Macambese: Difference between revisions

Line 75:

Word-final {{IPA|/e/}}, generally written ''é'', is usually diphthongised to {{IPA|[ei̯]}}.

Macambese has 6 valid diphthongs: {{IPA|/ei̯ oi̯ ou̯ eu̯ au̯ ai̯/}}. {{IPA|/ai̯ au̯/}} primarily only occur in English loanwords and are written ⟨aî⟩ and ⟨aou⟩ respectively (historically {{IPA|/au̯/}} was also written ⟨aû⟩ but this is now obsolete), like ''~~traîbe~~'' "tribe", ''éspaîque'' "a type of long, thin sword", ''claoune'' "clown" and ''plaouv'néje'' "snowplough". Importantly, the use of the circumflex in {{IPA|/ai̯/}} ⟨aî⟩ is not to show a silent /s/ as it is generally used in French, but instead originally was a variant of the [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] that replaced it. Thus, the circumflex in Macambese operates almost equivalently to the diaeresis in French; indeed, ''éspaîque'' alone was often spelt ''éspaïque'' or ''espaïque'' as late as the mid-19th century.

Macambese has 6 valid diphthongs: {{IPA|/ei̯ oi̯ ou̯ eu̯ au̯ ai̯/}}. {{IPA|/ai̯ au̯/}} primarily only occur in English loanwords and are written ⟨aî⟩ and ⟨aou⟩ respectively (historically {{IPA|/au̯/}} was also written ⟨aû⟩ but this is now obsolete), like ''traîve'' "tribe", ''éspaîque'' "a type of long, thin sword", ''claoune'' "clown" and ''plaouv'néje'' "snowplough". Importantly, the use of the circumflex in {{IPA|/ai̯/}} ⟨aî⟩ is not to show a silent /s/ as it is generally used in French, but instead originally was a variant of the [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] that replaced it. Thus, the circumflex in Macambese operates almost equivalently to the diaeresis in French; indeed, ''éspaîque'' alone was often spelt ''éspaïque'' or ''espaïque'' as late as the mid-19th century.

====Nasal vowels====

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

Line 107:

''sum'' is borrowed from English {{l|en|some}} and replaced native ''uns'' and ''ounes''.

===Pronouns===

====Demonstrative pronouns====

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

|+ Macambese demonstratives

|-

! colspan=2 | !! Proximal !! Distal

|-

! rowspan=2 | Singular

! masc.

| ''cit'' || ''cel''

|-

! fem.

| ''cita'' || ''cela''

|-

! rowspan=2 | Plural

! masc.

| ''cites'' || ''cels''

|-

! fem.

| ''citas'' || ''célas''

|}

The plural demonstratives are only used in the structure "[article] [plural noun] [demonstrative]", as in ''las pomes célas'' "those apples" (<small>lit.</small> "the apples those") or ''lé frères cites'' "these brothers". Singular demonstratives use the same structure as modern French and English, with the demonstrative before a noun, as in ''cit trei'' "this train" or ''cela cigareta'' "this cigarette".

====Personal pronouns====

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

|+ Macambese pronouns

@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 Word-final {{IPA|/e/}}, generally written ''é'', is usually diphthongised to {{IPA|[ei̯]}}.
-Macambese has 6 valid diphthongs: {{IPA|/ei̯ oi̯ ou̯ eu̯ au̯ ai̯/}}. {{IPA|/ai̯ au̯/}} primarily only occur in English loanwords and are written ⟨aî⟩ and ⟨aou⟩ respectively (historically {{IPA|/au̯/}} was also written ⟨aû⟩ but this is now obsolete), like ''traîbe'' "tribe", ''éspaîque'' "a type of long, thin sword", ''claoune'' "clown" and ''plaouv'néje'' "snowplough". Importantly, the use of the circumflex in {{IPA|/ai̯/}} ⟨aî⟩ is not to show a silent /s/ as it is generally used in French, but instead originally was a variant of the [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] that replaced it. Thus, the circumflex in Macambese operates almost equivalently to the diaeresis in French; indeed, ''éspaîque'' alone was often spelt ''éspaïque'' or ''espaïque'' as late as the mid-19th century.
+Macambese has 6 valid diphthongs: {{IPA|/ei̯ oi̯ ou̯ eu̯ au̯ ai̯/}}. {{IPA|/ai̯ au̯/}} primarily only occur in English loanwords and are written ⟨aî⟩ and ⟨aou⟩ respectively (historically {{IPA|/au̯/}} was also written ⟨aû⟩ but this is now obsolete), like ''traîve'' "tribe", ''éspaîque'' "a type of long, thin sword", ''claoune'' "clown" and ''plaouv'néje'' "snowplough". Importantly, the use of the circumflex in {{IPA|/ai̯/}} ⟨aî⟩ is not to show a silent /s/ as it is generally used in French, but instead originally was a variant of the [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] that replaced it. Thus, the circumflex in Macambese operates almost equivalently to the diaeresis in French; indeed, ''éspaîque'' alone was often spelt ''éspaïque'' or ''espaïque'' as late as the mid-19th century.
 ====Nasal vowels====
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
@@ Line 107: / Line 107: @@
 ''sum'' is borrowed from English {{l|en|some}} and replaced native ''uns'' and ''ounes''.
 ===Pronouns===
+====Demonstrative pronouns====
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
+|+ Macambese demonstratives
+|-
+! colspan=2 | !! Proximal !! Distal
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | Singular
+! masc.
+| ''cit'' || ''cel''
+|-
+! fem.
+| ''cita'' || ''cela''
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | Plural
+! masc.
+| ''cites'' || ''cels''
+|-
+! fem.
+| ''citas'' || ''célas''
+|}
+The plural demonstratives are only used in the structure "[article] [plural noun] [demonstrative]", as in ''las pomes célas'' "those apples" (<small>lit.</small> "the apples those") or ''lé frères cites'' "these brothers". Singular demonstratives use the same structure as modern French and English, with the demonstrative before a noun, as in ''cit trei'' "this train" or ''cela cigareta'' "this cigarette".
+====Personal pronouns====
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
 |+ Macambese pronouns