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===Nominals===
===Nominals===
====Nouns====
====Nouns====
Gothevian nouns decline for two cases ([[w:direct case|direct]], [[w:dative case|dative]]), three genders ([[w:Grammatical gender|masculine]], [[w:Grammatical gender|feminine]], [[w:Grammatical gender|neuter]]), two numbers ([[w:Grammatical number|singular]], [[w:Grammatical number|plural]]), and two states ([[w:definiteness|indefinite]], [[w:definiteness|definite]]). The original Gothic four cases in nouns synchronized into two cases (nominative-accusative → direct; dative-genitive → dative), and the six strong declensions levelled into three declension, largely correlating with the three genders. The weak declensions were re-analyzed as indicating definiteness and were subsequently joined with the indefinite strong declensions.
=====Masculine declension=====
This declension is completely made up of masculine nouns. It came about from a merger of nearly all of the Gothic strong declensions except for the [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ō_declension|-ō declension]], which is the predecessor to the feminine declension.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|<small>MASC</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#C15959">{{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|<small>FEM</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|<small>BOTH</small>}}</span>'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:šal|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}}]] (''šal'', "room")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:klaif|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}}]] (''klaif'', "bread")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:ško|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}}]] (''ško'', "shoe")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! <small>indefinite</small>
! <small>definite</small>
! <small>indefinite</small>
! <small>definite</small>
! <small>indefinite</small>
! <small>definite</small>
! <small>indefinite</small>
! <small>definite</small>
! <small>indefinite</small>
! <small>definite</small>
! <small>indefinite</small>
! <small>definite</small>
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}}<br />''šal''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}}</span><br />''šál<span style="color:#709BBF">yn</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span><br />''šal<span style="color:#BCAB5C">š</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}</span><br />''šál<span style="color:#BCAB5C">aš</span>''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}}<br />''klaif''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}}</span><br />''klaív<span style="color:#709BBF">yn</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span><br />''klaif<span style="color:#BCAB5C">š</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}</span><br />''klaív<span style="color:#BCAB5C">aš</span>''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}}<br />''ško''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ÿn}}</span><br />''škó<span style="color:#709BBF">ÿn</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span><br />''ško<span style="color:#BCAB5C">š</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äš}}</span><br />''škó<span style="color:#BCAB5C">äš</span>''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}}</span><br />''šál<span style="color:#709BBF">yš</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}</span><br />''šál<span style="color:#709BBF">e</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}}</span><br />''šál<span style="color:#BCAB5C">en</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}}</span><br />''klaív<span style="color:#709BBF">yš</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}</span><br />''klaív<span style="color:#709BBF">e</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}}</span><br />''klaív<span style="color:#BCAB5C">en</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ÿš}}</span><br />''škó<span style="color:#709BBF">ÿš</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ë}}</span><br />''škó<span style="color:#709BBF">ë</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ën}}</span><br />''škó<span style="color:#BCAB5C">ën</span>''
|}
=====Feminine declension=====
This declension is completely made up of feminine nouns. It evolved directly from the Gothic [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ō_declension|-ō declension]]. As such, all feminine nouns that originally belonged to the -ō declension alongside later-derived nouns end with {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|-y}} (-y ← -a). All [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ōn_declension|-ōn declension]] and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ein_declension|-ein declension]] nouns later transitioned into Gothevian feminine declension nouns, gaining the {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|-y}} (-y) ending as well. A small subset of feminine nouns however lacks the ending.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|<small>MASC</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#C15959">{{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|<small>FEM</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|<small>BOTH</small>}}</span>'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:bóky|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}]] (''bóky'', "book")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:as|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|as}}]] (''as'', "age")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:do|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}}]] (''do'', "bird")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! <small>indefinite</small>
! <small>definite</small>
! <small>indefinite</small>
! <small>definite</small>
! <small>indefinite</small>
! <small>definite</small>
! <small>indefinite</small>
! <small>definite</small>
! <small>indefinite</small>
! <small>definite</small>
! <small>indefinite</small>
! <small>definite</small>
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}<br />''bóky''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}}</span><br />''bók<span style="color:#C15959">un</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bok}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span><br />''bok<span style="color:#BCAB5C">š</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}</span><br />''bók<span style="color:#BCAB5C">aš</span>''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|as}}<br />''as''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}}</span><br />''áz<span style="color:#C15959">un</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}}</span><br />''áz<span style="color:#BCAB5C">yš</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}</span><br />''áz<span style="color:#BCAB5C">aš</span>''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}}<br />''do''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ün}}</span><br />''dó<span style="color:#C15959">ün</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span><br />''do<span style="color:#BCAB5C">š</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äš}}</span><br />''dó<span style="color:#BCAB5C">äš</span>''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uš}}</span><br />''bók<span style="color:#C15959">uš</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}</span><br />''bók<span style="color:#C15959">o</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}}</span><br />''bók<span style="color:#BCAB5C">en</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uš}}</span><br />''áz<span style="color:#C15959">uš</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}</span><br />''áz<span style="color:#C15959">o</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}}</span><br />''áz<span style="color:#BCAB5C">en</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|üš}}</span><br />''dó<span style="color:#C15959">üš</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ö}}</span><br />''dó<span style="color:#C15959">ö</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ën}}</span><br />''dó<span style="color:#BCAB5C">ën</span>''
|}
======Anomalous feminine declension======
A closed class of feminine nouns declines according to the masculine declension instead of the feminine declension. This is the result of the Gothic [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-i_declension|-i declension]] and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-jō_declension|-jō declension]] ultimately merging into the Gothevian masculine declension, with the feminine nouns of those declensions adopting the same endings.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|<small>MASC</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#C15959">{{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|<small>FEM</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|<small>BOTH</small>}}</span>'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:qen|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}}]] (''qen'', "woman")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:šɛs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛs}}]] (''šɛs'', "seed")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:škaft|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}}]] (''škaft'', "animal")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! <small>indefinite</small>
! <small>definite</small>
! <small>indefinite</small>
! <small>definite</small>
! <small>indefinite</small>
! <small>definite</small>
! <small>indefinite</small>
! <small>definite</small>
! <small>indefinite</small>
! <small>definite</small>
! <small>indefinite</small>
! <small>definite</small>
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}}<br />''qen''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}}</span><br />''qén<span style="color:#709BBF">yn</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span><br />''qen<span style="color:#BCAB5C">š</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}</span><br />''qén<span style="color:#BCAB5C">aš</span>''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛs}}<br />''šɛs''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}}</span><br />''šɛ́z<span style="color:#709BBF">yn</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}}</span><br />''šɛ́z<span style="color:#BCAB5C">yš</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}</span><br />''šɛ́z<span style="color:#BCAB5C">aš</span>''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}}<br />''škaft''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}}</span><br />''škáft<span style="color:#709BBF">yn</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span><br />''škaft<span style="color:#BCAB5C">š</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}</span><br />''škáft<span style="color:#BCAB5C">aš</span>''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}}</span><br />''qén<span style="color:#709BBF">yš</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}</span><br />''qén<span style="color:#709BBF">e</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}}</span><br />''qén<span style="color:#BCAB5C">en</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}}</span><br />''šɛ́z<span style="color:#709BBF">yš</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}</span><br />''šɛ́z<span style="color:#709BBF">e</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}}</span><br />''šɛ́z<span style="color:#BCAB5C">en</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}}</span><br />''škáft<span style="color:#709BBF">yš</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}</span><br />''škáft<span style="color:#709BBF">e</span>''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}}</span><br />''škáft<span style="color:#BCAB5C">en</span>''
|}
=====Neuter declension=====
====Adjectives====
====Adjectives====
====Pronouns====
====Pronouns====
Line 506: Line 676:
=====Interrogative pronouns=====
=====Interrogative pronouns=====
=====Indefinite pronouns=====
=====Indefinite pronouns=====
===Clitics===
===Clitics===
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Gothevian"