Phonological history of Carnian: Difference between revisions
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* Regular /b, d, g/ with lenited /β, ð, ɣ/ intervocalically only | * Regular /b, d, g/ with lenited /β, ð, ɣ/ intervocalically only | ||
* Lenited /β, ð, ɣ/ in all positions (with allophones [ɸ, θ, x] in dialects with word-final devoicing) | * Lenited /β, ð, ɣ/ in all positions (with allophones [ɸ, θ, x] in dialects with word-final devoicing) | ||
=== Postalveolar iotation === | |||
The breaking of ''ẹ'' to ''ie'' triggered iotation of preceding postalveolar consonants, which became palatal: *čь > ''će'', *šь > ''śe'', *žь > ''źe'', *džь > ''dźe''. Any *čj, *šj, *žj, *džj clusters arising from yer loss likewise participated in this development. | |||
The voiced palatal fricatives ''ź'' and ''dź'' merged before leniting to ''j'' at an early stage, joining the existing palatal approximant. The voiceless palatal affricate ''ć'' merged with the fricative ''ś'', yielding a single palatal fricative. This phoneme remained distinct through the Old Carnian period, during which it developed a more retracted articulation [ç], a change that originated in Carinthian dialects under strong German influence and subsequently spread across the Carnian speaking territory. | |||
=== Regional Shared Innovations === | === Regional Shared Innovations === | ||
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![[w: | ![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]] | ||
|[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] | |[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] | ||
|[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]] | |[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]] | ||
|[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ̃]] | |[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ̃]] | ||
|[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]] | |||
| | | | ||
|rowspan="2"|[[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]] | |rowspan="2"|[[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]] | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|+ Consonant phonemes of the early Old Carnian | |+ Consonant phonemes of the early Old Carnian | ||
! colspan=2| | ! colspan=2 rowspan=2| | ||
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]] | ! rowspan=2| [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]] | ||
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]] / <br />[[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] | ! colspan=2| [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]] / <br />[[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] | ||
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]] | ! rowspan=2| [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]] | ||
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] | ! rowspan=2| [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] | ||
! [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]] | ! rowspan=2| [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>hard</small> | |||
!<small>soft</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | !colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | ||
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] | | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] | ||
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]] | | [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]] | ||
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|nʲ]] | |||
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| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]] | | [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]] | ||
| [[w:Voiceless dental plosive|t]] | | [[w:Voiceless dental plosive|t]] | ||
| [[w:Voiceless dental plosive|tʲ]] | |||
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| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]] | | [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]] | | [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]] | ||
| [[w:Voiced dental plosive|d]] | | [[w:Voiced dental plosive|d]] | ||
| [[w:Voiced dental plosive|dʲ]] | |||
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| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]] | | [[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate|Affricate]] | !rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate|Affricate]] | ||
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}} | ! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}} | ||
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| [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|dʒ]] | | | ||
| ([[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|dʒ]]) | |||
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| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] | | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] | ||
| | |||
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] | | [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] | ||
| | | [[w:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]] | ||
| [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] | | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] | ||
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| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] | | [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] | ||
| | |||
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]] | | [[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]] | ||
| | | ([[w:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]]) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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| [[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]] | | [[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]] | ||
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]] | | [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]] | ||
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|lʲ]] | |||
| | | | ||
| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j | | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=2| [[w: Tap and flap consonants|Flap]] | !colspan=2| [[w: Tap and flap consonants|Flap]] | ||
| | | | ||
| [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|ɾ]] | | [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|ɾ]] | ||
| [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|ɾʲ]] | |||
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|} | |} | ||
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=== Depalatalization === | === Depalatalization === | ||
Proto-Slavic palatalized | Proto-Slavic palatalized coronals (''ň'', ''ť'', ''ď'', ''ĺ'', ''ř'') underwent systematic depalatalization with varying outcomes: | ||
* Liquids ''ĺ'', ''ř'': Early depalatalization to plain /l/, /r/, with temporary contrast between ''l'' and ''ł'' before merger | * Liquids ''ĺ'', ''ř'': Early depalatalization to plain /l/, /r/, with temporary contrast between ''l'' and ''ł'' before merger | ||
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Importantly, most /Cj/ sequences resulting from yer loss remained distinct from depalatalized consonants, except liquid sequences ''lj'', ''rj'', which merged with ''ĺ'', ''ř'' reflexes (*''veselьje'' > ''vesele''). | Importantly, most /Cj/ sequences resulting from yer loss remained distinct from depalatalized consonants, except liquid sequences ''lj'', ''rj'', which merged with ''ĺ'', ''ř'' reflexes (*''veselьje'' > ''vesele''). | ||
Depalatalization occurred only for palatalized counterparts of dental/alveolar consonants; thus the true palatal ''ś'' (which became ''ch'' [ç] by this stage) did not participate in this process. | |||
=== L-vocalization === | === L-vocalization === | ||
Following ''ĺ'' depalatalization, Carnian maintained two lateral phonemes: plain ''l'' [l] (continuing *l before front vowels and lost front yers, plus *ĺ) and velarized ''ł'' [ɫ] (continuing *l before non-front vowels). Syllable-coda ''ł'' vocalized to ''u̯'', excluding word-final nominal positions (*''palъka'' > ''pauca'', *''davalъ'' > ''davau'', *''stolъ'' > ''stoł''). This parallels developments in Belarusian, Ukrainian, Slovak, and Slovene dialects. | Following ''ĺ'' depalatalization, Carnian maintained two lateral phonemes: plain ''l'' [l] (continuing *l before front vowels and lost front yers, plus *ĺ) and velarized ''ł'' [ɫ] (continuing *l before non-front vowels). Syllable-coda ''ł'' vocalized to ''u̯'', excluding word-final nominal positions (*''palъka'' > ''pauca'', *''davalъ'' > ''davau'', *''stolъ'' > ''stoł''). This parallels developments in Belarusian, Ukrainian, Slovak, and Slovene dialects. | ||
=== H-Loss === | |||
The velar fricative ''x'' underwent backing to glottal /h/ during the Old Carnian period. Word-initial /h/ remained stable and is preserved in modern Carnian. However, in all other positions (intervocalic, word-final, and adjacent to consonants) it was lost during the Old Carnian period. The resulting hiatus was resolved when following a high vowel according to one of the following strategies: | |||
* Phonetic resolution via glide insertion: /j/ after /i/, /ʋ/ after /u/. | |||
* Morphological resolution in nominal and adjectival paradigms where Proto-Slavic second regressive palatalization had created *x/*ś alternations (''*duxъ''/''*duśi''). In such paradigms, the sibilant /s/ was generalized throughout, eliminating hiatus entirely (''*duxъ'' > ''du'' > ''dus'', Gen. ''*duxa'' > ''dùa'' > ''dusa''). | |||
After non-high vowels, hiatus was generally preserved. | |||
Analogical restoration of medial /h/ occurred in stem-initial positions following prefixes, but only in formations where the connection to the root remained close. Thus ''*naxoditi'' yields ''nahodit'' (with restored /h/ by analogy with ''hodit'' 'to walk'), while lexicalized compounds like ''*zaxodъ'' produced ''zaod'' 'west' without restoration. | |||
=== Yat Evolution === | === Yat Evolution === | ||
The yat vowel ''ě'' maintained its open character [æ] well beyond Common Slavic disintegration. During Old Carnian, it developed to the centering diphthong [ɛɐ̯] preserved in modern Carnian, as indicated by digraph spelling ⟨ea⟩ already in Late Medieval writings. This evolution parallels Slovak ''ä'' development (< *ę). | The yat vowel ''ě'' maintained its open character [æ] well beyond Common Slavic disintegration. During Old Carnian, it developed to the centering diphthong [ɛɐ̯] preserved in modern Carnian, as indicated by digraph spelling ⟨ea⟩ already in Late Medieval writings. This evolution parallels Slovak ''ä'' development (< *ę). The breaking was blocked by the following hiatus where instead it merged with ''e'' (''*směxъ'' > ''sme'', Gen. ''*směxa'' > ''smèa''). | ||
Although modern ''ea'' distribution is limited to stem-initial syllables, Carnian remains among the few Slavic languages preserving *ě as a distinct phoneme. The consistent Old Carnian orthography and modern regional variation between [æ] and [ɛ] in closed syllables suggests original development to [ɛɐ̯] in all environments with subsequent monophthongization in closed syllables. | Although modern ''ea'' distribution is limited to stem-initial syllables, Carnian remains among the few Slavic languages preserving *ě as a distinct phoneme. The consistent Old Carnian orthography and modern regional variation between [æ] and [ɛ] in closed syllables suggests original development to [ɛɐ̯] in all environments with subsequent monophthongization in closed syllables. | ||
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=== u-Fronting === | === u-Fronting === | ||
During Late Old Carnian, ''u'' fronted to a position between [ɵ̝] and [ʊ], preserved in modern Carnian. Following labial and | During Late Old Carnian, ''u'' fronted to a position between [ɵ̝] and [ʊ], preserved in modern Carnian. Following labial and back consonants, this process was disrupted through epenthetic ''u̯'' insertion, with subsequent delabialization and fronting of the vowel, yielding ''u̯i''. This development reflects the incompatibility between these consonant articulations and vowel fronting. | ||
=== High Vowel Diphthong Dissimilation === | === High Vowel Diphthong Dissimilation === | ||
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Some dialects exhibit ''ṡuapanie'', where velarized ''ł'' is realized as ''u̯''. These dialects vary in whether the original contrast is preserved (''sol'' vs. ''stou̯'') or lost (''sou̯'', ''stou̯''). | Some dialects exhibit ''ṡuapanie'', where velarized ''ł'' is realized as ''u̯''. These dialects vary in whether the original contrast is preserved (''sol'' vs. ''stou̯'') or lost (''sou̯'', ''stou̯''). | ||
=== Ch-Ṡ Meger === | |||
The palatal fricative ''ch'' underwent merger with /ʃ/ in most Carnian dialects during the Early Modern period. The merger began in coastal dialects following territorial expansion, as Romance and Chakavian substrate populations approximated the unfamiliar [ç] to the more common [ʃ]. The distinction is still present in the Carinthian dialects. | |||
=== Postalveolar Consonant Developments === | === Postalveolar Consonant Developments === | ||
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While Carnian generally preserves postalveolar ''ċ'', ''ġ'', ''ṡ'', leveling occurred in specific environments: | While Carnian generally preserves postalveolar ''ċ'', ''ġ'', ''ṡ'', leveling occurred in specific environments: | ||
* ''ċ'' lenited to ''ṡ'' in clusters and word-finally (*''covaċ'' > '' | * ''ċ'' lenited to ''ṡ'' (spelt ⟨ch⟩) in clusters and word-finally (*''covaċ'' > ''covach'' 'smith'), with analogical extension (Gen. ''covacha'') | ||
* Assimilation to alveolar counterparts in clusters containing alveolar consonants (*''ṡtœri'' > ''stœri'' 'four'), primarily affecting ''ṡ'' and ''ġ'' as ''ċ'' had been eliminated from most clusters | * Assimilation to alveolar counterparts in clusters containing alveolar consonants (*''ṡtœri'' > ''stœri'' 'four'), primarily affecting ''ṡ'' and ''ġ'' as ''ċ'' had been eliminated from most clusters. | ||
=== Loss of V === | |||
The approximant ''v'' was lost in certain clusters when following a coronal consonant, especially a fricative (''suent'' > ''[[Contionary:sent#Carnian|sent]]''). After a stop, ''v'' is usually preserved (as in ''dua'' 'two'), although is lost in some cases (''tuoi'' > ''toi'' on analogy with ''suoi'' > ''soi''). | |||
[[Category:Carnian]] | [[Category:Carnian]] | ||