Gothevian: Difference between revisions

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==Orthography==

Gothevian is written primarily in the '''Gothevian script'''. It is an [[w:alphabet|alphabet]] and at its core a variant of the Wulfilan [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic alphabet]], augmented by letters borrowed from the nearby [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]] and [[w:Early Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] scripts. The modern Gothevian spelling convention is based on the reformed Central Gothevian literary norms, and as such the Modern Gothevian Script contains some archaic features, such as the vowel-modifying consonants {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q, ƕ}} (q, ƕ), and ditched others, such as the obsolete letters {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ, ξ, ψ}} ([[w:theta|θ]], [[w:xi|ξ]], [[w:psi|ψ]]).

Gothevian is written primarily in the '''Gothevian script'''. It is an [[w:alphabet|alphabet]] and at its core a variant of the Wulfilan [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic alphabet]], augmented by letters borrowed from the nearby [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]] and [[w:Early Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] scripts. The modern Gothevian spelling convention is based on the reformed Central Gothevian literary norms, and as such the Modern Gothevian Script contains some archaic features, such as the vowel-modifying consonants ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q, ƕ}}⟩ (q, ƕ), and ditched others, such as the obsolete letters ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ, ξ, ψ}}⟩ ([[w:theta|θ]], [[w:xi|ξ]], [[w:psi|ψ]]).

The modern Gothevian script contains 31 letters in common use. Most letters are mapped to a single phoneme, with a few others mapped onto more than one phoneme but in regular and predictable contexts.

Line 448:

# Qɛ́rsy and ƕaíry are pronounced identically to kápy and hály respectively but alter the pronunciation of the following vowel ([[#Digraphs_and_Trigraphs|see below]]).

# Đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty are pronounced as /ʒ/ and /ʃ/ in unstressed and/or coda positions.

Apart from zéty ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|z}}), éty ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}), đɛ́ty ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đ}}), ɔ́my ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}}), and cɛ́ty ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|c}}), all Gothevian letters can be directly traced to a Gothic-script source. The source of đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty specifically is a point of contention, as no unambigious source has been identified. The many theories include the following:

Apart from zéty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|z}}⟩, éty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}), đɛ́ty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đ}}⟩, ɔ́my ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}}⟩, and cɛ́ty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|c}}⟩, all Gothevian letters can be directly traced to a Gothic-script source. The source of đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty specifically is a point of contention, as no unambigious source has been identified. The many theories include the following:

# Current mainstream theories argue for a [[w:Coptic_script|Coptic]] source for cɛ́ty, citing [[wikt:ϭ#Coptic|čima]] ~~(ϭ)~~ as the most likely candidate, followed by [[wikt:ϯ#Coptic|ti]] ~~(ϯ)~~. A Coptic source for đɛ́ty is more dubious, with the likeliest candidate, [[wikt:ϫ#Coptic|janjia]] ~~(ϫ)~~, bearing less of a resemblance than the candidates for cɛ́ty.

# Current mainstream theories argue for a [[w:Coptic_script|Coptic]] source for cɛ́ty, citing [[wikt:ϭ#Coptic|čima]] ⟨ϭ⟩ as the most likely candidate, followed by [[wikt:ϯ#Coptic|ti]] ⟨ϯ⟩. A Coptic source for đɛ́ty is more dubious, with the likeliest candidate, [[wikt:ϫ#Coptic|janjia]] ⟨ϫ⟩, bearing less of a resemblance than the candidates for cɛ́ty.

# Likewise, đɛ́ty is near-unanimously believed to be derived from a Cyrillic source, with most mainstream theories putting forward [[w:Tse (Cyrillic)|tse]] ~~(ц)~~ or [[w:Che (Cyrillic)|che]] ~~(ч)~~ as probable sources. Less supported theories instead propose [[w:Djerv|djerv]] ~~(ꙉ)~~ due to its alphabetical order being nearer to that of đɛ́ty. Djerv has also been proposed as a source for cɛ́ty as a more fringe position, alongside an adaptation of a [[wikt:yer|yer]] (ь~ъ).

# Likewise, đɛ́ty is near-unanimously believed to be derived from a Cyrillic source, with most mainstream theories putting forward [[w:Tse (Cyrillic)|tse]] ⟨ц⟩ or [[w:Che (Cyrillic)|che]] ⟨ч⟩ as probable sources. Less supported theories instead propose [[w:Djerv|djerv]] ⟨ꙉ⟩ due to its alphabetical order being nearer to that of đɛ́ty. Djerv has also been proposed as a source for cɛ́ty as a more fringe position, alongside an adaptation of a [[wikt:yer|yer]] ⟨ь~ъ⟩.

# A popular yet unsupported theory proposes [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] [[wikt:𐍁|𐍁]] (90) based wholly on its similar form. This comes with a host of unexplained inconsistencies, such as its sudden shift in alphabetical and numeric order, and its missing usage as a numeral. Others point to [[wikt:𐍊|𐍊]] (900) as another Gothic source, but those are even less supported and outright rejected.

# Cɛ́ty is also sometimes argued to be a simplification of a ligature, such as {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|tj}} (tj), though this is not backed by historic manuscripts.

# Cɛ́ty is also sometimes argued to be a simplification of a ligature, such as ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|tj}}⟩ (tj), though this is not backed by historic manuscripts.

# An Armenian source can also be argued for, with letters such as [[w:Tsa (Armenian letter)|tsa]] ~~(ծ)~~ and [[w:Che (Armenian letter)|che]] ~~(ճ)~~ being put forward for cɛ́ty, and [[w:Cha (Armenian letter)|cha]] ~~(չ)~~ and [[w:Je (Armenian letter)|je]] ~~(ջ)~~ for đɛ́ty.

# An Armenian source can also be argued for, with letters such as [[w:Tsa (Armenian letter)|tsa]] ⟨ծ⟩ and [[w:Che (Armenian letter)|che]] ⟨ճ⟩ being put forward for cɛ́ty, and [[w:Cha (Armenian letter)|cha]] ⟨չ⟩ and [[w:Je (Armenian letter)|je]] ⟨ջ⟩ for đɛ́ty.

===Digraphs and ~~Trigraphs~~===

===Digraphs and letter combinations===

Additionally, Gothevian contains several letter combinations that have phonetic values different from those of their single components. These include vocalic digraphs from historic long vowels and consonants that modify certain vowels.

Vocalic diphthongs take the form ⟨'''{{abbtip|vowel - glide/approximant|VG}}'''⟩ and phonetically represent /'''{{abbtip|glide/approximant - vowel|GV}}'''/ sequences. Most of these formerly represented long vowels /Vː/ which had later broken up into their current forms.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

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! Translit.

! IPA

! IPA (hist.)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}

| ai

| /ja/

| /ɛː/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}

| aw

| /va~wa/

| /ɔː/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}}

| ɛi

| /je/

| /iː/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iw}}

| iw

| /vɨ~wɨ/

| /iu̯/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ow}}

| ow

| ''<small><span style="color:gray">deprecated</span></small>''

| /uː/

|}

The letters qɛ́rsy ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q}}⟩ and ƕaíry ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕ}}⟩ can also alter the pronunciation of certain vowels when directly preceding them. Qɛ́rsy and ƕaíry formerly represented labialized consonants /kʷ, ʍ/ and as such triggered the rounding of unrounded vowels, causing them to diverge from their unaffected counterparts.

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! Translit.

! IPA

! IPA (hist.)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qa}}

| qa

| /kwa/

| /k(ʷ)ɔː/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qai}}

| qai

| /kwɨ/

| /k(ʷ)œː/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qɛ}}

| qɛ

| /kɨ/

| /k(ʷ)œ/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qɛi}}

| qɛi

| rowspan="2" | /kwe/

| /k(ʷ)yː/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qe}}

| qe

| /k(ʷ)øː/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qi}}

| qi

| /~~kwɨ~~/

| /kɨ/

| /k(ʷ)y/

|}

</div>

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! Translit.

! IPA

! IPA (hist.)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕa}}

| ƕa

| /va~wa/

| /h(ʷ)ɔː/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕai}}

| ƕai

| /vɨ~wɨ/

| /h(ʷ)œː/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɛ}}

| ƕɛ

| /ɨ/

| /h(ʷ)œ/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɛi}}

| ƕɛi

| rowspan="2" | /ve~we/

| /h(ʷ)yː/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕe}}

| ƕe

| /h(ʷ)øː/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕi}}

| ƕi

| /~~vɨ~wɨ~~/

| /ɨ/

| /h(ʷ)y/

|}

</div>

@@ Line 237: / Line 237: @@
 ==Orthography==
-Gothevian is written primarily in the '''Gothevian script'''. It is an [[w:alphabet|alphabet]] and at its core a variant of the Wulfilan [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic alphabet]], augmented by letters borrowed from the nearby [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]] and [[w:Early Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] scripts. The modern Gothevian spelling convention is based on the reformed Central Gothevian literary norms, and as such the Modern Gothevian Script contains some archaic features, such as the vowel-modifying consonants {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q, ƕ}} (q, ƕ), and ditched others, such as the obsolete letters {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ, ξ, ψ}} ([[w:theta|θ]], [[w:xi|ξ]], [[w:psi|ψ]]).
+Gothevian is written primarily in the '''Gothevian script'''. It is an [[w:alphabet|alphabet]] and at its core a variant of the Wulfilan [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic alphabet]], augmented by letters borrowed from the nearby [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]] and [[w:Early Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] scripts. The modern Gothevian spelling convention is based on the reformed Central Gothevian literary norms, and as such the Modern Gothevian Script contains some archaic features, such as the vowel-modifying consonants ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q, ƕ}}⟩ (q, ƕ), and ditched others, such as the obsolete letters ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ, ξ, ψ}}⟩ ([[w:theta|θ]], [[w:xi|ξ]], [[w:psi|ψ]]).
 The modern Gothevian script contains 31 letters in common use. Most letters are mapped to a single phoneme, with a few others mapped onto more than one phoneme but in regular and predictable contexts.
@@ Line 448: / Line 448: @@
 # Qɛ́rsy and ƕaíry are pronounced identically to kápy and hály respectively but alter the pronunciation of the following vowel ([[#Digraphs_and_Trigraphs|see below]]).
 # Đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty are pronounced as /ʒ/ and /ʃ/ in unstressed and/or coda positions.
-Apart from zéty ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|z}}), éty ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}), đɛ́ty ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đ}}), ɔ́my ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}}), and cɛ́ty ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|c}}), all Gothevian letters can be directly traced to a Gothic-script source. The source of đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty specifically is a point of contention, as no unambigious source has been identified. The many theories include the following:
+Apart from zéty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|z}}⟩, éty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}), đɛ́ty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đ}}⟩, ɔ́my ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}}⟩, and cɛ́ty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|c}}⟩, all Gothevian letters can be directly traced to a Gothic-script source. The source of đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty specifically is a point of contention, as no unambigious source has been identified. The many theories include the following:
-# Current mainstream theories argue for a [[w:Coptic_script|Coptic]] source for cɛ́ty, citing [[wikt:ϭ#Coptic|čima]] (ϭ) as the most likely candidate, followed by [[wikt:ϯ#Coptic|ti]] (ϯ). A Coptic source for đɛ́ty is more dubious, with the likeliest candidate, [[wikt:ϫ#Coptic|janjia]] (ϫ), bearing less of a resemblance than the candidates for cɛ́ty.
+# Current mainstream theories argue for a [[w:Coptic_script|Coptic]] source for cɛ́ty, citing [[wikt:ϭ#Coptic|čima]] ⟨ϭ⟩ as the most likely candidate, followed by [[wikt:ϯ#Coptic|ti]] ⟨ϯ⟩. A Coptic source for đɛ́ty is more dubious, with the likeliest candidate, [[wikt:ϫ#Coptic|janjia]] ⟨ϫ⟩, bearing less of a resemblance than the candidates for cɛ́ty.
-# Likewise, đɛ́ty is near-unanimously believed to be derived from a Cyrillic source, with most mainstream theories putting forward [[w:Tse (Cyrillic)|tse]] (ц) or [[w:Che (Cyrillic)|che]] (ч) as probable sources. Less supported theories instead propose [[w:Djerv|djerv]] (ꙉ) due to its alphabetical order being nearer to that of đɛ́ty. Djerv has also been proposed as a source for cɛ́ty as a more fringe position, alongside an adaptation of a [[wikt:yer|yer]] (ь~ъ).
+# Likewise, đɛ́ty is near-unanimously believed to be derived from a Cyrillic source, with most mainstream theories putting forward [[w:Tse (Cyrillic)|tse]] ⟨ц⟩ or [[w:Che (Cyrillic)|che]] ⟨ч⟩ as probable sources. Less supported theories instead propose [[w:Djerv|djerv]] ⟨ꙉ⟩ due to its alphabetical order being nearer to that of đɛ́ty. Djerv has also been proposed as a source for cɛ́ty as a more fringe position, alongside an adaptation of a [[wikt:yer|yer]] ⟨ь~ъ⟩.
 # A popular yet unsupported theory proposes [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] [[wikt:𐍁|𐍁]] (90) based wholly on its similar form. This comes with a host of unexplained inconsistencies, such as its sudden shift in alphabetical and numeric order, and its missing usage as a numeral. Others point to [[wikt:𐍊|𐍊]] (900) as another Gothic source, but those are even less supported and outright rejected.
-# Cɛ́ty is also sometimes argued to be a simplification of a ligature, such as {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|tj}} (tj), though this is not backed by historic manuscripts.
+# Cɛ́ty is also sometimes argued to be a simplification of a ligature, such as ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|tj}}⟩ (tj), though this is not backed by historic manuscripts.
-# An Armenian source can also be argued for, with letters such as [[w:Tsa (Armenian letter)|tsa]] (ծ) and [[w:Che (Armenian letter)|che]] (ճ) being put forward for cɛ́ty, and [[w:Cha (Armenian letter)|cha]] (չ) and [[w:Je (Armenian letter)|je]] (ջ) for đɛ́ty.
+# An Armenian source can also be argued for, with letters such as [[w:Tsa (Armenian letter)|tsa]] ⟨ծ⟩ and [[w:Che (Armenian letter)|che]] ⟨ճ⟩ being put forward for cɛ́ty, and [[w:Cha (Armenian letter)|cha]] ⟨չ⟩ and [[w:Je (Armenian letter)|je]] ⟨ջ⟩ for đɛ́ty.
-===Digraphs and Trigraphs===
+===Digraphs and letter combinations===
+Additionally, Gothevian contains several letter combinations that have phonetic values different from those of their single components. These include vocalic digraphs from historic long vowels and consonants that modify certain vowels.
+Vocalic diphthongs take the form ⟨'''{{abbtip|vowel - glide/approximant|VG}}'''⟩ and phonetically represent /'''{{abbtip|glide/approximant - vowel|GV}}'''/ sequences. Most of these formerly represented long vowels /Vː/ which had later broken up into their current forms.
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 |-
@@ Line 460: / Line 463: @@
 ! Translit.
 ! IPA
+! IPA (hist.)
 |-
 ! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}
 | ai
 | /ja/
+| /ɛː/
 |-
 ! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}
 | aw
 | /va~wa/
+| /ɔː/
 |-
 ! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}}
 | ɛi
 | /je/
+| /iː/
 |-
 ! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iw}}
 | iw
 | /vɨ~wɨ/
+| /iu̯/
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ow}}
+| ow
+| ''<small><span style="color:gray">deprecated</span></small>''
+| /uː/
 |}
+The letters qɛ́rsy ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q}}⟩ and ƕaíry ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕ}}⟩ can also alter the pronunciation of certain vowels when directly preceding them. Qɛ́rsy and ƕaíry formerly represented labialized consonants /kʷ, ʍ/ and as such triggered the rounding of unrounded vowels, causing them to diverge from their unaffected counterparts.
 <div style=display:inline-grid>
@@ Line 484: / Line 499: @@
 ! Translit.
 ! IPA
+! IPA (hist.)
 |-
 ! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qa}}
 | qa
 | /kwa/
+| /k(ʷ)ɔː/
 |-
 ! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qai}}
 | qai
 | /kwɨ/
+| /k(ʷ)œː/
 |-
 ! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qɛ}}
 | qɛ
 | /kɨ/
+| /k(ʷ)œ/
 |-
 ! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qɛi}}
 | qɛi
 | rowspan="2" | /kwe/
+| /k(ʷ)yː/
 |-
 ! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qe}}
 | qe
+| /k(ʷ)øː/
 |-
 ! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qi}}
 | qi
-| /kwɨ/
+| /kɨ/
+| /k(ʷ)y/
 |}
 </div>
@@ Line 515: / Line 537: @@
 ! Translit.
 ! IPA
+! IPA (hist.)
 |-
 ! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕa}}
 | ƕa
 | /va~wa/
+| /h(ʷ)ɔː/
 |-
 ! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕai}}
 | ƕai
 | /vɨ~wɨ/
+| /h(ʷ)œː/
 |-
 ! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɛ}}
 | ƕɛ
 | /ɨ/
+| /h(ʷ)œ/
 |-
 ! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɛi}}
 | ƕɛi
 | rowspan="2" | /ve~we/
+| /h(ʷ)yː/
 |-
 ! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕe}}
 | ƕe
+| /h(ʷ)øː/
 |-
 ! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕi}}
 | ƕi
-| /vɨ~wɨ/
+| /ɨ/
+| /h(ʷ)y/
 |}
 </div>