Gothevian: Difference between revisions
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===Syntax=== | ===Syntax=== | ||
The predominant word order in Gothevian is [[w:Subject–verb–object word order|subject–verb–object]] (SVO), but in practice, word order exhibits a high degree of flexibility without much ambiguity. | The predominant word order in Gothevian is [[w:Subject–verb–object word order|subject–verb–object]] (SVO), but in practice, word order exhibits a high degree of flexibility without much ambiguity. | ||
====General features==== | |||
Adjectives commonly precede the noun. | |||
* '''<span style="color:# | * '''<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}}</span> <span style="color:#C0945A">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}</span>''' — '''‘<span style="color:#C15959">leather</span> <span style="color:#C0945A">book</span>’''' | ||
They can however follow the noun when marked for emphasis. | They can however follow the noun when marked for emphasis. | ||
* | * '''<span style="color:#76B26C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížy}}</span> <span style="color:#C0945A">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}}</span>''' — '''‘<span style="color:#76B26C">that</span> <span style="color:#C15959">''leather''</span> <span style="color:#C0945A">book</span>’''' | ||
Although not present in the standard variety, a common feature of southern dialects is placing all adjectives ''after'' the noun. | Although not present in the standard variety, a common feature of southern dialects is placing all adjectives ''after'' the noun. | ||
* | * '''<span style="color:#C0945A">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}}</span>''' — '''‘<span style="color:#C15959">leather</span> <span style="color:#C0945A">book</span>’''' | ||
Possessors commonly follow the noun. | Possessors commonly follow the noun. | ||
* | * '''<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|my}}</span>''' — '''‘<span style="color:#709BBF">my</span> <span style="color:#C15959">book</span>’''' | ||
* '''<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}</span> <span style="color:#76B26C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}}</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Myxaílen}}</span>''' — '''‘<span style="color:#709BBF">Mykhail</span><span style="color:#76B26C">’s</span> <span style="color:#C15959">book</span>’''' | |||
For pronominal emphasis however, a genitive phrase with a dative pronoun is used. | For pronominal emphasis however, a genitive phrase with a dative pronoun is used. | ||
* | * '''<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bókun}}</span> <span style="color:#76B26C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}}</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|min}}</span>''' — '''‘<span style="color:#C15959">the book</span> <span style="color:#76B26C">of</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">me</span>’''' | ||
Possessors are allowed to go before the noun for poetic license without any loss of meaning. | Possessors are allowed to go before the noun for poetic license without any loss of meaning. | ||
* | * '''<span style="color:#C0945A">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šcánijus}}</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}</span>-<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dáprun}}</span> <span style="color:#76B26C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uf}}</span>''' — '''‘<span style="color:#76B26C">over</span><span style="color:#C0945A">shone</span>, <span style="color:#709BBF">our</span> <span style="color:#C15959">bravery</span>’''' | ||
Subject pronouns are normally [[w:pro-drop language|dropped]], as they can be inferred from verbal endings. | |||
* '''<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócija}}</span>''' — '''‘<span style="color:#C15959">I saw</span>’''' | |||
Though they can be included to emphasize the subject. | |||
* '''<span style="color:#76B26C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ci}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócija}}</span>''' — '''‘<span style="color:#76B26C">''I''</span> <span style="color:#C15959">saw</span>’''' | |||
Verbs go before participles in compound tenses. | |||
* '''<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšynɔvis}}</span> <span style="color:#C0945A">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|túklivyn}}</span>''' — '''‘<span style="color:#C15959">he was</span> <span style="color:#C0945A">arrested</span> <span style="color:gray">[reportedly]</span>’''' | |||
===Morphology=== | |||
Gothevian is a largely [[w:synthetic language|synthetic language]], in some aspects more so than others. However, it also heavily displays [[w:analytic language|analytic]] features. Nominal declension was heavily reduced, while verbal conjugation was expanded upon. Most of these innovations were due to the Balkan sprachbund, among them are: | |||
* Lack of an infinitive. Contexts where English would use an infinitive are typically formed with either [[w:Finite verb|finite forms]] or participles. | |||
* Innovation of a post-fixed declining article. The [[w:Gothic_declension#The_weak_declension|weak adjective declension]] was re-analyzed and spread to nouns via the old [[w:Gothic_declension#Weak_noun_declensions_(n-stems)|n-stem declensions]]. | |||
* Syncretism of the dative and genitive cases. Particles are used to form distinct dative and genitive constructions. | |||
* reshaped and expanded compound tenses. The future and perfect tenses were reshaped to be more in line with those of their neighbors. A synthetic [[w:aorist|aorist]] was later analogically innovated, and analytic [[w:evidentiality|evidential forms]] later followed. | |||
* Loss of synthetic comparative and superlative forms. The original method of deriving degrees of comparison using suffixation fell out of use in favor of analytic preposed markers. | |||
===Nominals=== | ===Nominals=== | ||
====Pronouns==== | ====Pronouns==== | ||
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===Clitics=== | ===Clitics=== | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
==Sample texts== | ==Sample texts== | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||