Vethari: Difference between revisions

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== Morphology ==

Because of not being exclusively concatenative, it is considered that it has something called Conflicting Evidence, also found in Lakhota, Thai, Beja, Chamorro and Gooniyandi. It is Monoexponential, which means that there’s an affix for every category, and not just an affix that covers more than one category at a time, that, differently from Vethari, lots of other closely related languages are Polyexponential. It is Monoexponential for both TAM markers and Cases. On Case Exponence, it takes different affixes for each, for example Case + Number or Case + TAM. Other languages languages like Vethari, where there are different affixes for case and TAM Markers are Spanish and Portuguese.

Going into the TAM Exponence, Vethari can be considered to be put into the TAM+polarity category, since it has the Vetitive mood, that covers negation in the imperative mood, being the only time where this happens in the language. Other languages in this category are Kayardild, Hunzib, Maasai, Mangarrayi and Koyra Chiini.

Vethari has a Dependent-Marking morphology, as well as not being syncretic on both nouns and verbs. It also has a Five-way contrast demonstrative system.

=== Verbs ===

Vethari verbs are constructed by a series of affixes put together with the verb root to form the form. When auxiliary verbs are used, they are put before the verb. The infinitive is the verb root + -ku. The participle is made by putting “fnu” before the verb. When doing the past perfect, “fnu” is put after the conjugation of Gusu(to have). When with (*), it means that it must have the affix.

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* Nouns lose their declension when incorporated into a verb, with only the root remaining, however, sometimes, only the case remains, when there is no affix following the noun.

* Because of Vethari being an Agentive-Default language, Agentive arguments are marked on transitive clauses, while the object is in the Patientive. When on intransitive clauses, the subject may be on either cases basing on volition. If it is Intentional/Not emotionally affected, it is marked with the Agentive case, otherwise, if unintentional or/and emotionally affected, it is marked with the Patientive case. For example: "She died" would be marked with the Agentive case, while "died her" would mean that it was unintentional and it is marked with the Patientive Case. Instead of having specific volitional affixes or infixes to mark emotions/affection or even polypersonal agreement, it has two types for each clause argument.

*Situational and Epistemic modality markers overlap for both possibility and necessity, as English, where the same modals can express the urgency or just the possibility of doing and action.

*No zero realization on S markers.

*Relativization occurs on both Subjects and Obliques(Relative Pronouns)

*It is considered balanced on “when” and purpose clauses, although Old Vethari being classified as Balanced/Deranked.

*On Action Nominal Constructions, Vethari is classified with this structure, as Double-Possessive, with other similar languages being Maltese, Latvian and Japanese.

*Because of a little bit of suppletion according to tense, like Pipil and Hixkaryana, it is difficult for learners, however the Highlands dialect has other irregular verbs with changes also in aspect, having suppletion on both Tense and Aspect, like Nahuatl and Burushaski. Old Vethari had suppletion only on aspects, and when evolving, they became tense suppletion forms, like Ika, Wichita and Numggubuyu.

* Modal verbs appear before the main verb. Some other are not needed, like “must” that in stead, uses or the Imperative or the Vetitive for it. The subjunctive may sometimes full the work of a modal verb in a sentence. Vethari modal verbs are etymologically related to Gimiiratopi’s coverbs. Modal verbs are defective verbs, as in English, which such verbs only have one form. In Vethari, the verbs can not be conjugated, thus being used alone before the verb, just like English.

==== Volitional Verbs ====

There are some verb pairs that distinguish volition, some only used with Agentive subjects and others only with Patientive subjects. For example: Nimoku 'to see' (only Agentive) and Pasoku 'to look' (only patientive). The same way with English on the examples, with 'to see' being only intentional and 'to look' being unintentional. Other notable example is Dyirauku 'to hear' (only Agentive) and Misubuku 'to listen' (only Patientive). Although if the argument, in theory, has to be in the other case, it’s not possible to change, as they function as defective verbs, because they can’t change their cases.

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: I wish he loved me, but unfortunately this won’t happen…

On full noun phrases, the nouns may be on the Patientive case. The adjectives usually come after the noun, so: Noun + Adjective + Relative Clause.

On full noun phrases, the nouns may be on the Patientive case. The adjectives usually come after the noun, so: Noun + Adjective + Relative Clause. The word order changes to OVS when doing the reported speech, with no vocabulary change, just the order.

=== Conjunctions ===

=== Relative and Independent Clauses ===

@@ Line 235: / Line 235: @@
 == Morphology ==
+Because of not being exclusively concatenative, it is considered that it has something called Conflicting Evidence, also found in Lakhota, Thai, Beja, Chamorro and Gooniyandi. It is Monoexponential, which means that there’s an affix for every category, and not just an affix that covers more than one category at a time, that, differently from Vethari, lots of other closely related languages are Polyexponential. It is Monoexponential for both TAM markers and Cases. On Case Exponence, it takes different affixes for each, for example Case + Number or Case + TAM. Other languages languages like Vethari, where there are different affixes for case and TAM Markers are Spanish and Portuguese.
+Going into the TAM Exponence, Vethari can be considered to be put into the TAM+polarity category, since it has the Vetitive mood, that covers negation in the imperative mood, being the only time where this happens in the language. Other languages in this category are Kayardild, Hunzib, Maasai, Mangarrayi and Koyra Chiini.
+Vethari has a Dependent-Marking morphology, as well as not being syncretic on both nouns and verbs. It also has a Five-way contrast demonstrative system.
 === Verbs ===
 Vethari verbs are constructed by a series of affixes put together with the verb root to form the form. When auxiliary verbs are used, they are put before the verb. The infinitive is the verb root + -ku. The participle is made by putting “fnu” before the verb. When doing the past perfect, “fnu” is put after the conjugation of Gusu(to have). When with (*), it means that it must have the affix.
@@ Line 278: / Line 284: @@
 * Nouns lose their declension when incorporated into a verb, with only the root remaining, however, sometimes, only the case remains, when there is no affix following the noun.
 * Because of Vethari being an Agentive-Default language, Agentive arguments are marked on transitive clauses, while the object is in the Patientive. When on intransitive clauses, the subject may be on either cases basing on volition. If it is Intentional/Not emotionally affected, it is marked with the Agentive case, otherwise, if unintentional or/and emotionally affected, it is marked with the Patientive case. For example: "She died" would be marked with the Agentive case, while "died her" would mean that it was unintentional and it is marked with the Patientive Case. Instead of having specific volitional affixes or infixes to mark emotions/affection or even polypersonal agreement, it has two types for each clause argument.
+*Situational and Epistemic modality markers overlap for both possibility and necessity, as English, where the same modals can express the urgency or just the possibility of doing and action.
+*No zero realization on S markers.
+*Relativization occurs on both Subjects and Obliques(Relative Pronouns)
+*It is considered balanced on “when” and purpose clauses, although Old Vethari being classified as Balanced/Deranked.
+*On Action Nominal Constructions, Vethari is classified with this structure, as Double-Possessive, with other similar languages being Maltese, Latvian and Japanese.
+*Because of a little bit of suppletion according to tense, like Pipil and Hixkaryana, it is difficult for learners, however the Highlands dialect has other irregular verbs with changes also in aspect, having suppletion on both Tense and Aspect, like Nahuatl and Burushaski. Old Vethari had suppletion only on aspects, and when evolving, they became tense suppletion forms, like Ika, Wichita and Numggubuyu.
+* Modal verbs appear before the main verb. Some other are not needed, like “must” that in stead, uses or the Imperative or the Vetitive for it. The subjunctive may sometimes full the work of a modal verb in a sentence. Vethari modal verbs are etymologically related to Gimiiratopi’s coverbs. Modal verbs are defective verbs, as in English, which such verbs only have one form. In Vethari, the verbs can not be conjugated, thus being used alone before the verb, just like English.
 ==== Volitional Verbs ====
 There are some verb pairs that distinguish volition, some only used with Agentive subjects and others only with Patientive subjects. For example: Nimoku 'to see' (only Agentive) and Pasoku 'to look' (only patientive). The same way with English on the examples, with 'to see' being only intentional and 'to look' being unintentional. Other notable example is Dyirauku 'to hear' (only Agentive) and Misubuku 'to listen' (only Patientive). Although if the argument, in theory, has to be in the other case, it’s not possible to change, as they function as defective verbs, because they can’t change their cases.
@@ Line 601: / Line 614: @@
 : I wish he loved me, but unfortunately this won’t happen…
-On full noun phrases, the nouns may be on the Patientive case. The adjectives usually come after the noun, so: Noun + Adjective + Relative Clause.
+On full noun phrases, the nouns may be on the Patientive case. The adjectives usually come after the noun, so: Noun + Adjective + Relative Clause. The word order changes to OVS when doing the reported speech, with no vocabulary change, just the order.
 === Conjunctions ===
 === Relative and Independent Clauses ===