is realised as [ | 6) /x/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position. | ||
7) /x/ is realised as [ | 7) /x/ is realised as [ʒ] in intervocalic position. | ||
8) Fortis obstruents are realised as lenis obstruents in intervocalic position. | 8) Fortis obstruents are realised as lenis obstruents in intervocalic position. | ||
9) The geminate clusters /mm, nn, | 9) The geminate clusters /mm, nn, ŋŋ, rr, ll/ are realised as [mb, nd, ŋg, rd, ld]. | ||
10) The onset cluster / | 10) The onset cluster /ŋj/ is realised as [dʒ] in word-initial position. | ||
11) The onset clusters /tr, tl/ are realised as [ | 11) The onset clusters /tr, tl/ are realised as [tʂ, tɬ ]. | ||
12) The onset clusters /kj, | 12) The onset clusters /kj, kɰ, kw/ are realised as [tʃ, kx, kʍ]. | ||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
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2) Permitted syllable codas: | 2) Permitted syllable codas: | ||
a) Morpheme-medial only: / | a) Morpheme-medial only: /ŋ, p/ | ||
b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, s, | b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, s, ɬ, x, r, l/ | ||
3) Fortis obstruents may not occur in word-initial position. | 3) Fortis obstruents may not occur in word-initial position. | ||
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6) Consonant clusters may not occur in morpheme-final position. | 6) Consonant clusters may not occur in morpheme-final position. | ||
7) Permitted syllable onset clusters: / | 7) Permitted syllable onset clusters: /ŋj, ŋɰ, ŋw, tr, tl, kj, kɰ, kw/. These consonant clusters are the only ones permitted to occur in prefix-initial or root-initial position. | ||
8) Permitted syllable boundary clusters: | 8) Permitted syllable boundary clusters: | ||
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a) /m/ + /m, p/ | a) /m/ + /m, p/ | ||
b) /n/ + /n, t, s, | b) /n/ + /n, t, s, ɬ/ | ||
c) / | c) /ŋ/ + /ŋ, k, x/ | ||
d) /p, t, k/ + /s/ | d) /p, t, k/ + /s/ | ||
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e) /s/ + /p, t, k/ | e) /s/ + /p, t, k/ | ||
i) / | i) /ɬ/ + /p, t, k/ | ||
j) /x/ + /p, t, k/ | j) /x/ + /p, t, k/ | ||
k) /r/ + /m, n, | k) /r/ + /m, n, ŋ, p, t, k, s, ɬ, x, r, j, ɰ, w/ | ||
l) /l/ + /m, n, | l) /l/ + /m, n, ŋ, p, t, k, s, ɬ, x, l, j, ɰ, w/ | ||
8) With the exception of pronouns and some personal names, all roots are disyllabic. | 8) With the exception of pronouns and some personal names, all roots are disyllabic. | ||
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b) tt > t > r | b) tt > t > r | ||
c) kk > k > | c) kk > k > ɰ | ||
d) mp > mb | d) mp > mb | ||
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e) nt > nd | e) nt > nd | ||
f) | f) ŋk > ŋg | ||
g) rp > rw | g) rp > rw | ||
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h) rt > rd | h) rt > rd | ||
i) rk > | i) rk > rɰ | ||
j) lp > lw | j) lp > lw | ||
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k) lt > ld | k) lt > ld | ||
l) lk > | l) lk > lɰ | ||
3) Consonant gradation occurs after metathesis from sandhi. | 3) Consonant gradation occurs after metathesis from sandhi. | ||
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2) Other forbidden clusters resulting from affixation are treated as follows: | 2) Other forbidden clusters resulting from affixation are treated as follows: | ||
i) /m/ + /n, | i) /m/ + /n, ŋ/ > [nd, ŋg] | ||
ii) /m/ + /t, k/ > [nt, | ii) /m/ + /t, k/ > [nt, ŋk] | ||
iii) /m/ + /s, | iii) /m/ + /s, ɬ, x/ > [ns, nɬ, ŋx] | ||
iv) /m/ + /r, l/ > [rd, ld] | iv) /m/ + /r, l/ > [rd, ld] | ||
v) /m/ + /j, | v) /m/ + /j, ɰ, w/ > [ŋj, ŋɰ, ŋw] | ||
vi) /n/ + /m, | vi) /n/ + /m, ŋ/ > [mb, ŋg] | ||
vii) /n/ + /p, k/ > [mp, | vii) /n/ + /p, k/ > [mp, ŋk] | ||
viii) /n/ + /x/ > [ | viii) /n/ + /x/ > [ŋx] | ||
ix) /n/ + /r, l/ > [rd, ld] | ix) /n/ + /r, l/ > [rd, ld] | ||
x) /n/ + /j, | x) /n/ + /j, ɰ, w/ > [ŋj, ŋɰ, ŋw] | ||
xi) /t/ + /m, n, | xi) /t/ + /m, n, ŋ/ > [nt, nt, nt] | ||
xii) /t/ + /p, k] > [pp, kk] | xii) /t/ + /p, k] > [pp, kk] | ||
xiii) /t/ + / | xiii) /t/ + /ɬ x/ > [θt, ʃt] | ||
xiv) /t/ + /j, | xiv) /t/ + /j, ɰ, w/ > [kj, kɰ, kw] | ||
xv) /k/ + /m, n, | xv) /k/ + /m, n, ŋ/ > [ŋk, ŋk, ŋk] | ||
xvi) /k/ + /p, t/ > [pp, tt] | xvi) /k/ + /p, t/ > [pp, tt] | ||
xvii) /k/ + / | xvii) /k/ + /ɬ, x/ > [θk, ʃk] | ||
xviii) /k/ + /r, l/ > [tr, tl] | xviii) /k/ + /r, l/ > [tr, tl] | ||
xix) /s/ + /m, n, | xix) /s/ + /m, n, ŋ/ > [ns, ns, ns] | ||
xx) /s/ + / | xx) /s/ + /ɬ, x/ > [ɬɬ, xx] | ||
xxi) /s/ + /r, l/ > [rs, ls] | xxi) /s/ + /r, l/ > [rs, ls] | ||
xxii) /s/ + /j, | xxii) /s/ + /j, ɰ, w/ > [ss, ss, ss] | ||
xxiii) / | xxiii) /ɬ/ + /m, n, ŋ/ > [nɬ, nɬ, nɬ] | ||
xxiv) / | xxiv) /ɬ/ + /s, x/ > [ss, xx] | ||
xxv) / | xxv) /ɬ/ + /r, l/ > [rθ, lθ] | ||
xxvi) / | xxvi) /ɬ/ + /j, ɰ, w/ > [ɬɬ, ɬɬ, ɬɬ] | ||
xxvii) /x/ + /m, n, | xxvii) /x/ + /m, n, ŋ/ > [ŋx, ŋx, ŋx] | ||
xxviii) /x/ + /s, | xxviii) /x/ + /s, ɬ/ > [ss, ɬɬ] | ||
xxix) /x/ + /r, l/ > [rx, lx] | xxix) /x/ + /r, l/ > [rx, lx] | ||
xxx) /x/ + /j, | xxx) /x/ + /j, ɰ, w/ > [xx, xx, xx] | ||
xxxi) /r/ + /l/ > [ld] | xxxi) /r/ + /l/ > [ld] | ||
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5) Two identical lenis obstruents fuse to create a fortis obstruent eg: /p/ + /p/ > /pp/, /s/ + /s/ > /ss/. | 5) Two identical lenis obstruents fuse to create a fortis obstruent eg: /p/ + /p/ > /pp/, /s/ + /s/ > /ss/. | ||
6) If a vowel cluster should result from prefixation then an epenthetic / | 6) If a vowel cluster should result from prefixation then an epenthetic /ɰ/ is inserted after the first vocalic segment to break up the cluster. | ||
7) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel. | 7) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel. | ||