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| The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of {{PAGENAME}} grammar.
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| ==Inflection==
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| A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:
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|
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| #applicative or derivational prefixes
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| #object prefix
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| #(prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
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| #'''STEM'''
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| #voice suffix
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| #TAM + subject
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| #emphatic suffix ''-is''
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|
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| Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic ''-is'', which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.
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|
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| ===Voice markers===
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| *''-ro-'' = passive marker
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| Some verbs may be ablauted.
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|
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| ===TAM + subject markers===
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| Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices. There are two major paradigms of verbs, ignoring principal parts:
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|
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| *Consonant stems:
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| *Vowel stems: -ā-, -e-, -i-
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|
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| The 3pl suffixes -bis/-b and -tis/-t are in free variation, though there is some preference for one set in certain tenses.
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|
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| The emphatic marker is often but not always added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle (e.g. ''ei'' 'not', ''rin'' {{sc|relativizer}}):
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| *''cacsanis'' = I eat
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| *''ei cacsan'' = I do not eat
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|
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| Collective nouns take the ''singular'' form of the verb.
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| ====Present====
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| Independent forms:
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| {| class="bluetable"
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| |-
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| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torjenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsanis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
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| |-
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| | 1SG || tussānis || torjenis || aellinis || cacsanis
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| |-
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| | 2SG || tussāris || torjeris || aelliris || cacsaris
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| |-
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| | 3SG.M || tussāmis || torjemis || aellimis || cacsamis
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| |-
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| | 3SG.F || tussāsis || torjesis || aellisis || cacsasis
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| |-
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| | 3SG.N || tussās || torjes || aellis || cacsis
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| |-
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| | 1EX || tussāmēs || torjemēs || aellimēs || cacsamēs
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| |-
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| | 1IN || tussāntis || torjentis || aellintis || cacsantis
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| |-
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| | 2PL || tussāces || torjeces || aellisces || cacsaces
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| |-
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| | 3PL || tussābis<br/>tussātis || torjebis<br/>torjetis || aellibis<br/>aellitis || cacsabis<br/>cacsatis
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| |}
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| Dependent forms (shown with ''ei'' 'not'):
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| {| class="bluetable"
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| |-
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| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torjenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
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| |-
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| | 1SG || ei tussān || ei torjen || ei aellin || ei cacsan
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| |-
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| | 2SG || ei tussār || ei torjer || ei aellir || ei cacsar
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| |-
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| | 3SG.M || ei tussām || ei torjem || ei aellim || ei cacsam
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| |-
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| | 3SG.F || ei tussāsi || ei torjesi || ei aellisi || ei cacsasi
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| |-
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| | 3SG.N || ei tussā || ei torje || ei aelli || ei cacsa
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| |-
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| | 1EX || ei tussāmē || ei torjemē || ei aellimē || ei cacsamē
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| |-
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| | 1IN || ei tussānt || ei torjent || ei aellint || ei cacsant
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| |-
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| | 2PL || ei tussāce || ei torjece || ei aellice || ei cacsace
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| |-
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| | 3PL || ei tussāb<br/>ei tussāt || ei torjeb<br/>ei torjet || ei aellib<br/>ei aellit || ei cacsab<br/>ei cacsat
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| |}
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|
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| ====Imperfect====
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| Uses reduplication:
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| *Stems beginning in a vowel uses the first vowel (shortened) + the first following consonant as the reduplicant - the exact reduplicant often depends on the word, though.
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| *Stems beginning in ħ- or ȝ- just use the first V as the redupliant: ''ȝastranis'' 'I laugh', ''aȝastranis'' 'I used to laugh'.
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|
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| Independent forms:
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| {| class="bluetable"
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| |-
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| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torjenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsanis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
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| |-
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| | 1SG || tetussānis || tetorjenis || aeaellinis || cecacsanis
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| |-
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| | 2SG || tetussāris || tetorjeris || aeaelliris || cecacsaris
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| |-
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| | 3SG.M || tetussāmis || tetorjemis || aeaellimis || cecacsamis
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| |-
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| | 3SG.F || tetussāsis || tetorjesis || aeaellisis || cecacsasis
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| |-
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| | 3SG.N || tetussās || tetorjes || aeaellis || cecacsis
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| |-
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| | 1EX || tetussāmēs || tetorjemēs || aeaellimēs || cecacsamēs
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| |-
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| | 1IN || tetussāntis || tetorjentis || aeaellintis || cecacsantis
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| |-
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| | 2PL || tetussāces || tetorjeces || aeaellices || cecacsaces
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| |-
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| | 3PL || tetussātis || tetorjetis || aeaellitis || cecacsatis
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| |}
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| Dependent forms:
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| {| class="bluetable"
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| |-
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| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torjenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsanis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
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| |-
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| | 1SG || ei tetussān || ei tetorjene || ei aeaelline || ei cecacsane
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| |-
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| | 2SG || ei tetussār || ei tetorjer || ei aeaellir || ei cecacsar
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| |-
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| | 3SG.M || ei tetussām || ei tetorjem || ei aeaellim || ei cecacsam
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| |-
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| | 3SG.F || ei tetussāsi || ei tetorjesi || ei aeaellisi || ei cecacsasis
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| |-
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| | 3SG.N || ei tetussā || ei tetorje || ei aeaelli || ei cecacsa
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| |-
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| | 1EX || ei tetussāmē || ei tetorjemē || ei aeaellimē || ei cecacsamē
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| |-
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| | 1IN || ei tetussānt || ei tetorjent || ei aeaellint || ei cecacsant
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| |-
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| | 2PL || ei tetussāce || ei tetorjece || ei aeaellice || ei cecacsace
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| |-
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| | 3PL || ei tetussāt || ei tetorjet || ei aeaellit || ei cecacsat
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| |}
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|
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| ====Preterite====
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| Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant - especially the ablauting verbs - may change the stem form in the preterite.
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|
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| Independent forms:
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| {| class="bluetable"
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| |-
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| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torjenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
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| |-
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| | 1SG || tussaes || torjeis || aellīs || cētīs
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| |-
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| | 2SG || tussāsoes || torjesoes || aellisoes || cēsoes
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| |-
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| | 3SG.M || tussāφamis || torjeφamis || aelliφamis || cēsiamis
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| |-
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| | 3SG.F || tussāφis || torjeφis || aelliφis || cēsiaes
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| |-
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| | 3SG.N || tussācsis || torjecsis || aellicsis || cēsias
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| |-
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| | 1EX || tussāmris || torjemris || aellimris || cēmris
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| |-
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| | 1IN || tussāntris || torjentris || aellintris || cēntris
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| |-
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| | 2PL || tussācris || torjecris || aellicris || cēcris
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| |-
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| | 3PL || tussābris || torjebris || aellibris || cēbris
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| |}
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| Dependent forms:
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| {| class="bluetable"
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| |-
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| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torjenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
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| |-
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| | 1SG || ei tussae || ei torjei || ei aellī || ei cētī
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| |-
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| | 2SG || ei tussāsoe || ei torjesoe || ei aellisoe || ei cēsoe
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| |-
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| | 3SG.M || ei tussāφam || ei torjeφam || ei aelliφam || ei cēsiam
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| |-
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| | 3SG.F || ei tussāφi || ei torjeφi || ei aelliφi || ei cēsiae
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| |-
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| | 3SG.N || ei tussācs || ei torjecs || ei aellics || ei cēsias
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| |-
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| | 1EX || ei tussāmer || ei torjemer || ei aellimer || ei cēmer
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| |-
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| | 1IN || ei tussānter || ei torjenter || ei aellinter || ei cēnter
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| |-
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| | 2PL || ei tussācer || ei torjecer || ei aellicer || ei cēcer
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| |-
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| | 3PL || ei tussāber || ei torjeber || ei aelliber || ei cēber
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| |}
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|
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| ====Pluperfect====
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| (Reduplicate the preterite forms.)
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|
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| ====Future====
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| Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant may change the stem form in the future.
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|
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| Here it's more common to use -tēbis/-tēb for 3pl than -tētis/-tēt.
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|
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| Phonological rules for consonant stems:
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| *''m'' + ''t'' > ''nt''
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| *''b, φ, g'' + ''t'' > ''ct''
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| *''cs'' + ''t'' > '':st''
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| *''θ, δ'' + ''t'' > ''ss''
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| *''d'' + ''t'' > ''tt''
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| *''ȝ'' + ''t'' > ''ħt''
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|
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| Independent forms:
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| {| class="bluetable"
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| |-
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| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torjenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
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| |-
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| | 1SG || tussātēnis || torjetēnis || cāstēnis
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| |-
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| | 2SG || tussātēris || torjetēris || cāstēris
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| |-
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| | 3SG.M || tussātēmis || torjetēmis || cāstēmis
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| |-
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| | 3SG.F || tussātēsis || torjetēsis || cāstēsis
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| |-
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| | 3SG.N || tussātēs || torjetēs || cāstēs
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| |-
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| | 1EX || tussātēmēs || torjetēmēs || cāstēmēs
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| |-
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| | 1IN || tussātēntis || torjetēntis || cāstēntis
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| |-
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| | 2PL || tussātēces || torjetēces || cāstēces
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| |-
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| | 3PL || tussātēbis || torjetēbis || cāstēbis
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| |}
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| Dependent forms:
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| {| class="bluetable"
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| |-
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| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torjenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
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| |-
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| | 1SG || ei tussātēn || ei torjetēn || ei cāstēn
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| |-
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| | 2SG || ei tussātēr || ei torjetēr || ei cāstēr
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| |-
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| | 3SG.M || ei tussātēm || ei torjetēm || ei cāstēm
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| |-
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| | 3SG.F || ei tussātēsi || ei torjetēsi || ei cāstēsi
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| |-
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| | 3SG.N || ei tussātē || ei torjetē || ei cāstē
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| |-
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| | 1EX || ei tussātēmē || ei torjetēmē || ei cāstēmē
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| |-
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| | 1IN || ei tussātēnt || ei torjetēnt || ei cāstēnt
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| |-
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| | 2PL || ei tussātēce || ei torjetēce || ei cāstēce
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| |-
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| | 3PL || ei tussātēb || ei torjetēb || ei cāstēb
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| |}
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| ====Future perfect====
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|
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| ====Jussive====
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| Independent forms:
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| {| class="bluetable"
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| |-
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| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torjenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsanis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
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| |-
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| | 1SG || tussānaes || torjenaes || cacsanaes
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| |-
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| | 2SG || tussāraes || torjeraes || cacsaraes
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| |-
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| | 3SG.M || tussāmioris || torjemioris || cacsamioris
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| |-
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| | 3SG.F || tussāsioris || torjesioris || cacsasioris
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| |-
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| | 3SG.N || tussoris || torioris || cacsioris
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| |-
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| | 1EX || tussāmaes || torjemaes || cacsamaes
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| |-
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| | 1IN || tussāntaes || torjentaes || cacsantaes
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| |-
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| | 2PL || tussācaes || torjecaes || cacsacaes
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| |-
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| | 3PL || tussātioris || torjetioris || cacsatioris
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| |}
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| Dependent forms (shown with the irrealis negative ''δā''):
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| {| class="bluetable"
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| |-
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| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torjenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsanis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
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| |-
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| | 1SG || δā tussānae || δā torjenae || δā cacsanae
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| |-
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| | 2SG || δā tussārae || δā torjerae || δā cacsarae
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| |-
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| | 3SG.M || δā tussāmior || δā torjemior || δā cacsamior
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| |-
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| | 3SG.F || δā tussāsior || δā torjesior || δā cacsasior
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| |-
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| | 3SG.N || δā tussor || δā torior || δā cacsior
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| |-
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| | 1EX || δā tussāmae || δā torjemae || δā cacsamae
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| |-
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| | 1IN || δā tussāntae || δā torjentae || δā cacsantae
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| |-
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| | 2PL || δā tussācae || δā torjecae || δā cacsacae
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| |-
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| | 3PL || δā tussātior || δā torjetior || δā cacsatior
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| |}
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|
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| ====Optative====
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|
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| Independent forms:
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| {| class="bluetable"
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| |-
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| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torjenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
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| |-
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| | 1SG || tussādonis || torjēdonis || cacsidonis
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| |-
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| | 2SG || tussādoris || torjēdoris || cacsidoris
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| |-
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| | 3SG.M || tussādomis || torjēdomis || cacsidomis
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| |-
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| | 3SG.F || tussādosis || torjēdosis || cacsidosis
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| |-
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| | 3SG.N || tussādos || torjēdos || cacsidos
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| |-
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| | 1EX || tussādomēs || torjēdomēs || cacsidomēs
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| |-
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| | 1IN || tussādontis || torjēdontis || cacsidontis
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| |-
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| | 2PL || tussādoces || torjēdoces || cacsidoces
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| |-
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| | 3PL || tussādotis || torjēdotis || cacsidotis
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| |}
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| Dependent forms:
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| {| class="bluetable"
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| |-
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| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torjenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
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| |-
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| | 1SG || δā tussādon || δā torjēdon || δā cacsidon
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| |-
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| | 2SG || δā tussādor || δā torjēdor || δā cacsidor
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| |-
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| | 3SG.M || δā tussādom || δā torjēdom || δā cacsidom
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| |-
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| | 3SG.F || δā tussādosi || δā torjēdosi || δā cacsidosi
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| |-
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| | 3SG.N || δā tussādo || δā torjēdo || δā cacsido
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| |-
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| | 1EX || δā tussādomē || δā torjēdomē || δā cacsidomē
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| |-
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| | 1IN || δā tussādont || δā torjēdont || δā cacsidont
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| |-
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| | 2PL || δā tussādoce || δā torjēdoce || δā cacsidoce
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| |-
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| | 3PL || δā tussādot || δā torjēdot || δā cacsidot
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| |}
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|
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| ====Imperative====
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| Independent forms:
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| {| class="bluetable"
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| |-
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| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torjenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
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| | 2SG || tussās! || torjēs! || aellīs! || cacsas!
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| |-
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| | 1IN || tussāntēs! || torjentēs! || aellintēs! || cacsantēs!
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| |-
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| | 2PL || tussācēs! || torjecēs! || aelliscēs! || cacsacēs!
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| |}
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| Dependent forms:
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| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
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| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torjenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
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| | 2SG || δā tussā! || δā torjē! || δā aellī! || δā cacsa!
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| |-
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| | 1IN || δā tussāntē! || δā torjentē! || δā aellintē! || δā cacsantē!
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| |-
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| | 2PL || δā tussācē! || δā torjecē! || δā aellicē! || δā cacsacē!
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| |}
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|
| |
| ===Non-finite forms===
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| Thensarian has multiple infinitives and participles for each verb.
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|
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| ====Infinitives====
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| *Infinitive: ''-us'' (consonantal verbs) / ''-s'' (theme vowel verbs)
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| **''cacus'' = to eat
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| **''tussās'' = to pray
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| *Verbal noun: ''-ācos''
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| *Adverbial infintive: ''-nos''
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|
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| ====Participles====
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| *Present participle: ''-gim''
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| *Past passive participle: ''-inom''
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| *Future participle: ''-tēgim''
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|
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| ==Paradigms==
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| ===Athematic verbs===
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| ===ā-stems===
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| ===Preterite-present verbs===
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| *''tosadī'' = I see
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| *''mlidī'' = I hear
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| *''sondī'' = I seek
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|
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| Compare:
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| *''tonsiān'' = I look
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| *''mlindiān'' = I listen
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| *''sommiān'' = I find
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|
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| (I don't quite like these stems)
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|
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| ===Irregular verbs===
| |