Bresserian: Difference between revisions

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Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Bresserian |nativename = broisseureis |pronunciation = bʁwasøʁaj(z) |pronunciation_key = IPA |states = France |region = Normandy |speakers = 8000 |date = 2020 |created = 2022 |familycolor = Indo-European |fam2 = Germanic |fam3 = West Germanic |creator =..."
 
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|states            = [[w:France|France]]
|states            = [[w:France|France]]
|region            = [[w:Normandy|Normandy]]
|region            = [[w:Normandy|Normandy]]
|speakers          = 8000
|speakers          = 11000
|date              = 2020
|date              = 2020
|created          = 2022
|created          = 2022
Line 62: Line 62:
| f
| f
| s
| s
| ʃ
| tʃ~ʃ
| (x)
| (x)
|-
|-
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| v
| v
| z
| z
| ʒ
| dʒ~ʒ
| rowspan="2" | ʁ
| rowspan="2" | ʁ
|-
|-
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| ɑ̃
| ɑ̃
|}
|}
|}
==Writing System==
Despite its status as a minority language, Bresserian has maintained a strong written tradition throughout its history. Due to this, and likely the influence of other conservative scripts such as French and English, Bresserian spelling tends to preserve the obsolete pronunciations of an older form of the language. It should be noted, however, that Bresserian spelling is largely more consistent and less irregular than that of French or English.
===Alphabet===
The Bresserian alphabet is based on the 26 letters of the [[Latin alphabet]], uppercase and lowercase, with five [[diacritic]]s and two [[orthography|orthographic]] [[typographic ligature|ligatures]].
:{| class="wikitable"
!Letter
!Name
!Name ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]])
ǃNotes
|-
| [[w:A|A]] || a || {{IPA|/a/}} ||
|-
| [[w:B|B]] || bé || {{IPA|/be/}} ||
|-
| [[w:C|C]] || cé || {{IPA|/se/}} ||is pronounced as soft [s] before ''i'' and ''e'' but hard [k] otherwise – occurs as [x] at the end of words
|-
| [[w:D|D]] || dé || {{IPA|/de/}} ||
|-
| [[w:E|E]] || e || {{IPA|/ə/}} ||often becomes silent word-finally
|-
| [[w:F|F]] || effe || {{IPA|/ɛf/}} ||
|-
| [[w:G|G]] || gé || {{IPA|/(d)ʒe/}} || is pronounced as soft [(d)ʒ] before ''i'', ''e'' and ''a'', but [g] otherwise
|-
| [[w:H|H]] || ache || {{IPA|/aʃ/}} || rare, only in loanwords
|-
| [[w:I|I]] || i || {{IPA|/i/}} ||
|-
| [[w:J|J]] || ji || {{IPA|/(d)ʒi/}} ||
|-
| [[w:K|K]] || ka || {{IPA|/ka/}} || rare, only in loanwords
|-
| [[w:L|L]] || elle || {{IPA|/ɛl/}} ||
|-
| [[w:M|M]] || emme || {{IPA|/ɛm/}} ||
|-
| [[w:N|N]] || enne || {{IPA|/ɛn/}} ||
|-
| [[w:O|O]] || o || {{IPA|/o/}} ||
|-
| [[w:P|P]] || pé || {{IPA|/pe/}} ||silent at the end of words
|-
| [[w:Q|Q]] || qu || {{IPA|/ky/}} ||often seen in the digraph ''qu'', although still pronounced as [k] (not [kw] as might be expected) – occurs as [k] at the end of words unlike ''c''
|-
| [[w:R|R]] || erre || {{IPA|/ɛʁ/}} ||unlike in French, is never silent
|-
| [[w:S|S]] || esse || {{IPA|/ɛs/}} ||is pronounced as [z] between two vowels or beside a voiced consonant
|-
| [[w:T|T]] || té || {{IPA|/te/}} ||silent at the end of words
|-
| [[w:U|U]] || u || {{IPA|/y/}} ||
|-
| [[w:V|V]] || vé || {{IPA|/ve/}} ||
|-
| [[w:W|W]] || tiévaut vé || {{IPA|/tjɛvo ve/}} || rare, only in loanwords
|-
| [[w:X|X]] || ixe || {{IPA|/iks/}} ||
|-
| [[w:Y|Y]] || croyeis i || {{IPA|/kʁwajaiz‿i/}} ||
|-
| [[w:Z|Z]] || zède || {{IPA|/zɛd/}} ||
|}
===Ligatures, Digraphs and Trigraphs===
Alongside the core letters, Bresserian makes extensive use of letter combinations and ligatures.
:{| class="wikitable"
!Letters
!Name
!Name ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]])
ǃNotes
|-
| [[w:Æ|Æ]] || âche || {{IPA|/ɑːʃ/}} ||pronounced as [ɛ]
|-
| Ai || a mé i || {{IPA|/a me i/}} ||pronounced as [ɛ]
|-
| An || a mé enne || {{IPA|/a me ɛn/}} ||pronounced as [ɑ̃(ː)]
|-
| Au || a mé o || {{IPA|/a me o/}} ||pronounced as [o~ɔ]
|-
| Ch || cé mé ache || {{IPA|/se me aʃ/}} ||pronounced as [(t)ʃ]
|-
| Ei || e mé i || {{IPA|/ə me i/}} ||pronounced as [aj]
|-
| En || e mé enne || {{IPA|/ə me ɛn/}} ||pronounced as [ɑ̃(ː)]
|-
| Eu || e mé u || {{IPA|/ə me y/}} ||pronounced as [ø~œ]
|-
| Eau || e mé a mé u || {{IPA|/ə me a me y/}} || pronounced as [o]
|-
| Gn || gé mé enne || {{IPA|/(d)ʒe me ɛn/}} ||pronounced as [ɲ]
|-
| il(le) || i mé elle || {{IPA|/i me ɛl/}} ||found in words such as bouil [buj],  étaille [etaj], meil [mɛj]. May still be pronounced as [ʝ] for some speakers (e.g. [buʝ], [etaʝ], [mɛʝ])
|-
| In || i mé enne || {{IPA|/i me ɛn/}} ||pronounced as [ɛ̃(ː)]
|-
| Œ || œil || {{IPA|/œj/}} ||pronounced the same as ''eu''; generally found with ''u'' as ''œu''
|-
| Oi || o mé i || {{IPA|/o me i/}} ||pronounced as [wa] or [wɛ] depending on speaker
|-
| On || o mé enne || {{IPA|/o me ɛn/}} ||pronounced as [ɔ̃(ː)]
|-
| Ou || o mé u || {{IPA|/o me y/}} ||pronounced as [u]
|-
| Ui || u mé i || {{IPA|/y me i/}} ||pronounced as [ɥi]
|-
| Un || u mé enne || {{IPA|/y me ɛn/}} ||pronounced as [œ̃(ː)]
|}
|}


Revision as of 12:11, 2 August 2025

Bresserian
broisseureis
Pronunciation[bʁwasøʁaj(z)]
Created bySJ
Date2022
Native toFrance
EthnicityBresser
Native speakers11000 (2020)
Official status
Recognised minority
language in

Bresserian is classified as Definitely Endangered

This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.



Bresserian (Broisseureis or Broisseurêche togne) is a Germanic language of the Indo-European family spoken by the Bresser people of Eastern Normandy.

Phonology

Bresserian phonology is largely similar to that of modern French, although retains certain archaic features.

Consonants

Consonant phonemes of Bresserian
Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Palatal/
Postalv. 		Velar/
Uvular
Nasal m n ɲ (ŋ)
Plosive voiceless p t k
voiced b d ɡ
Fricative voiceless f s tʃ~ʃ (x)
voiced v z dʒ~ʒ ʁ
Approximant plain l j
labial ɥ w
Oral
  Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Close i iː y yː u uː
Close-mid e ø~œ ə o~ɔ ɔː
Open-mid ɛ ɛː
Open a ɑː
Nasal
Front Back
unrounded rounded
Open-mid ɛ̃ œ̃ ɔ̃
Open ɑ̃

Writing System

Despite its status as a minority language, Bresserian has maintained a strong written tradition throughout its history. Due to this, and likely the influence of other conservative scripts such as French and English, Bresserian spelling tends to preserve the obsolete pronunciations of an older form of the language. It should be noted, however, that Bresserian spelling is largely more consistent and less irregular than that of French or English.

Alphabet

The Bresserian alphabet is based on the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, uppercase and lowercase, with five diacritics and two orthographic ligatures.

Letter Name Name (IPA)

ǃNotes

A a /a/
B bé /be/
C cé /se/ is pronounced as soft [s] before i and e but hard [k] otherwise – occurs as [x] at the end of words
D dé /de/
E e /ə/ often becomes silent word-finally
F effe /ɛf/
G gé /(d)ʒe/ is pronounced as soft [(d)ʒ] before i, e and a, but [g] otherwise
H ache /aʃ/ rare, only in loanwords
I i /i/
J ji /(d)ʒi/
K ka /ka/ rare, only in loanwords
L elle /ɛl/
M emme /ɛm/
N enne /ɛn/
O o /o/
P pé /pe/ silent at the end of words
Q qu /ky/ often seen in the digraph qu, although still pronounced as [k] (not [kw] as might be expected) – occurs as [k] at the end of words unlike c
R erre /ɛʁ/ unlike in French, is never silent
S esse /ɛs/ is pronounced as [z] between two vowels or beside a voiced consonant
T té /te/ silent at the end of words
U u /y/
V vé /ve/
W tiévaut vé /tjɛvo ve/ rare, only in loanwords
X ixe /iks/
Y croyeis i /kʁwajaiz‿i/
Z zède /zɛd/

Ligatures, Digraphs and Trigraphs

Alongside the core letters, Bresserian makes extensive use of letter combinations and ligatures.

Letters Name Name (IPA)

ǃNotes

Æ âche /ɑːʃ/ pronounced as [ɛ]
Ai a mé i /a me i/ pronounced as [ɛ]
An a mé enne /a me ɛn/ pronounced as [ɑ̃(ː)]
Au a mé o /a me o/ pronounced as [o~ɔ]
Ch cé mé ache /se me aʃ/ pronounced as [(t)ʃ]
Ei e mé i /ə me i/ pronounced as [aj]
En e mé enne /ə me ɛn/ pronounced as [ɑ̃(ː)]
Eu e mé u /ə me y/ pronounced as [ø~œ]
Eau e mé a mé u /ə me a me y/ pronounced as [o]
Gn gé mé enne /(d)ʒe me ɛn/ pronounced as [ɲ]
il(le) i mé elle /i me ɛl/ found in words such as bouil [buj], étaille [etaj], meil [mɛj]. May still be pronounced as [ʝ] for some speakers (e.g. [buʝ], [etaʝ], [mɛʝ])
In i mé enne /i me ɛn/ pronounced as [ɛ̃(ː)]
Œ œil /œj/ pronounced the same as eu; generally found with u as œu
Oi o mé i /o me i/ pronounced as [wa] or [wɛ] depending on speaker
On o mé enne /o me ɛn/ pronounced as [ɔ̃(ː)]
Ou o mé u /o me y/ pronounced as [u]
Ui u mé i /y me i/ pronounced as [ɥi]
Un u mé enne /y me ɛn/ pronounced as [œ̃(ː)]
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