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===Consonants===
===Consonants===


==Consonants==
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
Line 210: Line 209:
Ç ç /ɧ̙ʷ/
Ç ç /ɧ̙ʷ/
Ù ù /β/
Ù ù /β/
</poem>


====Spelling rules====
====Spelling rules====
Line 225: Line 225:
*A so called "weakening accent" used in the original script to "weaken" a sound (usually making it unpronounced) is romanized with a ^ written after the letter.
*A so called "weakening accent" used in the original script to "weaken" a sound (usually making it unpronounced) is romanized with a ^ written after the letter.


===Prosody===
====Tables of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes====
====Stress====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
====Intonation====
|colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Bilabial
!colspan="2"|Labio-dental
!colspan="2"|Dental
!colspan="2"|Alveolar
!colspan="2"|Post-alveolar
!colspan="2"|Palatal
!colspan="2"|Velar
!colspan="2"|Uvular
!colspan="2"|Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
|colspan="2"| m <M m>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| n <N n>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| ɲ <È è>
|colspan="2"| ŋ <Ñ ñ>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"| Plosive
|colspan="2"| p <P p> b <B b>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| t̚ <Þ þ> t <T t> d <D d>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| k <K k> g <G g>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"| Fricative
|colspan="2"| ɸ <Æ æ> β <Ù ù>
|colspan="2"| f <F f> v <V v>
|colspan="2"| θ <S s> ð <Ð ð>
|colspan="2"| s <C c> z <Z z>
|colspan="2"| ʃ <Q q> ʒ <J j> ɧ̙ʷ <Ç ç>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| χ <X x> ʁ <R r>
|colspan="2"| h <H h>
|-
!colspan="2"|Approximant
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| j<sup>1</sup>
|colspan="2"| w<sup>1</sup>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"|Trill
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| ʀ <R° r°>
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral approx.
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| l <L l>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| ᵑg <É é>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|}
 
<sup>1</sup>See section on spelling rules.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="2"|Front
! colspan="2"|Central
! colspan="2"|Back
|-
!colspan="2"|Close
|colspan="2"|i <I i> y <U u>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|u <Û û>
|-
!colspan="2"|Close-mid
|colspan="2"|e <E e> ø <Ë ë>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|o <O o> alt. <Ô ô>
|-
!colspan="2"|Open-mid
|colspan="2"|ɛ <Ê ê> (œ <Ë ë>) ɛ̃ <Ï ï>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|ɔ <O o> ɔ̃ <Ö ö>
|-
!colspan="2"|Open
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| ä <A a>
|colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä ä>
|}


===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
An epenthetic /i/ (between consonants) or an epenthetic /n/ (between vowels) can be insterted between the radical of a verb and its conjugation ending, if the pronunciation is otherwise deemed difficult.
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
===Nouns===
===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===
===Verbs===
There are three verb groups, marked with different infinitive endings : the first group, ending in -ü ; the second group, ending in -ar ; and the third, ending in -ôr. Verbs are conjugated for tense, mood, and person. There are seven persons : 1SG, 2SG, 3SG, 1PL, 2PL, 3PL, and a 2POLITE person of politeness (used in both the singular and the plural). Verbs are conjugated by replacing the infinitive ending with a conjugated ending.
 
There are five moods : indicative, absolute, imperative, conditional and subjunctive. Overall, the verbal system is similar to that of French, with some extra moods and tenses.
 
====Indicative====
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Present
|-
! Person !! First groupe !! Second group !! Third group
|-
| 1SG || -a /a/ || -a /a/ || -vêl /vɛl/
|-
| 2SG || -aec /a/ || -ac /as/ || -vego /vego/
|-
| 3SG || -at /a/ || -at /at/ || -vma /vma/
|-
| 1PL || -mmec /m/ || -mûc /mus/ || -vyd /vjɔd/
|-
| 2PL || -tec /t/ || -tic /tis/ || -vemi /vemi/
|-
| 3PL || -aent /w/ || -na /na/ || -vi~ä /vjɑ̃/
|-
| 2POL || -e /e/ || -e /e/ || -và /vaj/
|}


<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Imperfect
|-
! Person !! First groupe !! Second group !! Third group
|-
| 1SG || -tea /ta/ || -ta /ta/ || -loic /lwa/
|-
| 2SG || -teec /te/ || -tac /tas/ || -luac /lwa/
|-
| 3SG || -teat /ta/ || -tat /tat/ || -liait /li(j)e/
|-
| 1PL || -teômc /tɛm/ || -tamo /tamo/ || -limmôc /lim/
|-
| 2PL || -teôtc /te/ || -tati /tati/ || -liat /li(j)a/
|-
| 3PL || -teant /tɑ̃/ || -tana /tana/ || -luônt /ly/
|-
| 2POL || -te /te/ || -te /te/ || -leiônt /le/
|}


Nouns
{| class="wikitable"
Adjectives
|+ Simple Past
Verbs
|-
Adverbs
! Person !! First groupe !! Second group !! Third group
Particles
|-
Derivational morphology
| 1SG || -ai /e/ || -fa /fa/ || -bic /bi/
|-
| 2SG || -ac /a/ || -fac /fas/ || -bic /bi/
|-
| 3SG || -at /a/ || -fat /fat/ || -bit /bi/
|-
| 1PL || -amôc /am/ || -famo /famo/ || -böc /bɔ̃/
|-
| 2PL || -atôc /at/ || -fati /fati/ || -bez /be/
|-
| 3PL || -rent /ʁ/ || -fana /fana/ || -bent /b(ə)/
|-
| 2POL || -ôtôc /at/ || -fe /fe/ || -biôz /bje/
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Simple Future
|-
! Person !! First groupe !! Second group !! Third group
|-
| 1SG || -rãa /ʁa/ || -ra /ʁa/ || -gamm /gal/
|-
| 2SG || -rãac /ʁa/ || -rac /ʁas/ || -gêmôc /gɛl/
|-
| 3SG || -rãat /ʁa/ || -rat /ʁat/ || -gora /goʁa/
|-
| 1PL || -rãômc /ʁ/ || -ramo /ʁamo/ || -gûônc /gu:/
|-
| 2PL || -rãôtc /ʁe/ || -rati /ʁati/ || -girôc /ʒiʁ/
|-
| 3PL || -rãant /ʁɑ̃/ || -rana /ʁana/ || -ginnôc /ʒin/
|-
| 2POL || -rãe /ʁe/ || -re /ʁe/ || -gin /gin/
|}
 
====Absolute====
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Present
|-
! Person !! First groupe !! Second group !! Third group
|-
| 1SG || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 2SG || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 3SG || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 1PL || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 2PL || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 3PL || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 2POL || Example || Example || Example
|}
 
====Imperative====
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Present
|-
! Person !! First groupe !! Second group !! Third group
|-
| 1SG || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 2SG || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 3SG || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 1PL || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 2PL || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 3PL || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 2POL || Example || Example || Example
|}
 
====Conditional====
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Present
|-
! Person !! First groupe !! Second group !! Third group
|-
| 1SG || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 2SG || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 3SG || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 1PL || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 2PL || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 3PL || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 2POL || Example || Example || Example
|}
 
====Subjunctive====
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Present
|-
! Person !! First groupe !! Second group !! Third group
|-
| 1SG || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 2SG || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 3SG || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 1PL || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 2PL || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 3PL || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 2POL || Example || Example || Example
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Imperfect
|-
! Person !! First groupe !! Second group !! Third group
|-
| 1SG || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 2SG || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 3SG || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 1PL || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 2PL || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 3PL || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 2POL || Example || Example || Example
|}


-->
====Participles====


==Syntax==
==Syntax==

Latest revision as of 13:29, 31 May 2026


Introduction

TolsienS is one of several versions of Tolsian,and at the time of its creation was meant as a definitive standard. According to documentation :

Tolsian is a Romance language, though it is not written with the Latin alphabet. However, the Tolsian script is largely derived from the Latin and Greek alphabets. Syntax and conjugation are very close to those of the French language. However, the phonology is quite different from other Romance languages. The lexicon is mostly of Latin origin, with influences from other European languages, especially English. Tolsian has been evolving for many years before getting to this current "standardized" stage. Its alphabet has been through two main graphical periods, and has had several different versions, that we will assume to be regional variations. The conjugation has also changed a lot over time, becoming more complex. However, just like this standardized Tolsian will leave behind many archaisms, so will it leave behind some grammatical innovations that are deemed unnecessarily complicated. Two main criteria are being considered in order to establish this standardized version of Tolsian : persistence over time of a given grammatical phenomenon, and how consistent it has been (this is meant to be a standardization of modern Tolsian). However, all other forms of Tolsian will stay a part of it.


Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive p b t̚ t d k g
Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ɧ̙ʷ χ ʁ h
Approximant j w
Trill ʀ
Lateral approx. l
Prenasalised occlusives ᵑg

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i y u
Close-mid e ø o
Open-mid ɛ (œ) ɛ̃ ɔ ɔ̃
Open ä ɑ̃

Orthography

Alphabet

TolsienS uses the Tolsian script, but it has a matching romanization :

Y y /jo/ /ɔj/
À à /aj/
à ã /ja/
A a /a/
B b /b/
Q q /ʃ/
D d /d/
E e /e/ ; Ê ê /ɛ/ ; Ë ë /ø/ (/œ/)
G g /g/ ; É é /ᵑg/ ; È è /ɲ/
H h /h/ or unpronounced
I i /i/
Ð ð /ð/ ; J j /ʒ/
K k /k/
L l /l/
M m /m/
N n /n/
O o /o/ or /ɔ/ ; Ô ô /o/
P p /p/p ; Æ æ /ɸ/
R r /ʁ/
C c /s/ ; S s /θ/
T t /t/ ; Þ þ /t̚/
U u /y/
V v /v/ ; F f /f/
W w /wi/
Z z /z/
Ä ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ï ï /ɛ̃/ ; Ö ö /ɔ̃/
Û û /u/
X x /χ/
Ü ü /bʁa/ or /bɾa/
Ñ ñ /ŋ/
Ç ç /ɧ̙ʷ/
Ù ù /β/

Spelling rules

Several diacritics are used in the original script, and the romanization tries to match it with the following rules :

  • So-called diphtongs, better described as approximant + vowel or vowel + approximant, are written with the help of a tilde diacritic between <i> and another vowel (to denote /j/) or <o> (or possibly <û>) and another vowel (to denote /w/). For example :

i~e /je/
ê~i /ɛj/
o~a /wa/
a~o /aw/

  • The tilde diacritic is also used after a vowel to indicate that it is a long vowel : a~ /a:/.
  • The phoneme /ʀ/ is written r°.
  • A so called "weakening accent" used in the original script to "weaken" a sound (usually making it unpronounced) is romanized with a ^ written after the letter.

Tables of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m <M m> n <N n> ɲ <È è> ŋ <Ñ ñ>
Plosive p

b

t̚ <Þ þ> t <T t> d <D d> k <K k> g <G g>
Fricative ɸ <Æ æ> β <Ù ù> f <F f> v <V v> θ ð <Ð ð> s <C c> z <Z z> ʃ ʒ <J j> ɧ̙ʷ <Ç ç> χ <X x> ʁ <R r> h <H h>
Approximant j1 w1
Trill ʀ <R° r°>
Lateral approx. l <L l>
Prenasalised occlusives ᵑg <É é>

1See section on spelling rules.

Front Central Back
Close i y u <Û û>
Close-mid e <E e> ø <Ë ë> o <O o> alt. <Ô ô>
Open-mid ɛ <Ê ê> (œ <Ë ë>) ɛ̃ <Ï ï> ɔ <O o> ɔ̃ <Ö ö>
Open ä <A a> ɑ̃ <Ä ä>

Morphophonology

An epenthetic /i/ (between consonants) or an epenthetic /n/ (between vowels) can be insterted between the radical of a verb and its conjugation ending, if the pronunciation is otherwise deemed difficult.

Morphology

Nouns

Adjectives

Adverbs

Verbs

There are three verb groups, marked with different infinitive endings : the first group, ending in -ü ; the second group, ending in -ar ; and the third, ending in -ôr. Verbs are conjugated for tense, mood, and person. There are seven persons : 1SG, 2SG, 3SG, 1PL, 2PL, 3PL, and a 2POLITE person of politeness (used in both the singular and the plural). Verbs are conjugated by replacing the infinitive ending with a conjugated ending.

There are five moods : indicative, absolute, imperative, conditional and subjunctive. Overall, the verbal system is similar to that of French, with some extra moods and tenses.

Indicative

Present
Person First groupe Second group Third group
1SG -a /a/ -a /a/ -vêl /vɛl/
2SG -aec /a/ -ac /as/ -vego /vego/
3SG -at /a/ -at /at/ -vma /vma/
1PL -mmec /m/ -mûc /mus/ -vyd /vjɔd/
2PL -tec /t/ -tic /tis/ -vemi /vemi/
3PL -aent /w/ -na /na/ -vi~ä /vjɑ̃/
2POL -e /e/ -e /e/ -và /vaj/
Imperfect
Person First groupe Second group Third group
1SG -tea /ta/ -ta /ta/ -loic /lwa/
2SG -teec /te/ -tac /tas/ -luac /lwa/
3SG -teat /ta/ -tat /tat/ -liait /li(j)e/
1PL -teômc /tɛm/ -tamo /tamo/ -limmôc /lim/
2PL -teôtc /te/ -tati /tati/ -liat /li(j)a/
3PL -teant /tɑ̃/ -tana /tana/ -luônt /ly/
2POL -te /te/ -te /te/ -leiônt /le/
Simple Past
Person First groupe Second group Third group
1SG -ai /e/ -fa /fa/ -bic /bi/
2SG -ac /a/ -fac /fas/ -bic /bi/
3SG -at /a/ -fat /fat/ -bit /bi/
1PL -amôc /am/ -famo /famo/ -böc /bɔ̃/
2PL -atôc /at/ -fati /fati/ -bez /be/
3PL -rent /ʁ/ -fana /fana/ -bent /b(ə)/
2POL -ôtôc /at/ -fe /fe/ -biôz /bje/
Simple Future
Person First groupe Second group Third group
1SG -rãa /ʁa/ -ra /ʁa/ -gamm /gal/
2SG -rãac /ʁa/ -rac /ʁas/ -gêmôc /gɛl/
3SG -rãat /ʁa/ -rat /ʁat/ -gora /goʁa/
1PL -rãômc /ʁ/ -ramo /ʁamo/ -gûônc /gu:/
2PL -rãôtc /ʁe/ -rati /ʁati/ -girôc /ʒiʁ/
3PL -rãant /ʁɑ̃/ -rana /ʁana/ -ginnôc /ʒin/
2POL -rãe /ʁe/ -re /ʁe/ -gin /gin/

Absolute

Present
Person First groupe Second group Third group
1SG Example Example Example
2SG Example Example Example
3SG Example Example Example
1PL Example Example Example
2PL Example Example Example
3PL Example Example Example
2POL Example Example Example

Imperative

Present
Person First groupe Second group Third group
1SG Example Example Example
2SG Example Example Example
3SG Example Example Example
1PL Example Example Example
2PL Example Example Example
3PL Example Example Example
2POL Example Example Example

Conditional

Present
Person First groupe Second group Third group
1SG Example Example Example
2SG Example Example Example
3SG Example Example Example
1PL Example Example Example
2PL Example Example Example
3PL Example Example Example
2POL Example Example Example

Subjunctive

Present
Person First groupe Second group Third group
1SG Example Example Example
2SG Example Example Example
3SG Example Example Example
1PL Example Example Example
2PL Example Example Example
3PL Example Example Example
2POL Example Example Example
Imperfect
Person First groupe Second group Third group
1SG Example Example Example
2SG Example Example Example
3SG Example Example Example
1PL Example Example Example
2PL Example Example Example
3PL Example Example Example
2POL Example Example Example

Participles

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

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