Pre-Húsnorsk

(still adjusting from the copied Jugsnorsk article)

Pre-Húsnorsk
*hūsanorzka
Pronunciation	[*ˈxuː.sɑ.ˌnort͡s.kɑ]
Created by	Melinoë
Native to	Northern Kievan Rus
Era	Evolved from Proto-Norse in the 8th century, developed into Old Húsnorsk by the 12th century.
Language family	Indo-European Germanic North Germanic Pre-Húsnorsk
Early form	Proto-Norse
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	phus

Pre-Húsnorsk was the North Germanic language ancestral to the Húsnorsk language(s), it is extremely notable for its archaic state, often noted as being "hyper-archaic", consistently preserving Proto-Germanic *z as distinct in all positions, even where lost in the other dialects of Old Norse, such as in *foglăʀ, vs. Old Norse fogl. As mentioned before, Pre-Húsnorsk is a dialect of Old Norse, though whether divergent or conservative is difficult to determine.

Húsnorsk split early on, in the 8th century, as the Rus' began migrating around, due to this historic speaker population, Pre-Húsnorsk is also called Rus' Norse. It is hard to determine when exactly Húsnorsk became a distinct dialect, though it was certainly so by the mid 10th century. The difficulty of dating is largely due to spelling issues in the Younger Futhark, mostly from the small character inventory but a large phoneme inventory. Some independent developments resolve a few of the issues, but many remained. (see the orthography section)

History

Name

"Húsnorsk" is believed to originate from Pre-Húsnorsk as *hūsanorþka, a term for all the vernacular dialects spoken in the period (roughly 750AD-1100AD), eventually coming to refer to the vernacular dialect of the region specifically.

Development

The development of Pre-Húsnorsk is not entirely understood, and it's doubtful that it ever will be, as it seems several of the changes went unwritten, leaving linguists only to conjecture over possibilities. The major sound changes are listed below.

From Proto-Norse:

• ʀ begun assimilating with neighboring sonorants, but not with other consonants (*-inʀ > -inn)
• Nasals are definitively lost before /s/, nasalizing the preceding the vowel. This seems to also affect nasals before *z
• -Vn develops into a nasal vowel (eg. *habjan > *habją (Pre-Húsnorsk hæfą))
• stressed e breaks into ja, unless following w or r
• j lost word initially, and w lost before round vowels
• I and U umlaut begin: (causes the loss of /i, u/, and the shortening of /iː, uː/)
  • with i: /e, ɛ, a, u, o/ > /i, e, ɛ, y, ø/
  • with u: /i, e, ɛ, a, o/ > /y, ø, œ, ɔ, u/
  • with i and u: /e, ɛ, a, o/ > /y, ø, œ, y/
  • A unique feature of Húsnorsk is i-umlauted /i/ and u-umlauted /u/, these undergo breaking to /je/ and /wo/,
• Word final ē in Proto-Norse develops into ī in Pre-Húsnorsk, but remains as ē elsewhere. It also becomes ī before ʀ.
• /au/ and /øy/ merge to /øy/
• coda /l/ had likely developed into /ʟ/ by Old Húsnorsk
• At some point, /NC/ becomes /CC/ (eg. mp, mb, nt, nd, nk, ng > pp, bb, tt, dd, kk, gg)
• A notable feature is the seeming initial devoicing of approximants, thus losing the distinction between r/hr, l/hl, and w/hw. It's believed to be devoicing due to early descriptions by Swedish scholars. ("A people who cannot pronounce their initial Rs, Ls, and Ws without breath")

Phonology

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Velar
Nasal		m		n
Stop	Unvoiced	p		t	k
	Voiced	b		d	g
Fricative	Unvoiced	f~v ⟨f⟩	θ~ð ⟨þ⟩	s	x ⟨h⟩
	Voiced				ʀ¹
Approximant		w²		r², l², ³	j²

1. probably [ɹ̠˔].
2. Devoiced word-initially, probably [ʍ, r̥, l̥, ç]
3. likely [ʟ] in coda position.

	Front		Back
	Unround	Round
High	i	y	u
Mid-High	e	ø	o
Mid-Low	ɛ ⟨æ⟩	œ¹	ɔ ⟨ꜵ⟩
Low			a

1. This sound was almost certainly distinct from /ø/ in Pre-Húsnorsk. (/ø/ was written "ꜷ", while /œ/ was written "œ", the consistency between the two seems to point towards a strong distinction)

Every vowel has a nasal counterpart, as well as a long form. It seems when nasal, there is no distinction between mid-high and mid-low, the qualities here were likely true mid ([ẽ̞, ø̞̃, õ̞]), or at least transitioning towards such, though they were most certainly not mid-high by the time of Old Húsnorsk.

Orthography

The historic orthography of Pre-Húsnorsk is notoriously difficult to read, as it is with all historic texts in Old Norse. There are two main issues that contribute to this:

• Letter forms often differ greatly from their modern counterparts, as well as the extensive use of ligatures, shorthand, and abbreviations.

Early Pre-Húsnorsk (Pre-10th century) was mainly written in a variant of the Elder Futhark. This alphabet had many of the same problems as Old Norse in the Younger Futhark, especially regarding vowels, though it did create a distinction between oral and nasal vowels. This distinction was achieved through "binding" (ligaturing) the n rune (ᚾ, which was often written with a horizontal branch rather than the diagonal one) to the appropriate vowel rune, as in "" (modern example handwritten on paper), the rune used for "ą".

Morphology

Umlaut

Umlaut is a series of alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is not nearly as so in Húsnorsk, u-umlaut having been largely analogized out (it remains in some words where the u-umlaut occurred through enough forms for the umlauted root to be used rather than the basic one), this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. mál and mál). i-umlaut, however, is largely preserved, even extended at times. An odd phenomena occurs wherein words where the stressed vowel is i, when undergoing i-umlaut, instead exhibit u-umlaut (eg. i > y), the cause for this is entirely unknown.

The later vowel alternations from l-vocalization have yet to occur, as l seemingly had not yet to vocalize.

Nouns

Pre-Húsnorsk seems to exhibit the beginnings of the masculine/feminine collapsing into the common, though it had not been completed yet, this being one of the main distinctions between Pre-Húsnorsk (a dialect of Old Norse) from Varhúsnorsk (a distinct language).

The strong/weak distinction for nouns is largely unused in Húsnorsk linguistics.

Near the end of the Pre-Húsnorsk, the vocative begins appearing, this is one of the first major cracks in the phonemic spelling system to show up (the retention of root spellings in verbs is considered inconsequential)

Masculine patterns

Inflection of ablăʀ (masculine a-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ablăʀ	ablăʀin	ablaʀ	ablaʀniʀ
accusative	abl	ablin	ablą	abląna
dative	abli	ablinum	ꜵblum	ꜵblunum
genitive	abls	ablsins	ablą	abląnna

Inflection of olfăʀ (masculine a-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	olfăʀ	olfăʀin	ulfaʀ	ulfaʀniʀ
accusative	olf	olfin	ulfą	ulfąna
dative	ulfi	ulfinum	wolfum	wolfunum
genitive	olfs	olfsins	ulfą	ulfąnna

Inflection of ælăʀ (Masculine i-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ælăʀ	ælăʀinn	æliʀ	æliʀniʀ
accusative	æl	ælin	ælį	ælįną
dative	æli	ælini	ꜵlum	ꜵlunum
genitive	ælaʀ	ælaʀįs	ælą	æląnną

Inflection of ásj (common u-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ásj	ásjī	æsí	æsíní
accusative	ás	ásī	ási	ásina
vocative	j'ás	j'ásī	j'ási	j'ásina
dative	ási	ásinū	ásū	ásunū
genitive	ásis	ásinūs	ásūs	ásunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ássj	ássjī	æssí	æssíní
accusative	áss	ássī	ássi	ássina
vocative	j'áss	j'ássī	j'ássi	j'ássina
dative	ássi	ássinū	ássū	ássunū
genitive	ássis	ássinūs	ássūs	ássunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	áskj	áskjī	æskí	æskíní
accusative	ásk	áskī	áski	áskina
vocative	j'ásk	j'áskī	j'áski	j'áskina
dative	áski	áskinū	áskū	áskunū
genitive	áskis	áskinūs	áskūs	áskunūs

The u-stem has largely become identical to the i-stem, the only difference being the i-umlaut in the nominative plural.

Inflection of najlj (common consonant-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	najlj	najljī	najl	najliní
accusative	najl	najlī	najl	najlina
vocative	j'najl	j'najlī	j'najl	j'najlina
dative	najli	najlinū	najlū	najlunū
genitive	najlis	najlinūs	najlūs	najlunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	najlsj	najlsjī	najls	najlsiní
accusative	najls	najlsī	najls	najlsina
vocative	j'najls	j'najlsī	j'najls	j'najlsina
dative	najlsi	najlsinū	najlsū	najlsunū
genitive	najlsis	najlsinūs	najlsūs	najlsunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	najlgj	najlgjī	najlg	najlginí
accusative	najlg	najlgī	najlg	najlgina
vocative	j'najlg	j'najlgī	j'najlg	j'najlgina
dative	najlgi	najlginū	najlgū	najlgunū
genitive	najlgis	najlginūs	najlgūs	najlgunūs

In najlj, you see how historic sound shifts occasionally flatten umlaut variations, such as here with the old /a/-/ɛ/ dynamic, where in Jugsnorsk /ɛ/ has merged with /a/. This should not be thought of as the removal of umlaut, but rather the loss of the distinction, as the umlaut variations can still be seen in other words, such as the following word:

Inflection of figgj (common consonant-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	figgj	figgjī	fygg	fygginí
accusative	figg	figgī	fygg	fyggina
vocative	j'figg	j'figgī	j'fygg	j'fyggina
dative	figgi	figginū	figgū	figgunū
genitive	figgis	figginūs	figgūs	figgunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	figgsj	figgsjī	fyggs	fyggsiní
accusative	figgs	figgsī	fyggs	fyggsina
vocative	j'figgs	j'figgsī	j'fyggs	j'fyggsina
dative	figgsi	figgsinū	figgsū	figgsunū
genitive	figgsis	figgsinūs	figgsūs	figgsunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	figgj	figgjjī	fyggj	fyggjiní
accusative	figgj	figgjī	fyggj	fyggjina
vocative	j'figgj	j'figgjī	j'fyggj	j'fyggjina
dative	figgji	figgjinū	figgjū	figgjunū
genitive	figgjis	figgjinūs	figgjūs	figgjunūs

Here in figgj you see how i-umlauted i becomes y, instead of the expected outcome of being unaffected.

Feminine patterns

By the end of the Pre-Húsnorsk era, the masculine/feminine distinction had collapsed, leading to a common gender instead.

feminine ō-stem:

Inflection of nasi (common a-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	nasi	nasjī	nasæ	nasæní
accusative	nas	nasī	nasa	nasana
vocative	j'nas	j'nasī	j'nasa	j'nasana
dative	nasi	nasinū	nasū	nasunū
genitive	nasis	nasinūs	nasūs	nasunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	nassi	nassjī	nassæ	nassæní
accusative	nass	nassī	nassa	nassana
vocative	j'nass	j'nassī	j'nassa	j'nassana
dative	nassi	nassinū	nassū	nassunū
genitive	nassis	nassinūs	nassūs	nassunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	naski	naskjī	naskæ	naskæní
accusative	nask	naskī	naska	naskana
vocative	j'nask	j'naskī	j'naska	j'naskana
dative	naski	naskinū	naskū	naskunū
genitive	naskis	naskinūs	naskūs	naskunūs

feminine ōn-stem

Inflection of akka (common ōn-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	akka	akkā	akký	akkýní
accusative	akku	akkū	akký	akkýna
vocative	j'akku	j'akkū	j'akký	j'akkýna
dative	akki	akkinū	akkū	akkunū
genitive	akkis	akkinūs	akkūs	akkunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	akksa	akksā	akksý	akksýní
accusative	akksu	akksū	akksý	akksýna
vocative	j'akksu	j'akksū	j'akksý	j'akksýna
dative	akksi	akksinū	akksū	akksunū
genitive	akksis	akksinūs	akksūs	akksunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	akkja	akkjā	akkjý	akkjýní
accusative	akkju	akkjū	akkjý	akkjýna
vocative	j'akkju	j'akkjū	j'akkjý	j'akkjýna
dative	akkji	akkjinū	akkjū	akkjunū
genitive	akkjis	akkjinūs	akkjūs	akkjunūs

Neuter patterns

Inflection of māl (neuter a-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	māl	mālit	mꜵ̄l	mꜵ̄lin
accusative	māl	mālit	mꜵ̄l	mꜵ̄lin
dative	mǣli	mǣlini	mꜵ̄lum	mꜵ̄lunum
genitive	māls	mālsįs	mālą	māląnną

Inflection of īsladd (neuter a-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	īsladd	īsladdit	īslꜵdd	īslꜵddin
accusative	īsladd	īsladdit	īslꜵdd	īslꜵddin
dative	islæddi	islæddini	īslꜵddum	īslꜵddunum
genitive	īsladds	īsladdsįs	īsladdą	īsladdąnną

Adjectives

Positive inflection of sý

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sý	sǿt	sélí	sǿ
accusative	sélā	sǿt	séla	sǿ
dative	séli	séli	sélū	sélū
genitive	sélis	sélis	sélūs	sélūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sǿjī	sǿtit	sélíní	sélī
accusative	sélī	sǿtit	sélana	sélī
dative	sélinū	sélinū	sélunū	sélunū
genitive	sélinūs	sélinūs	sélunūs	sélunūs

Comparative inflection of sý

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélé	sélat	sélarí	séla
accusative	sélarā	sélat	sélara	séla
dative	sélari	sélari	sélū	sélū
genitive	sélaris	sélaris	sélūs	sélūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélajī	sélatit	sélaríní	sélarī
accusative	sélarī	sélatit	sélarana	sélarī
dative	sélarinū	sélarinū	sélarunū	sélarunū
genitive	sélarinūs	sélarinūs	sélarunūs	sélarunūs

Superlative inflection of sý

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélastj	sélast	sélastí	sélast
accusative	sélastā	sélast	sélasta	sélast
dative	sélasti	sélasti	sélustū	sélustū
genitive	sélastis	sélastis	sélustūs	sélustūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélastjī	sélastit	sélastíní	sélastī
accusative	sélastī	sélastit	sélastana	sélastī
dative	sélastinū	sélastinū	sélustunū	sélustunū
genitive	sélastinūs	sélastinūs	sélustunūs	sélustunūs

Pronouns

Jugsnorsk personal pronouns

singular	1st	2nd	reflexive	3rd
				common	neuter
nominative	ak, a(h)¹, k', a'	þú, þ', u'	—	hán	þat, þan²
accusative	mik, mi(h)¹	þik, þi(h)¹	sik, si(h)¹
dative	mí	þí	sí	háni	þati, þani¹, þwí³
genitive	mínj	þínj	sínj	hánj	þatj, þanj¹
plural	1st	2nd	reflexive	3rd
				common	neuter
nominative	ví, ý	í	—	þí	þò
accusative	os	i, í	sik, si(h)¹	þé, þí
dative	osj	í	sí	þè
genitive	ork	ivé	sinj	þéja

1: colloquial
2: analogized with hán
3: archaic

Verbs

(Most of these need updating, I gotta finish evolving them all from Proto-Norse)

Húsnorsk has begun using -at far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, though typically appearing as -t.

The plural imperative is usually -ið, but it's occasionally seen as -að, the origin of this new suffix is unknown, but likely comes from differentiating it from the subjunctive.

Strong verbs

Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs. The different classes exist as each has a different characteristic ablaut pattern.

Class 1

Class 1 is characterized by -ī- in the present and -i- in the past.

Positive conjugation of grīpą — (strong class 1)

	present			past
infinitive	grīpa			gripa
participle	grīpaddi			gripþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{ind_1sg}}}	{{{sub_1sg}}}		{{{pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	grīpuʀ	grīpiʀ		gripu	gripi
wīʀ	grīpum	grīpim		gripum	gripim
īʀ	grīpuþ	grīpiþ		gripuþ	gripiþ
þæiʀ	grīpun	grīpin		gripun	gripin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	grīpusk	grīpisk		gripusk	gripisk
wīʀ	{{{mp_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_sub_1pl}}}		{{{mp_pa_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_pa_sub_1pl}}}
īʀ/þæiʀ	grīpuzk	grīpizk		gripuzk	gripizk

Negative conjugation of grīpą — (strong class 1)

	present			past
infinitive	grīpat			gripat
participle	grīpaddit			gripzt
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{neg_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_sub_1sg}}}		{{{neg_pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	grīpust	grīpist		griput	gripit
plural	grīputt	grīpitt		griputt	gripitt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	grīpuszk	grīpiszk		gripuzk	gripizk
plural	grīputzk	grīpitzk		griputzk	gripitzk

Class 2

Class 2 is characterized by -jō- in the present and -u- in the past.

Positive conjugation of ljūgą — (strong class 2)

	present			past
infinitive	ljūga			luga
participle	ljūgaddi			lugþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{ind_1sg}}}	{{{sub_1sg}}}		{{{pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	ljūguʀ	ljūgiʀ		lugu	lugi
wīʀ	ljūgum	ljūgim		lugum	lugim
īʀ	ljūguþ	ljūgiþ		luguþ	lugiþ
þæiʀ	ljūgun	ljūgin		lugun	lugin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	ljūgusk	ljūgisk		lugusk	lugisk
wīʀ	{{{mp_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_sub_1pl}}}		{{{mp_pa_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_pa_sub_1pl}}}
īʀ/þæiʀ	ljūguzk	ljūgizk		luguzk	lugizk

Negative conjugation of ljūgą — (strong class 2)

	present			past
infinitive	ljūgat			lugat
participle	ljūgaddit			lugzt
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{neg_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_sub_1sg}}}		{{{neg_pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	ljūgust	ljūgist		lugut	lugit
plural	ljūgutt	ljūgitt		lugutt	lugitt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	ljūguszk	ljūgiszk		luguzk	lugizk
plural	ljūgutzk	ljūgitzk		lugutzk	lugitzk

Class 3

Class 3 is split into several sub-classes, as there's multiple patterns contained in it. All patterns have -u- in the indicative past and -y- in the subjunctive past.

Class 3-i

Characterized by -i- in the present. This -e- is cognate to Old Norse -i-, the value is likely through a-umlaut, though this is debated.

Positive conjugation of widdą — (strong class 3-i)

	present			past
infinitive	widda			udda
participle	widdaddi			uddþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{ind_1sg}}}	{{{sub_1sg}}}		{{{pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	widduʀ	widdiʀ		uddu	yddi
wīʀ	widdum	widdim		uddum	yddim
īʀ	widduþ	widdiþ		udduþ	yddiþ
þæiʀ	widdun	widdin		uddun	yddin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	widdusk	widdisk		uddusk	yddisk
wīʀ	{{{mp_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_sub_1pl}}}		{{{mp_pa_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_pa_sub_1pl}}}
īʀ/þæiʀ	widduzk	widdizk		udduzk	yddizk

Negative conjugation of widdą — (strong class 3-i)

	present			past
infinitive	widdat			uddat
participle	widdaddit			uddzt
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{neg_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_sub_1sg}}}		{{{neg_pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	widdust	widdist		uddut	yddit
plural	widdutt	widditt		uddutt	ydditt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	widduszk	widdiszk		udduzk	yddizk
plural	widdutzk	widditzk		uddutzk	ydditzk

Positive conjugation of winną — (strong class 3-i)

	present			past
infinitive	winna			unna
participle	winnaddi			unnþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{ind_1sg}}}	{{{sub_1sg}}}		{{{pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	winnuʀ	winniʀ		unnu	ynni
wīʀ	winnum	winnim		unnum	ynnim
īʀ	winnuþ	winniþ		unnuþ	ynniþ
þæiʀ	winnun	winnin		unnun	ynnin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	winnusk	winnisk		unnusk	ynnisk
wīʀ	{{{mp_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_sub_1pl}}}		{{{mp_pa_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_pa_sub_1pl}}}
īʀ/þæiʀ	winnuzk	winnizk		unnuzk	ynnizk

Negative conjugation of winną — (strong class 3-i)

	present			past
infinitive	winnat			unnat
participle	winnaddit			unnzt
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{neg_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_sub_1sg}}}		{{{neg_pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	winnust	winnist		unnut	ynnit
plural	winnutt	winnitt		unnutt	ynnitt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	winnuszk	winniszk		unnuzk	ynnizk
plural	winnutzk	winnitzk		unnutzk	ynnitzk

Class 3-ja

Characterized by -ja- in the present.

Positive conjugation of bjargą — (strong class 3-ja)

	present			past
infinitive	bjarga			burga
participle	bjargaddi			burgþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{ind_1sg}}}	{{{sub_1sg}}}		{{{pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	bjarguʀ	bjargiʀ		burgu	byrgi
wīʀ	bjargum	bjargim		burgum	byrgim
īʀ	bjarguþ	bjargiþ		burguþ	byrgiþ
þæiʀ	bjargun	bjargin		burgun	byrgin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	bjargusk	bjargisk		burgusk	byrgisk
wīʀ	{{{mp_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_sub_1pl}}}		{{{mp_pa_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_pa_sub_1pl}}}
īʀ/þæiʀ	bjarguzk	bjargizk		burguzk	byrgizk

Negative conjugation of bjargą — (strong class 3-ja)

	present			past
infinitive	bjargat			burgat
participle	bjargaddit			burgzt
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{neg_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_sub_1sg}}}		{{{neg_pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	bjargust	bjargist		burgut	byrgit
plural	bjargutt	bjargitt		burgutt	byrgitt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	bjarguszk	bjargiszk		burguzk	byrgizk
plural	bjargutzk	bjargitzk		burgutzk	byrgitzk

Class 3-y

Characterized by -ȳ- in the present. -ȳ- is cognate to Old Norse -ø- and -y-.

This first verb is cognate to Old Norse þryngva.

Positive conjugation of þrȳggą — (strong class 3-y)

	present			past
infinitive	þrȳgga			þrugga
participle	þrȳggaddi			þruggþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{ind_1sg}}}	{{{sub_1sg}}}		{{{pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	þrȳgguʀ	þrȳggiʀ		þruggu	þryggi
wīʀ	þrȳggum	þrȳggim		þruggum	þryggim
īʀ	þrȳgguþ	þrȳggiþ		þrugguþ	þryggiþ
þæiʀ	þrȳggun	þrȳggin		þruggun	þryggin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	þrȳggusk	þrȳggisk		þruggusk	þryggisk
wīʀ	{{{mp_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_sub_1pl}}}		{{{mp_pa_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_pa_sub_1pl}}}
īʀ/þæiʀ	þrȳgguzk	þrȳggizk		þrugguzk	þryggizk

Negative conjugation of þrȳggą — (strong class 3-y)

	present			past
infinitive	þrȳggat			þruggat
participle	þrȳggaddit			þruggzt
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{neg_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_sub_1sg}}}		{{{neg_pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	þrȳggust	þrȳggist		þruggut	þryggit
plural	þrȳggutt	þrȳggitt		þruggutt	þryggitt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	þrȳgguszk	þrȳggiszk		þrugguzk	þryggizk
plural	þrȳggutzk	þrȳggitzk		þruggutzk	þryggitzk

This next verb is cognate with Old Norse søkkva. The expected form is sykka, but the present was analogized to -ȳ- to help distinguish the past subjunctive.

Positive conjugation of sȳkką — (strong class 3-y)

	present			past
infinitive	sȳkka			sukka
participle	sȳkkaddi			sukkþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{ind_1sg}}}	{{{sub_1sg}}}		{{{pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	sȳkkuʀ	sȳkkiʀ		sukku	sykki
wīʀ	sȳkkum	sȳkkim		sukkum	sykkim
īʀ	sȳkkuþ	sȳkkiþ		sukkuþ	sykkiþ
þæiʀ	sȳkkun	sȳkkin		sukkun	sykkin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	sȳkkusk	sȳkkisk		sukkusk	sykkisk
wīʀ	{{{mp_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_sub_1pl}}}		{{{mp_pa_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_pa_sub_1pl}}}
īʀ/þæiʀ	sȳkkuzk	sȳkkizk		sukkuzk	sykkizk

Negative conjugation of sȳkką — (strong class 3-y)

	present			past
infinitive	sȳkkat			sukkat
participle	sȳkkaddit			sukkzt
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{neg_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_sub_1sg}}}		{{{neg_pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	sȳkkust	sȳkkist		sukkut	sykkit
plural	sȳkkutt	sȳkkitt		sukkutt	sykkitt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	sȳkkuszk	sȳkkiszk		sukkuzk	sykkizk
plural	sȳkkutzk	sȳkkitzk		sukkutzk	sykkitzk

Class 5

Positive conjugation of gjatą — (strong class 5)

	present			past
infinitive	gjata			gāta
participle	gjataddi			gāttăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{ind_1sg}}}	{{{sub_1sg}}}		{{{pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	gjatuʀ	gjatiʀ		gātu	gāti
wīʀ	gjatum	gjatim		gātum	gātim
īʀ	gjatuþ	gjatiþ		gātuþ	gātiþ
þæiʀ	gjatun	gjatin		gātun	gātin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	gjatusk	gjatisk		gātusk	gātisk
wīʀ	{{{mp_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_sub_1pl}}}		{{{mp_pa_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_pa_sub_1pl}}}
īʀ/þæiʀ	gjatuzk	gjatizk		gātuzk	gātizk

Negative conjugation of gjatą — (strong class 5)

	present			past
infinitive	gjatat			gātat
participle	gjataddit			gātzt
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{neg_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_sub_1sg}}}		{{{neg_pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	gjatust	gjatist		gātut	gātit
plural	gjatutt	gjatitt		gātutt	gātitt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	gjatuszk	gjatiszk		gātuzk	gātizk
plural	gjatutzk	gjatitzk		gātutzk	gātitzk

Variously appears as gjata~gæta

Class 7

Positive conjugation of gaggą — (strong class 7)

	present			past
infinitive	gagga			gjagga
participle	gaggaddi			gjaggþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{ind_1sg}}}	{{{sub_1sg}}}		{{{pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	gjagguʀ	gaggiʀ		gjaggu	gjaggi
wīʀ	gaggum	gaggim		gjaggum	gjaggim
īʀ	gagguþ	gaggiþ		gjagguþ	gjaggiþ
þæiʀ	gaggun	gaggin		gjaggun	gjaggin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	gaggusk	gaggisk		gjaggusk	gjaggisk
wīʀ	{{{mp_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_sub_1pl}}}		{{{mp_pa_ind_1pl}}}	{{{mp_pa_sub_1pl}}}
īʀ/þæiʀ	gagguzk	gaggizk		gjagguzk	gjaggizk

Negative conjugation of gaggą — (strong class 7)

	present			past
infinitive	gaggat			gjaggat
participle	gaggaddit			gjaggzt
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{neg_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_sub_1sg}}}		{{{neg_pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	gjaggust	gaggist		gjaggut	gjaggit
plural	gaggutt	gaggitt		gjaggutt	gjaggitt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	gagguszk	gaggiszk		gjagguzk	gjaggizk
plural	gaggutzk	gaggitzk		gjaggutzk	gjaggitzk

Weak verbs

Weak verbs are defined by a -þ- in the past tense, with the forms otherwise identical to the present.

weak verbs have largely been leveled to two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, bøygja, is a j-weak.

Positive conjugation of bøygą — (weak)

	present			past
infinitive	bøygą			bøygþą
participle	bøygaddăʀ			bøygþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	bøygi	bøygą		bøygþą	bøygþį
þū/hānăʀ	bøygiʀ	bøygiʀ		bøygþiʀ	bøygþiʀ
wīʀ	bøygum	bøygim		bøygþum	bøygþim
īʀ	bøyguþ	bøygiþ		bøygþuþ	bøygþiþ
þæiʀ	bøygų	bøygį		bøygþų	bøygþį
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	bøygisk	bøygisk		bøygþisk	bøygþisk
wīʀ	bøygumsk	bøygimsk		bøygþuzk	bøygþimsk
īʀ/þæiʀ	bøyguzk	bøygizk		bøygþuzk	bøygþizk

Negative conjugation of bøygą — (weak)

	present			past
infinitive	bøygąt			bøygþąt
participle	bøygatzt			bøygtt
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	bøygit	bøygąt		bøygþąt	bøygþįt
þū/hānăʀ	bøygist	bøygist		bøygþist	bøygþist
plural	bøygutt	bøygitt		bøygþutt	bøygþitt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	bøygizk	bøygizk		bøygþizk	bøygþizk
plural	bøygutzk	bøygitzk		bøygþutzk	bøygþitzk

This next verb, hafa, is a plain weak.

Positive conjugation of hæfą — (weak)

	present			past
infinitive	hæfą			hafþą
participle	hæfaddăʀ			hafþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	hæfi	hafą		hæfþą	hæfþį
þū/hānăʀ	hæfiʀ	hafiʀ		hæfþiʀ	hæfþiʀ
wīʀ	hæfum	hafim		hꜵfþum	hæfþim
īʀ	hæfuþ	hafiþ		hꜵfþuþ	hæfþiþ
þæiʀ	hæfų	hafį		hꜵfþų	hæfþį
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	hæfisk	hafisk		hæfþisk	hæfþisk
wīʀ	hæfumsk	hafimsk		hꜵfþuzk	hæfþimsk
īʀ/þæiʀ	hæfuzk	hafizk		hꜵfþuzk	hæfþizk

Negative conjugation of hæfą — (weak)

	present			past
infinitive	hæfąt			hafþąt
participle	hæfatzt			hafzt
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	hæfit	hafąt		hæfþąt	hæfþįt
þū/hānăʀ	hæfist	hafist		hæfþist	hæfþist
plural	hæfutt	hafitt		hꜵfþutt	hæfþitt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	hæfizk	hafizk		hæfþizk	hæfþizk
plural	hæfutzk	hafitzk		hꜵfþutzk	hæfþitzk

Suppletive verbs

Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.

This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.

Positive conjugation of wæsa — active only (suppletive, or irregular strong class 5)

	present			past
infinitive	wæsa			wāʀa, wāsa⁴
participle	wæsaddi			wāstăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{ind_1sg}}}	{{{sub_1sg}}}		{{{pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	(w)æsuʀ²	wæsiʀ		wāʀu, wās⁴	wāʀi
wīʀ	(w)æsum³	wæsim		wāʀum	wāʀim
īʀ	(w)æsuþ³	wæsiþ		wāʀuþ	wāʀiþ
þæiʀ	(w)æsun³	wæsin		wāʀun	wāʀin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	—	—		—	—
wīʀ	—	—		—	—
īʀ/þæiʀ	—	—		—	—

2: regularized to the root wæs-
3: see note 2; -s- is younger, originally had -ʀ-
4: older

Negative conjugation of wæsa — active only (suppletive, or irregular strong class 5)

	present			past
infinitive	wæsat			wāʀat
participle	wæsaddit			wāstast
active	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
jak	{{{neg_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_sub_1sg}}}		{{{neg_pa_ind_1sg}}}	{{{neg_pa_sub_1sg}}}
þū/hānăʀ	(w)æsust	wæsist		wāʀut	wāʀit
plural	(w)æsutt	wæsitt		wāʀutt	wāʀitt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive		indicative	subjunctive
singular	—	—		—	—
plural	—	—		—	—

2: regularized to the root wæs-
3: see note 2; -s- is younger, originally had -ʀ-
4: older

Numerals

The following table will present the cardinal 1-10.

Number	Pre-Húsnorsk
1	æinaʀ (/æinăʀ/)
2	twæi(ʀ)
3	þrīʀ
4	fæþwiʀ
5	*fæmf
6	sæks
7	*sævu(n)
8	*āhtu(n)?
9	*n(j)u(n)
10	*t(j)u(n)

Positive inflection of énj

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	énj	étt	éní	én
accusative	énā	étt	éna	én
dative	éni	éni	énū	énū
genitive	énis	énis	énūs	énūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	—	—	—	—
accusative	—	—	—	—
dative	—	—	—	—
genitive	—	—	—	—

This next table is the ordinal 1-10, these were largely regularized to variants of -ði in Pre-Húsnorsk.

Number	Pre-Húsnorsk
1	æinþi
2	twæiþi
3	þrīþi
4	fæþþi (< *fæþwiþi)
5	fæddi (< *fæmdi)
6	sæhti
7	*sæfti
8	atti (/ātti/), *āhti?
9	*ny(n)þi
10	*ty(n)þi

Syntax

Pre-Húsnorsk syntax is relatively the same as Old Norse, and incredibly well preserved by Jugsnorsk, having relatively free word order, outside of requiring V2, allowing nouns to appear anywhere in the sentence as long as they're marked correctly.

These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Pre-Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).

maðpjoldin wāʀ 1.500 —The population was 1,500

In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.

In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.

ārit 2000 wāʀ maðpjoldin 1.500—In 2000, the population was 1,500 (lit. The year 2000 was the population 1,500)

The prepositional phrase "ārit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after 2000 rather than ārit.

V2 order seemingly has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following examples, you'll see the different methods that were used for question marking:

Ari wæsi soltin — Ari is hungry (lit. Ari has hungry)

and as a question:

Ari wæsi soltin? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Ari has hungry?)

Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).

Another method is SO inversion, as in:

soltin wæsi Ari? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Hungry has Ari?)

Lexical comparison

Leipzig-Jakarta List
Rank	Meaning	Old West Norse	Old East Norse	Pre-Húsnorsk
1	fire	eldr	eldʀ	eldăʀ
2	nose	nǫs	nǫs	nas
3	to go	ganga	ganga	gagga
4	water	vatn	watn	watn
5	mouth	(body) munnr (river) mynni (river) óss	(body) munþʀ (river) mynni (river) ōss	(body) munþăʀ (river) mynþi (river) ōsăʀ
6	tongue	tunga	tunga	tugga
7	blood	blóð	blōþ	blōþ
8	bone	bein	bēn	bæin
9	2sg pronoun (you)	þú	þū	þū
10	root	rót	rōt	rōt
11	to come (move)	kuma, koma	koma, kuma	koma
12	breast	brjóst	brjōst?	brjost
13	rain	regn	rægn	rægn
14	1sg pronoun (I)	ek	iak	æk
15	name	nafn	nafn (naβn?)	namn
16	louse (Phthirapteron)
17	wing
18	flesh/meat
19	arm/hand
20	fly (Dipteron)
21	night (time)	nátt	nāt	nāt
22	ear
23	neck
24	far (prep.)
25	to do/make
26	house/structure
27	stone/rock (singular)
28	bitter
29	to say	tala	tala	spā¹, tala
30	tooth
31	hair
32	big
33	one (number)	einn	ēn(?)	æin
34	who?
35	3sg pronoun (they)	hann (m) hǫ́n (f) þat (n)	han(n) (m) hōn (f) þæt? (n)	hān (m/f) þat (n)
36	to hit/beat
37	leg/foot
38	horn
39	this (pron.)	sá	sa	sa
40	fish	fiskr	fiskʀ	feskăʀ
41	yesterday
42	to drink
43	black (color)
44	navel
45	to stand
46	to bite
47	back (body)
48	wind
49	smoke (substance)
50	what?
51	child (kin term)
52	egg
53	to give
54	new (adj.)
55	to burn (intr.)
56	not (adj./adv.)	eigi (verbal) -at	ēgi (verbal) -at	æigi, æi (verbal) -(a)t
57	good
58	to know	kunna (a person) kenna	kunna (a person) kænna	konna (a person) kænna
59	knee
60	sand
61	to laugh
62	to hear
63	soil
64	leaf
65	red (color)
66	liver (organ)
67	to hide
68	skin/hide	feldr (animal) skinn (general) húð	feldʀ (animal) skin(n) (general) hūþ	feldăʀ (animal) skenþ³ (general) hūþăʀ (human)
69	to suck
70	to carry
71	ant (Formid)
72	heavy
73	to take
74	old
75	to eat	eta	æta	æta
76	thigh
77	thick
78	long (spacially)
79	to blow
80	wood
81	to run
82	to fall
83	eye (body-part)
84	ash
85	tail
86	dog
87	to cry/weep
88	to tie
89	to see
90	sweet
91	rope
92	shade/shadow
93	bird	fugl, fogl	fogl	foglăʀ
94	salt
95	small
96	wide
97	star
98	in	í	ī	ī
99	hard (materially)
100	to crush/grind

1. cognate to Old Norse "spá" ("to foretell")
2. a form with a-umlaut.
3. a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic.