Gothevian: Difference between revisions
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====Particles==== | ====Particles==== | ||
=====Function particles===== | =====Function particles===== | ||
Function particles in Gothevian are grammaticalized particles that form multiword constructions, aiding with tenses and moods, and take on the uses of auxiliary verbs. Unlike discourse particles, they cannot be left out of a sentence. Below are some function particles. | |||
'''[[Contionary:dy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dy}}]] (dy, "dative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to mark it as an [[wikt:indirect object|indirect object]] of a verb. | '''[[Contionary:dy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dy}}]] (dy, "dative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to mark it as an [[wikt:indirect object|indirect object]] of a verb. | ||
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gycáhiva}} '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv| | * {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gycáhiva}} '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|d'}}</span><span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ášto}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cánty my}} — ‘I showed my bag '''<span style="color:#709BBF">to</span> <span style="color:#C15959">Ášty</span>'''’ | ||
'''[[Contionary:zy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}}]] (zy, "possessive/partitive particle")''' — Placed before a noun to express [[w:Possession (linguistics)|possession]], origin, or [[w:Partitive|partitivity]], or [[w:Compound (linguistics)|attributively]] in relation to the noun preceding it. | '''[[Contionary:zy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}}]] (zy, "possessive/partitive particle")''' — Placed before a noun to express [[w:Possession (linguistics)|possession]], origin, or [[w:Partitive|partitivity]], or [[w:Compound (linguistics)|attributively]] in relation to the noun preceding it. | ||
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš i}} '''<span style="color:#C0945A">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|katt}}</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Somáë}}</span>''' — ‘that is '''<span style="color:#C15959">Somá</span><span style="color:#709BBF">’s</span> <span style="color:#C0945A">cat</span>'''’ | * {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš i}} '''<span style="color:#C0945A">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|katt}}</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Somáë}}</span>''' — ‘that is '''<span style="color:#C15959">Somá</span><span style="color:#709BBF">’s</span> <span style="color:#C0945A">cat</span>'''’ | ||
'''[[Contionary:vy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}]] (vy, "interrogative particle")''' — Placed after the main verb to form a [[w:Yes/no question|yes–no question]]. | '''[[Contionary:vy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}]] (vy, "interrogative particle")''' — Placed after the main verb to form a [[w:Yes/no question|yes–no question]]. | ||
* '''<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dránnivɛš}}</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vat}} | * '''<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dránnivɛš}}</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vat?}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">have you drunk</span>''' water'''<span style="color:#709BBF">?</span>'''’ | ||
'''[[Contionary:ny|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}]] (ny, "negation particle")''' — Placed before a noun, verb, adjective, or another particle to [[w:Affirmation_and_negation#Negation|negate]] its meaning. | '''[[Contionary:ny|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}]] (ny, "negation particle")''' — Placed before a noun, verb, adjective, or another particle to [[w:Affirmation_and_negation#Negation|negate]] its meaning. | ||
* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n'}}</span><span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yrèš}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|suk!}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">I</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">don’t</span> <span style="color:#C15959">like</span>''' you!’ | |||
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔn qízɛis,}} '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}</span><span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛísyn}}</span>'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} — ‘who's talking, '''<span style="color:#C15959">the</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">not-</span><span style="color:#C15959">strong</span>'''?’ | |||
'''[[Contionary:o|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}]] (o, "vocative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to form a [[w:Vocative expression|vocative expression]]. | '''[[Contionary:o|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}]] (o, "vocative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to form a [[w:Vocative expression|vocative expression]]. | ||
* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o'}}</span><span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ázlyfë}}</span>'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|! aš èly!}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#709BBF">O</span> <span style="color:#C15959">Ázlyf</span>'''! Come here!’ | |||
'''[[Contionary:ɛísy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}}]] (ɛísy, "optative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express wish, hope, or desire. Also placed before a verb in the indicative to express general want or desire. | '''[[Contionary:ɛísy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}}]] (ɛísy, "optative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express wish, hope, or desire. Also placed before a verb in the indicative to express general want or desire. | ||
* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaílaw}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dot Iwrópo}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">I</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">wish</span> <span style="color:#C15959">to travel</span>''' around Europe’ | |||
'''[[Contionary:ma|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}}]] (ma, "dynamic particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the | * '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕail}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dot Iwrópo}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">I</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">want</span> <span style="color:#C15959">to travel</span>''' around Europe’ | ||
'''[[Contionary:ma|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}}]] (ma, "dynamic particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express ability. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express permission. | |||
'''[[Contionary: | * '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kawš}}</span>''' — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">I</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">can</span> <span style="color:#C15959">try</span>'''’ | ||
* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|káwšaw}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy?}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#709BBF">may</span> <span style="color:#C15959">I try</span>'''?’ | |||
'''[[Contionary:á|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}]] (á, "hortative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to form a [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]]. | |||
* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á-}}</span><span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žepaiš}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|, saíƕyniš mójivyn}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#709BBF">it'd be better if</span> <span style="color:#C15959">you sleep</span>''', you look tired’ | |||
'''[[Contionary:daw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}}]] (daw, "affection particle")''' — Placed before a verb to express habitual enjoyment or affection. | '''[[Contionary:daw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}}]] (daw, "affection particle")''' — Placed before a verb to express habitual enjoyment or affection. | ||
* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šívɛis žóvvivny}}</span>''' — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">I heard she used to</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">like</span> <span style="color:#C15959">to draw</span>'''’ | |||
'''[[Contionary:sar|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}}]] (sar, "jussive particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express requirement, necessity, or urgency. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express a more urgent or prioritized [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]]. | '''[[Contionary:sar|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}}]] (sar, "jussive particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express requirement, necessity, or urgency. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express a more urgent or prioritized [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]]. | ||
* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vándɛiš}}</span>'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|!}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">you</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">have to</span> <span style="color:#C15959">leave</span>'''!’ | |||
* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vándaiš}}</span>''' — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">you</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">probably should</span> <span style="color:#C15959">leave</span>'''’ | |||
'''[[Contionary:aw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}]] (aw, "desiderative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express desire towards the verb. Also placed before a verb in the indicative to express general want or desire. | '''[[Contionary:aw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}]] (aw, "desiderative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express desire towards the verb. Also placed before a verb in the indicative to express general want or desire. | ||
* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m'ai búđaw}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|'aparátyn}}''' — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">I</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">would love to</span> <span style="color:#C15959">be able to buy</span>''' the camera’ | |||
* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|buđ}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|'aparátyn}}''' — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">I</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">want to</span> <span style="color:#C15959">buy</span>''' the camera’ | |||
=====Discourse particles===== | =====Discourse particles===== | ||
=====Lexical particles===== | =====Lexical particles===== | ||
====Prepositions==== | ====Prepositions==== | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||