Vethari: Difference between revisions

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* 94 words inherited from Proto-Austronesian and related languages

* 66 words inherited from Proto-Great-Andamanese and related languages

* 28 words inherited from Proto-Hmong-Mien and related languages

* 18 words inherited from Proto-Hmong-Mien and related languages

* 10 words inherited from Proto-Ongan and related languages.

Because of being an advanced civilization, lots of techniques and scientific terms are native words. For example, from the 118 periodic elements, 37 have native words for it, since they were discovered before other words being borrowed for them. Basically, the other remaining elements are adapted borrowings from French and English, to fit into the phonotactics. Other recent technologies are usually borrowed from Telugu, Bengali, Burmese or Thai. The calendary is the Gregorian calendary and each month has its name based on things that happen on that time, for example the time to harvest, the month that is cold and more.

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The most used list nowadays is the Swadesh 207-word list, adapted from Swadesh 1952.

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"

!colspan="4"|Swadesh list

|-

! width="25%"|1-52

! width="25%"|53-104

! width="25%"|105-156

! width="25%"|157-207

|-

| '''1.''' ta “I” tu “I” || '''53.''' inviga “stick” || '''105.''' suysansaku “to smell” || '''157.''' cyeida “sand”

|-

| '''2.''' vi “you” ru “you” || '''54.''' kapo “fruit” || '''106.''' moimanduku “to fear” || '''158.''' fuza “dust”

|-

| '''3.''' li “he/she/it” le “he/she/it” || '''55.''' iufa “seed” || '''107.''' simiguku “to sleep” || '''159.''' epsponda “earth”

|-

| '''4.''' jo “we” ju “we” || '''56.''' wekkima “leaf” || '''108.''' seuku “to live” || '''160.''' cirua “cloud”

|-

| '''5.''' fu “you” fo “you” ||''' 57.''' ifuda “root” || '''109.''' midonaku “to die” || '''161.''' efonda “fog”

|-

| '''6.''' rlo “they” rlu “they” || '''58.''' ganze “bark” || '''110.''' monaku “to kill” || '''162.''' sumuno “sky”

|-

| '''7.''' kima “this” || '''59.''' ekuya “flower” || '''111.''' syensyenku “to fight” || '''163.''' uigura “wind”

|-

| '''8.''' cyusmu “that” || '''60.''' ewajò “grass” || '''112.''' instuku “to hunt” || '''164.''' safou “snow”

|-

| '''9.''' oigu “here” || '''61.''' vojogugo “rope” || '''113.''' jutaku “to hit” || '''165.''' usryo “ice”

|-

| '''10.''' toigan “there” || '''62.''' sua “skin” || '''114.''' cyinsyaku “to cut” || '''166.''' tthà “smoke”

|-

| '''11.''' niri “who” || '''63.''' sigamè “meat” || '''115.''' ifiusaku “to split” || '''167.''' onfu “fire”

|-

| '''12.''' nuru “what” || '''64.''' laus “blood” || '''116.''' cyinku “to stab” || '''168.''' asga “ash”

|-

| '''13.''' nara “where” || '''65.''' kiyu “bone” || '''117.''' zowaku “to scratch” || '''169.''' finku “to burn”

|-

| '''14.''' senu “when” || '''66.''' syaywa “fat” || '''118.''' duyswaku “to dig” || '''170.''' ernu “road”

|-

| '''15.''' nere “how” || '''67.''' cyutu “egg” || '''119.''' yuwonku “to swim” || '''171.''' masmaraytha “mountain”

|-

| '''16.''' mu “not” || '''68.''' cuiru “horn” || '''120.''' foku “to fly” || '''172.''' esami “red”

|-

| '''17.''' ciro “all” || '''69.''' kabana “tail” || '''121.''' qupiku “to walk” || '''173.''' vilo “green”

|-

| '''18.''' saso “many” || '''70.''' icyema “feather” || '''122.''' fiwaku “to come” || '''174.''' siki “yellow”

|-

| '''19.''' èymu “some” || '''71.''' ekans “hair” || '''123.''' luranku “to lie” || '''175.''' intupo “white”

|-

| '''20.''' turu “few” || '''72.''' euwa “head” avisto “head” || '''124.''' goseku “to sit” || '''176.''' kana “black”

|-

| '''21.''' nyere “other” || '''73.''' icyya “ear” || '''125.''' dhoku “to stand” || '''177.''' fansa “night”

|-

| '''22.''' ukun “one” || '''74.''' irs “eye” || '''126.''' klaustaku “to turn” || '''178.''' qouqo “day”

|-

| '''23.''' bomo “two” || '''75.''' wekkordi “nose” || '''127.''' abaluku “to fall” || '''179.''' sibuo “year”

|-

| '''24.''' istiu “three” || '''76.''' ganago “mouth” || '''128.''' qubaku “to give” || '''180.''' irro “warm”

|-

| '''25.''' gù “four” || '''77.''' dasano “tooth” || '''129.''' ìrupoku “to hold” || '''181.''' veklo “cold”

|-

| '''26.''' fradru “five” || '''78.''' tayuto “tongue” || '''130.''' kankanku “to squeeze” || '''182.''' fatyu “full”

|-

| '''27.''' rdo “big” || '''79.''' sugusa “fingernail” || '''131.''' yefeyku “to rub” || '''183.''' dubu “new”

|-

| '''28.''' civo “long” || '''80.''' ftu “foot” || '''132.''' thosuku “to wash” || '''184.''' usarda “old”

|-

| '''29.''' èvua “wide” || '''81.''' cyìsu “leg” || '''133.''' konskauku “to wipe” || '''185.''' doso “good”

|-

| '''30.''' fiju “thick” || '''82.''' urne “knee” || '''134.''' tyisàfku “to pull” || '''186.''' wamoru “bad”

|-

| '''31.''' kketans “heavy” || '''83.''' payyu “hand” || '''135.''' irsku “to push” || '''187.''' turon “rotten”

|-

| '''32.''' frè “little” || '''84.''' katauga “wing” || '''136.''' siloku “to throw” || '''188.''' fonye “dirty”

|-

| '''33.''' dhaufi “short” || '''85.''' qudra “belly” || '''137.''' farssaku “to tie” || '''189.''' rsiniu “straight”

|-

| '''34.''' thaie “narrow” || '''86.''' isura “guts” || '''138.''' suruaku “to sew” || '''190.''' unga “round”

|-

| '''35.''' noroi “thin” || '''87.''' cyunis “neck” || '''139.''' pripiku “to count” || '''191.''' zan “sharp”

|-

| '''36.''' aqewa “woman” || '''88.''' tunu “back” || '''140.''' egaku “to say” || '''192.''' uws “dull”

|-

| '''37.''' nata “man” || '''89.''' beyou “breast” || '''141.''' okhoaku “to sing” || '''193.''' lanans “smooth”

|-

| '''38.''' kunapurang “human being” || '''90.''' potumok “heart” || '''142.''' sayenku “to play” || '''194.''' ttidu “wet”

|-

| '''39.''' gosru “child” || '''91.''' urs “liver” || '''143.''' balaku “to float” || '''195.''' eptira “dry”

|-

| '''40.''' yanas “wife” || '''92.''' khaku “to drink” || '''144.''' gaku “to flow” || '''196.''' porsaya “correct”

|-

| '''41.''' vogvokfu “husband” || '''93.''' dyasyidyaku “to eat” || '''145.''' tyaku “to freeze” || '''197.''' neuno “near”

|-

| '''42.''' dhiza “mother” || '''94.''' salajuku “to bite” || '''146.''' ungoku “to swell” || '''198.''' oriyu “far”

|-

| '''43.''' dhista “father” || '''95.''' gagauku “to suck” || '''147.''' wokla “sun” || '''199.''' rere “right”

|-

| '''44.''' varana “animal” || '''96.''' optuku “to spit” || '''148.''' ukuyu “moon” || '''200.''' uburo “left”

|-

| '''45.''' ufto “fish” || '''97.''' ikhyoku “to vomit” || '''149.''' syalasya “star” || '''201.''' gila “at”

|-

| '''46.''' vavau “bird” || '''98.''' fufuku “to blow” || '''150.''' gloppo “water” || '''202''' òma “in”

|-

| '''47.''' arafra “dog” || '''99.''' akhaku “to breathe” || '''151.''' syunurusyya “rain” || '''203.''' gippu “with”

|-

| '''48.''' wasama “louse” || '''100.''' khogoku “to laugh” || '''152.''' jewa “river” || '''204.''' igi “and”

|-

| '''49.''' sirun “snake” || '''101.''' ivriku “to see” || '''153.''' sawara “lake” || '''205.''' nave “if”

|-

| '''50.''' ugirsu “worm” || '''102.''' ìkhìku “to hear” || '''154.''' èbdwa “sea” || '''206.''' ruga “because”

|-

| '''51.''' misuzi “tree” || '''103.''' ouku “to know” || '''155.''' saza “salt” || '''207.''' impo “name”

|-

| '''52.''' misuzirda “forest” || '''104.''' àbàku “to think” || '''156.''' thuturnu “stone” ||

|}

== Dialects ==

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*No zero realization on S markers.

*Relativization occurs on both Subjects and Obliques(Relative Pronouns)

*It is considered ~~balanced~~ on “when” and purpose clauses, although Old Vethari being classified as Balanced~~/Deranked~~.

*It is considered Balanced/Deranked on “when” and purpose clauses, although Old Vethari being classified only as Balanced.

*On Action Nominal Constructions, Vethari is classified with this structure, as Double-Possessive, with other similar languages being Maltese, Latvian and Japanese.

*Because of a little bit of suppletion according to tense, like Pipil and Hixkaryana, it is difficult for learners, however the Highlands dialect has other irregular verbs with changes also in aspect, having suppletion on both Tense and Aspect, like Nahuatl and Burushaski. Old Vethari had suppletion only on aspects, and when evolving, they became tense suppletion forms, like Ika, Wichita and Numggubuyu.

* Modal verbs appear before the main verb. Some other are not needed, like “must” that in stead, uses or the Imperative or the Vetitive for it. The subjunctive may sometimes full the work of a modal verb in a sentence. Vethari modal verbs are etymologically related to Gimiiratopi’s coverbs. Modal verbs are defective verbs, as in English, which such verbs only have one form. In Vethari, ~~the~~ verbs can not be conjugated, thus being used alone before the verb, just like English.

* Modal verbs appear before the main verb. Some other are not needed, like “must” that in stead, uses or the Imperative or the Vetitive for it. The subjunctive may sometimes full the work of a modal verb in a sentence. Vethari modal verbs are etymologically related to Gimiiratopi’s coverbs. Modal verbs are defective verbs, as in English, which such verbs only have one form. In Vethari, these verbs can not be conjugated, thus being used alone before the verb, just like English.

===Personal Infinitive===

The Personal Infinitive usually occurs on structures like “for (pronoun) (infinitive)”, for example “for us to be”. They only conjugate for person, however other pronouns are took back for their normal forms(includes excluding the case), for example “us > we”, “me > I”. For example:

: Jo-cyi-lye-riu-syo

: 1PL.AGT-IND-FUT-be-IMI

: For us to be.

In this case, “syo” is the personal infinitive suffix for the Agentive subject “jo”, “we”.

=== The Supines and the Gerundive ===

The supine is used on main verbs on purpose clauses. It is also used to explain why something is done. They come as a particle right after the verb complex: “tumi”.

: Dhiza li-cyi-ga-masu-tuw ta-cyi-Ø-ruma-prosezyun tumi.

: mother 3SG.AGT-IND-PST-take-1SG.PAT.INDR.OBJ 1SG.AGT-IND-PRES-watch-procession SUP

: 'Mother took me to watch the procession'.

: Ta-cyi-rja-so-komu-ru ugirigasiku tumi!

: 1SG.AGT-IND-AOR-do.AOR-that-2SG.PAT protect SUP

: I did that to protect you!

The other supine comes after a verb with an adjective. The particle “muturai” is used. For example:

: Piro vi-cyi-Ø-karu-tu muturai…

: hard 2SG.AGT-IND-PRES-believe-1SG.PAT SUP

: Hard to believe… (Literally: Hard you believe I)

: Cara li-cyi-suri-komu siranku muturai!

: amazing 3SG.AGT-IND-be-that say SUP

: It’s amazing to say! (Literally: Amazing that is to say).

The Gerundive is no longer used on colloquial speech, however it is used on formal writing and old people’s vocabulary. It worked almost the same way as Latin, however it disappeared from common texts, being left on the Old Vethari language.

==== Volitional Verbs ====

There are some verb pairs that distinguish volition, some only used with Agentive subjects and others only with Patientive subjects. For example: Nimoku 'to see' (only Agentive) and Pasoku 'to look' (only patientive). The same way with English on the examples, with 'to see' being only intentional and 'to look' being unintentional. Other notable example is Dyirauku 'to hear' (only Agentive) and Misubuku 'to listen' (only Patientive). Although if the argument, in theory, has to be in the other case, it’s not possible to change, as they function as defective verbs, because they can’t change their cases.

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=== Nouns ===

Like verbs, complete noun forms are based on affixes, that change by classes. There are specific affixes for each category; Case, Class, Number and Definiteness. There are no genders, instead, there are classes. Although there are different affixes for each class, there is no Patientive and Singular affix on every class.

Like verbs, complete noun forms are based on affixes, that change by classes. Nouns have case syncretism. There are specific affixes for each category; Case, Class, Number and Definiteness. There are no genders, instead, there are classes. Although there are different affixes for each class, there is no Patientive and Singular affix on every class.

====Classes of Nouns and their affixes====

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Relative clauses, which are demarcated with the particle ''jau'' also serve to emphasize the subject on the clause, for example: “Me ''that'' went there yesterday” instead of just “I went there yesterday”. Also serve to exclaim that something was on purpose, whether the speaker’s assumption is correct or not. Relative clauses use Relative Pronouns.

: Jau li-cyi-rja-suy-evirdau-~~lia~~!

: Jau li-cyi-rja-suy-evirdau-mia!

: RM 3SG.AGT-IND-AOR-take-pen-~~3SG~~.AGT.DAT.INDR.OBJ

: RM 3SG.AGT-IND-AOR-take-pen-1SG.AGT.DAT.INDR.OBJ

: She that took the pen from me!

== Sample Text ==

=== Sample Text ===

The 1st Article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights translated into Vethari:

: "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."

: "Ciro eppola igi yamarù rlucyikleeurrekunapurang muturai piriwasmugrigol igi fidyegasmugrigol. Igi sinyegaloimugayl rlocyiklerjazaniyeeppurotui gippu igi rlayugyulyeappura kocyivauzuqol dhanasgkoryekhlizugel."

: "Ciro eppola igi yamarù rlu-cyi-kle-Ø-eurre-kunapurang muturai piriwas-mu-gri-Ø-gol igi fidyegas-mu-gri-Ø-gol. Igi sinyegaloi-mu-Ø-Ø-gayl rlo-cyi-kle-rja-zaniye-eppurotui gippu igi rlayu-gyu-lye-appura kocyivau-zu-Ø-qol

dhanasgkoryekhli-zu-Ø-gel."

: all free and equal 3PL.PAT-IND-PASS-PRES-born-humanbeing SUP dignity-DEF-PL-PAT-LOC and right-DEF-PL-PAT-LOC | and conscience-DEF-SG-PAT-INS 3PL.AGT-IND-PASS-AOR-endow-reason with and 3PL.AGT.RECP.DO-COND-FUT-act spirit-DEF-SG-LOC brotherhood-DEF-SG-DAT

: /'ci.ɾo e'pˠo.la 'i.gi ja.ma'ɾɯ ɭu.çi.kle.eu.ɺe.ku.na.pu.ɾang mu.tu'ɾaj pi.ɾi.was.mu.gɾi'gol 'i.gi fi.ʤe.gas.mu.gɾi'gol | 'i.gi si.ɲe.ga.loi.mu'gajl ɭo.çi.kle.ɟa.za.ni.je.e.pˠu.ɾo'tui 'gi.pˠu 'i.gi ɭa.ju.ʝu.ʎe.a.pˠu.ɾa ko.çi.vau.zu'qol ða.nas.gko. ɻe.xli.zu'gel/

: [ci̞.ɾ̞o̞ eˈpˠʰo̞.la̞ ˈi̞.ɡi̞ ja̠.ma̠ˈɾɯ̟ ɭu̟.çi̟.kʰle̞̽.u̟.ɺe̞.kʰu̟.na̠.pʰu̟.ˈɾãŋ mu̟.tʰu̟ˈɾa̝j̟ pi̞.ɾ̞i̞.ˈwas̟.mu̟.ɡɾi̞ˈgo̞l̪ ˈi̞.ɡi̞ fi̞.ʤe̞̽.ɡas̟.mu̟.ɡɾi̞ˈgo̞l̪] | [ˈi̞.ɡi̞ si̞.ɲe̞̽.ɡa̠.lo̞ɪ̯.mu̟ˈɡaɪ̯l̪ ɭo̟.çi̟.kʰle̞.ɟa̟.za̟.ni̞.je̞.e̞.pˠʰu̟.ɾo̟ˈtʷui̯ ˈɡi̞.pˠʰu̟ ˈi̞.ɡi̞ ɭa̟.ju̠.ʝu̠.ʎe̟.a̟.pˠʰu̟ˈɾa̟ ko̞.çi̟.ˈvau̯.zu̟.qo̞l̪ ða̞.nas̟.gko̠ ɻe̞.xli̞.zu̟ˈɡel̪]

: ⟦cᶤ̞ⁿ.ɾ̞̹o̞̠ e̞ˈpˠʰ̟̊õ̞˕.lᵊ̠a̞̯ ˈi̞̞.ɡᶤ̞ʲ ja̠͎.ma̠̯ˈɾɯ̟̘ ɭᶳ̟u̟̰.çᶦ̥̈.kʰ˳l̺̹e̞̽.u̟̟.ɺᶯ̹e̞̰.kʰᶴ̟u̟̤.na̠̠.pʰᵊ̰u̟̘.ˈɾãŋ̚]

mu̟̟.tʰᵓu̟̹ˈɾa̝̠ᵑʲ pi̞̜.ɾ̞͎i̞̹.ˈwᵊa̠s̟̟.mu̟̟.ɡɾᶤ̟i̞ˈɡo̞ɫ̪̞ ˈi̞̞.ɡᶤ̰ fi̞̞.ʤᶦ̞e̞̽.ɡa̠s̟̰.mu̟.ɡɾᶤ̟i̞ˈɡo̞ɫ̪̤] |

[ˈi̞̞.ɡᶤ̰ si̞͎.ɲᵝ̹e̞̽.ɡᵆa̠.lo̞ɪ̯̟.mu̟̤ˈɡaɪ̯ᶩl̪̰ ɭᶳ̰o̟.çᶦ̥.kʰ˳l̺̟e̞̞.ɟᶣa̟̟.z̪a̠.ni̞̞.je̞.e̞̰.pˠʰᶠ̪u̟̠.ɾo̟ˈtʷᵓu̟ɪ̯ ˈɡᶤ̟.pˠʰᶢu̟̜ ˈi̞.ɡᶤ̰ ɭa̟̰.jᵘu̠.ʝᶲu̠.ʎᵞe̟̟.a̟̠.pˠʰᶠ̪u̟ˈɾa̠]

[ko̞.çᶦ̰.ˈvᵓau̯ᵊ.zu̟.qo̞l̪̠ ða̞.na̠s̟̟.ᶢko̠ ɻe̞.xᵝli̞̠.zu̟ˈɡel̪̤⟧

== See Also ==

* [[Proto-Vethari]]

* [[Naythiri]]

* [[Oralathi]]

@@ Line 188: / Line 188: @@
 * 94 words inherited from Proto-Austronesian and related languages
 * 66 words inherited from Proto-Great-Andamanese and related languages
-* 28 words inherited from Proto-Hmong-Mien and related languages
+* 18 words inherited from Proto-Hmong-Mien and related languages
+* 10 words inherited from Proto-Ongan and related languages.
 Because of being an advanced civilization, lots of techniques and scientific terms are native words. For example, from the 118 periodic elements, 37 have native words for it, since they were discovered before other words being borrowed for them. Basically, the other remaining elements are adapted borrowings from French and English, to fit into the phonotactics. Other recent technologies are usually borrowed from Telugu, Bengali, Burmese or Thai. The calendary is the Gregorian calendary and each month has its name based on things that happen on that time, for example the time to harvest, the month that is cold and more.
@@ Line 221: / Line 222: @@
 The most used list nowadays is the Swadesh 207-word list, adapted from Swadesh 1952.
+{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
+!colspan="4"|Swadesh list
+|-
+! width="25%"|1-52
+! width="25%"|53-104
+! width="25%"|105-156
+! width="25%"|157-207
+|-
+| '''1.''' ta “I” <br> tu “I” || '''53.''' inviga “stick” || '''105.''' suysansaku “to smell” || '''157.''' cyeida “sand”
+|-
+| '''2.''' vi “you” <br> ru “you” || '''54.''' kapo “fruit” || '''106.''' moimanduku “to fear” || '''158.''' fuza “dust”
+|-
+| '''3.''' li “he/she/it” <br> le “he/she/it” || '''55.''' iufa “seed” || '''107.''' simiguku “to sleep” || '''159.''' epsponda “earth”
+|-
+| '''4.''' jo “we” <br> ju “we” || '''56.''' wekkima “leaf” || '''108.''' seuku “to live” || '''160.''' cirua “cloud”
+|-
+| '''5.'''  fu “you” <br> fo “you” ||''' 57.''' ifuda “root” || '''109.''' midonaku “to die” || '''161.''' efonda “fog”
+|-
+| '''6.''' rlo “they” <br> rlu “they” || '''58.''' ganze “bark” || '''110.''' monaku “to kill” || '''162.''' sumuno “sky”
+|-
+| '''7.''' kima “this” || '''59.''' ekuya “flower” || '''111.''' syensyenku “to fight” || '''163.''' uigura “wind”
+|-
+| '''8.''' cyusmu “that” || '''60.''' ewajò “grass” || '''112.''' instuku “to hunt”  || '''164.''' safou “snow”
+|-
+| '''9.''' oigu “here” || '''61.''' vojogugo  “rope” || '''113.''' jutaku “to hit” || '''165.''' usryo “ice”
+|-
+| '''10.''' toigan “there” || '''62.''' sua “skin” || '''114.''' cyinsyaku “to cut” || '''166.''' tthà “smoke”
+|-
+| '''11.''' niri “who” || '''63.''' sigamè “meat” || '''115.''' ifiusaku “to split” || '''167.''' onfu “fire”
+|-
+| '''12.''' nuru “what” || '''64.''' laus “blood” || '''116.''' cyinku “to stab” || '''168.''' asga “ash”
+|-
+| '''13.''' nara “where” || '''65.''' kiyu “bone” || '''117.''' zowaku “to scratch” || '''169.''' finku “to burn”
+|-
+| '''14.''' senu “when” || '''66.''' syaywa “fat” || '''118.''' duyswaku “to dig” || '''170.''' ernu “road”
+|-
+| '''15.''' nere “how” || '''67.''' cyutu “egg” || '''119.''' yuwonku “to swim” || '''171.''' masmaraytha “mountain”
+|-
+| '''16.''' mu “not” || '''68.''' cuiru “horn” || '''120.''' foku “to fly” || '''172.''' esami “red”
+|-
+| '''17.''' ciro “all” || '''69.''' kabana “tail” || '''121.''' qupiku “to walk” || '''173.''' vilo “green”
+|-
+| '''18.''' saso “many” || '''70.''' icyema “feather” || '''122.''' fiwaku “to come” || '''174.''' siki “yellow”
+|-
+| '''19.''' èymu “some” || '''71.''' ekans “hair” || '''123.''' luranku “to lie” || '''175.''' intupo “white”
+|-
+| '''20.''' turu “few” || '''72.''' euwa “head” <br>       avisto “head” || '''124.''' goseku “to sit” || '''176.''' kana “black”
+|-
+| '''21.''' nyere “other” || '''73.''' icyya “ear” || '''125.''' dhoku “to stand” || '''177.''' fansa “night”
+|-
+| '''22.''' ukun “one” || '''74.''' irs “eye” || '''126.''' klaustaku “to turn” || '''178.''' qouqo “day”
+|-
+| '''23.''' bomo “two” || '''75.''' wekkordi “nose” || '''127.''' abaluku “to fall” || '''179.''' sibuo “year”
+|-
+| '''24.''' istiu “three” || '''76.''' ganago “mouth” || '''128.''' qubaku “to give” || '''180.''' irro “warm”
+|-
+| '''25.''' gù “four” || '''77.''' dasano “tooth” || '''129.''' ìrupoku “to hold” || '''181.''' veklo “cold”
+|-
+| '''26.''' fradru “five” || '''78.''' tayuto “tongue” || '''130.''' kankanku “to squeeze” || '''182.''' fatyu “full”
+|-
+| '''27.''' rdo “big” || '''79.''' sugusa “fingernail” || '''131.''' yefeyku “to rub” || '''183.''' dubu “new”
+|-
+| '''28.''' civo “long” || '''80.''' ftu “foot” || '''132.''' thosuku “to wash” || '''184.''' usarda “old”
+|-
+| '''29.''' èvua “wide” || '''81.''' cyìsu “leg” || '''133.''' konskauku “to wipe” || '''185.''' doso “good”
+|-
+| '''30.''' fiju “thick” || '''82.''' urne “knee” || '''134.''' tyisàfku “to pull” || '''186.''' wamoru “bad”
+|-
+| '''31.''' kketans “heavy” || '''83.''' payyu “hand” || '''135.''' irsku “to push” || '''187.''' turon “rotten”
+|-
+| '''32.''' frè “little” || '''84.''' katauga “wing” || '''136.''' siloku “to throw” || '''188.''' fonye “dirty”
+|-
+| '''33.''' dhaufi “short” || '''85.''' qudra “belly” || '''137.''' farssaku “to tie” || '''189.''' rsiniu “straight”
+|-
+| '''34.''' thaie “narrow” || '''86.''' isura “guts” || '''138.''' suruaku “to sew” || '''190.''' unga “round”
+|-
+| '''35.''' noroi “thin” || '''87.''' cyunis “neck” || '''139.''' pripiku “to count” || '''191.''' zan “sharp”
+|-
+| '''36.''' aqewa “woman” || '''88.''' tunu “back” || '''140.''' egaku “to say” || '''192.''' uws “dull”
+|-
+| '''37.''' nata “man” || '''89.''' beyou “breast” || '''141.''' okhoaku “to sing” || '''193.''' lanans “smooth”
+|-
+| '''38.''' kunapurang “human being” || '''90.''' potumok “heart” || '''142.''' sayenku “to play” || '''194.''' ttidu “wet”
+|-
+| '''39.''' gosru “child” || '''91.''' urs “liver” || '''143.''' balaku “to float” || '''195.''' eptira “dry”
+|-
+| '''40.''' yanas “wife” || '''92.''' khaku “to drink” || '''144.''' gaku “to flow” || '''196.''' porsaya “correct”
+|-
+| '''41.''' vogvokfu “husband” || '''93.''' dyasyidyaku “to eat” || '''145.''' tyaku “to freeze” || '''197.''' neuno “near”
+|-
+| '''42.''' dhiza “mother” || '''94.''' salajuku “to bite” || '''146.''' ungoku “to swell” || '''198.''' oriyu “far”
+|-
+| '''43.''' dhista “father” || '''95.''' gagauku “to suck” || '''147.''' wokla “sun” || '''199.''' rere “right”
+|-
+| '''44.''' varana “animal” || '''96.''' optuku “to spit” || '''148.''' ukuyu “moon” || '''200.''' uburo “left”
+|-
+| '''45.''' ufto “fish” || '''97.''' ikhyoku “to vomit” || '''149.''' syalasya “star” || '''201.''' gila “at”
+|-
+| '''46.''' vavau “bird” || '''98.''' fufuku “to blow” || '''150.''' gloppo “water” || '''202''' òma “in”
+|-
+| '''47.''' arafra “dog” || '''99.''' akhaku “to breathe” || '''151.''' syunurusyya “rain” || '''203.''' gippu “with”
+|-
+| '''48.''' wasama “louse” || '''100.''' khogoku “to laugh” || '''152.''' jewa “river” || '''204.''' igi “and”
+|-
+| '''49.''' sirun “snake” || '''101.''' ivriku “to see” || '''153.''' sawara “lake” || '''205.''' nave “if”
+|-
+| '''50.''' ugirsu “worm” || '''102.''' ìkhìku “to hear” || '''154.''' èbdwa “sea” || '''206.''' ruga “because”
+|-
+| '''51.''' misuzi “tree” || '''103.''' ouku “to know” || '''155.''' saza “salt” || '''207.''' impo “name”
+|-
+| '''52.''' misuzirda “forest” || '''104.''' àbàku “to think” || '''156.''' thuturnu “stone” ||
+|}
 == Dialects ==
@@ Line 288: / Line 402: @@
 *No zero realization on S markers.
 *Relativization occurs on both Subjects and Obliques(Relative Pronouns)
-*It is considered balanced on “when” and purpose clauses, although Old Vethari being classified as Balanced/Deranked.
+*It is considered Balanced/Deranked on “when” and purpose clauses, although Old Vethari being classified only as Balanced.
 *On Action Nominal Constructions, Vethari is classified with this structure, as Double-Possessive, with other similar languages being Maltese, Latvian and Japanese.
 *Because of a little bit of suppletion according to tense, like Pipil and Hixkaryana, it is difficult for learners, however the Highlands dialect has other irregular verbs with changes also in aspect, having suppletion on both Tense and Aspect, like Nahuatl and Burushaski. Old Vethari had suppletion only on aspects, and when evolving, they became tense suppletion forms, like Ika, Wichita and Numggubuyu.
-* Modal verbs appear before the main verb. Some other are not needed, like “must” that in stead, uses or the Imperative or the Vetitive for it. The subjunctive may sometimes full the work of a modal verb in a sentence. Vethari modal verbs are etymologically related to Gimiiratopi’s coverbs. Modal verbs are defective verbs, as in English, which such verbs only have one form. In Vethari, the verbs can not be conjugated, thus being used alone before the verb, just like English.
+* Modal verbs appear before the main verb. Some other are not needed, like “must” that in stead, uses or the Imperative or the Vetitive for it. The subjunctive may sometimes full the work of a modal verb in a sentence. Vethari modal verbs are etymologically related to Gimiiratopi’s coverbs. Modal verbs are defective verbs, as in English, which such verbs only have one form. In Vethari, these verbs can not be conjugated, thus being used alone before the verb, just like English.
+===Personal Infinitive===
+The Personal Infinitive usually occurs on structures like “for (pronoun) (infinitive)”, for example “for us to be”. They only conjugate for person, however other pronouns are took back for their normal forms(includes excluding the case), for example “us > we”, “me > I”. For example:
+: Jo-cyi-lye-riu-syo
+: 1PL.AGT-IND-FUT-be-IMI
+: For us to be.
+In this case, “syo” is the personal infinitive suffix for the Agentive subject “jo”, “we”.
+=== The Supines and the Gerundive ===
+The supine is used on main verbs on purpose clauses. It is also used to explain why something is done. They come as a particle right after the verb complex: “tumi”.
+: Dhiza li-cyi-ga-masu-tuw ta-cyi-Ø-ruma-prosezyun tumi.
+: mother 3SG.AGT-IND-PST-take-1SG.PAT.INDR.OBJ 1SG.AGT-IND-PRES-watch-procession SUP
+: 'Mother took me to watch the procession'.
+: Ta-cyi-rja-so-komu-ru ugirigasiku tumi!
+: 1SG.AGT-IND-AOR-do.AOR-that-2SG.PAT protect SUP
+: I did that to protect you!
+The other supine comes after a verb with an adjective. The particle “muturai” is used. For example:
+: Piro vi-cyi-Ø-karu-tu muturai…
+: hard 2SG.AGT-IND-PRES-believe-1SG.PAT SUP
+: Hard to believe… (Literally: Hard you believe I)
+: Cara li-cyi-suri-komu siranku muturai!
+: amazing 3SG.AGT-IND-be-that say SUP
+: It’s amazing to say! (Literally: Amazing that is to say).
+The Gerundive is no longer used on colloquial speech, however it is used on formal writing and old people’s vocabulary. It worked almost the same way as Latin, however it disappeared from common texts, being left on the Old Vethari language.
 ==== Volitional Verbs ====
 There are some verb pairs that distinguish volition, some only used with Agentive subjects and others only with Patientive subjects. For example: Nimoku 'to see' (only Agentive) and Pasoku 'to look' (only patientive). The same way with English on the examples, with 'to see' being only intentional and 'to look' being unintentional. Other notable example is Dyirauku 'to hear' (only Agentive) and Misubuku 'to listen' (only Patientive). Although if the argument, in theory, has to be in the other case, it’s not possible to change, as they function as defective verbs, because they can’t change their cases.
@@ Line 466: / Line 613: @@
 === Nouns ===
-Like verbs, complete noun forms are based on affixes, that change by classes. There are specific affixes for each category; Case, Class, Number and Definiteness. There are no genders, instead, there are classes. Although there are different affixes for each class, there is no Patientive and Singular affix on every class.
+Like verbs, complete noun forms are based on affixes, that change by classes. Nouns have case syncretism. There are specific affixes for each category; Case, Class, Number and Definiteness. There are no genders, instead, there are classes. Although there are different affixes for each class, there is no Patientive and Singular affix on every class.
 ====Classes of Nouns and their affixes====
@@ Line 810: / Line 957: @@
 Relative clauses, which are demarcated with the particle ''jau'' also serve to emphasize the subject on the clause, for example: “Me ''that'' went there yesterday” instead of just “I went there yesterday”. Also serve to exclaim that something was on purpose, whether the speaker’s assumption is correct or not. Relative clauses use Relative Pronouns.
-: Jau li-cyi-rja-suy-evirdau-lia!
+: Jau li-cyi-rja-suy-evirdau-mia!
-: RM 3SG.AGT-IND-AOR-take-pen-3SG.AGT.DAT.INDR.OBJ
+: RM 3SG.AGT-IND-AOR-take-pen-1SG.AGT.DAT.INDR.OBJ
 : She that took the pen from me!
 == Sample Text ==
+=== Sample Text ===
+The 1st Article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights translated into Vethari:
+: "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."
+: "Ciro eppola igi yamarù rlucyikleeurrekunapurang muturai piriwasmugrigol igi fidyegasmugrigol. Igi sinyegaloimugayl rlocyiklerjazaniyeeppurotui gippu igi rlayugyulyeappura kocyivauzuqol dhanasgkoryekhlizugel."
+: "Ciro eppola igi yamarù rlu-cyi-kle-Ø-eurre-kunapurang muturai piriwas-mu-gri-Ø-gol igi fidyegas-mu-gri-Ø-gol. Igi sinyegaloi-mu-Ø-Ø-gayl rlo-cyi-kle-rja-zaniye-eppurotui gippu igi rlayu-gyu-lye-appura kocyivau-zu-Ø-qol
+dhanasgkoryekhli-zu-Ø-gel."
+: all free and equal 3PL.PAT-IND-PASS-PRES-born-humanbeing SUP dignity-DEF-PL-PAT-LOC and right-DEF-PL-PAT-LOC | and conscience-DEF-SG-PAT-INS 3PL.AGT-IND-PASS-AOR-endow-reason with and 3PL.AGT.RECP.DO-COND-FUT-act spirit-DEF-SG-LOC brotherhood-DEF-SG-DAT
+: /'ci.ɾo e'pˠo.la 'i.gi ja.ma'ɾɯ ɭu.çi.kle.eu.ɺe.ku.na.pu.ɾang mu.tu'ɾaj pi.ɾi.was.mu.gɾi'gol 'i.gi fi.ʤe.gas.mu.gɾi'gol | 'i.gi si.ɲe.ga.loi.mu'gajl ɭo.çi.kle.ɟa.za.ni.je.e.pˠu.ɾo'tui 'gi.pˠu 'i.gi ɭa.ju.ʝu.ʎe.a.pˠu.ɾa ko.çi.vau.zu'qol ða.nas.gko. ɻe.xli.zu'gel/
+: [ci̞.ɾ̞o̞ eˈpˠʰo̞.la̞ ˈi̞.ɡi̞ ja̠.ma̠ˈɾɯ̟ ɭu̟.çi̟.kʰle̞̽.u̟.ɺe̞.kʰu̟.na̠.pʰu̟.ˈɾãŋ mu̟.tʰu̟ˈɾa̝j̟ pi̞.ɾ̞i̞.ˈwas̟.mu̟.ɡɾi̞ˈgo̞l̪ ˈi̞.ɡi̞ fi̞.ʤe̞̽.ɡas̟.mu̟.ɡɾi̞ˈgo̞l̪] | [ˈi̞.ɡi̞ si̞.ɲe̞̽.ɡa̠.lo̞ɪ̯.mu̟ˈɡaɪ̯l̪ ɭo̟.çi̟.kʰle̞.ɟa̟.za̟.ni̞.je̞.e̞.pˠʰu̟.ɾo̟ˈtʷui̯ ˈɡi̞.pˠʰu̟ ˈi̞.ɡi̞ ɭa̟.ju̠.ʝu̠.ʎe̟.a̟.pˠʰu̟ˈɾa̟ ko̞.çi̟.ˈvau̯.zu̟.qo̞l̪ ða̞.nas̟.gko̠ ɻe̞.xli̞.zu̟ˈɡel̪]
+: ⟦cᶤ̞ⁿ.ɾ̞̹o̞̠ e̞ˈpˠʰ̟̊õ̞˕.lᵊ̠a̞̯ ˈi̞̞.ɡᶤ̞ʲ ja̠͎.ma̠̯ˈɾɯ̟̘ ɭᶳ̟u̟̰.çᶦ̥̈.kʰ˳l̺̹e̞̽.u̟̟.ɺᶯ̹e̞̰.kʰᶴ̟u̟̤.na̠̠.pʰᵊ̰u̟̘.ˈɾãŋ̚]
+mu̟̟.tʰᵓu̟̹ˈɾa̝̠ᵑʲ pi̞̜.ɾ̞͎i̞̹.ˈwᵊa̠s̟̟.mu̟̟.ɡɾᶤ̟i̞ˈɡo̞ɫ̪̞ ˈi̞̞.ɡᶤ̰ fi̞̞.ʤᶦ̞e̞̽.ɡa̠s̟̰.mu̟.ɡɾᶤ̟i̞ˈɡo̞ɫ̪̤] |
+[ˈi̞̞.ɡᶤ̰ si̞͎.ɲᵝ̹e̞̽.ɡᵆa̠.lo̞ɪ̯̟.mu̟̤ˈɡaɪ̯ᶩl̪̰ ɭᶳ̰o̟.çᶦ̥.kʰ˳l̺̟e̞̞.ɟᶣa̟̟.z̪a̠.ni̞̞.je̞.e̞̰.pˠʰᶠ̪u̟̠.ɾo̟ˈtʷᵓu̟ɪ̯ ˈɡᶤ̟.pˠʰᶢu̟̜ ˈi̞.ɡᶤ̰ ɭa̟̰.jᵘu̠.ʝᶲu̠.ʎᵞe̟̟.a̟̠.pˠʰᶠ̪u̟ˈɾa̠]
+[ko̞.çᶦ̰.ˈvᵓau̯ᵊ.zu̟.qo̞l̪̠ ða̞.na̠s̟̟.ᶢko̠ ɻe̞.xᵝli̞̠.zu̟ˈɡel̪̤⟧
 == See Also ==
 * [[Proto-Vethari]]
 * [[Naythiri]]
 * [[Oralathi]]