Verse:Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature

Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature
Wieber-Muts
Pronunciation	[/ˈviːbɐ ˈmuːts/]
Created by	IlL
Extinct	Developed into Middle Wiebian in 400 v.C.
Language family	Gamedan Pfeunic Wiebic Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qwb

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Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature or Classical Wiebian is the oldest attested form of Wiebian, used as a spoken language until 400 v.C.

Notes on notation

• ⁱ - denotes i-umlaut of the root.
• ^u - denotes u-umlaut of the root.

Orthography

See also: Wiebian/Script.

Phonology

Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature phonology is mostly based on Modern Standard German. Ancient Wiebian also had two clicks ŧ /ǃ/ and đ /ɡǃ/

Phonotactics

(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)

Consonants

Voiceless plosives were lightly aspirated. Auslautverhärtung (obstruent devoicing) occurs word-finally, as in German or Dutch.

Early Ancient Wiebian

Early Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature consonants

		Labial	Lamino-dental	Apico-alveolar	Co-articulated	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/		n /n/			ng /ŋ/
Plosive	voiceless	p /p/	t /t̪/		ŧ /ǃ/		k /k/	/ʔ-/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d̪/		đ /ɡǃ/		g /ɡ/
Fricative		f /f/	ss, sz /s̻/	s /s̺/	ś, sch /ɧ/		ch, h /x/	h /h/
Affricate		pf /pf/	z, tz /ts̻/
Trill				r /r/
Approximant		w /w/		l /l/		j /j/

Gemination was phonemic in Early Ancient Wiebian and was often marked with double letters. The gemination sign, transcribed as c (deriving from the Tergetian letter for the glottal stop), is also often used in Early Ancient Wiebian texts. It acts like the Japanese sokuon symbol: nu swiclen /nuː(ə) s̺wilːən/ 'I slid (intransitive)'. By late Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature most gemination signs fell into disuse and were replaced with double letters. c only survived as part of the graphemes ck for /k/ after a short vowel, and ch [x], which was in complementary distribution with h [h] by that time.

Late Ancient Wiebian

Late Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Co-articulated	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ng /ŋ/
Plosive	voiceless	p /p/	t /t/	ŧ /ǃ/		k, ck /k/		/ʔ-/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d/	đ /ɡǃ/		g /ɡ/
Fricative	voiceless	f /f/	ß /s/	sch /ɧ~ʂ~ʃ/	ch /ç/		ch [χ]	h /h/
	voiced	w /v/	s /z~ʃ~s/
Affricate		pf /pf/	z, tz /ts/	tsch /tʃ~ʈʂ~kɧ/
Trill			r [r]				r /ʀ/
Approximant			l /l/		j /j/

n assimilates before clicks and velar plosives to /ŋ/.

A syllable cannot begin with a vowel in Wiebian. Words beginning with an orthographic vowel begin with a glottal stop initial.

In Late Ancient Wiebian /ʀ/ (from Early Ancient Wiebian /r/) is always vocalized to [ɐ] before a consonant or word-finally (as in North German dialects). /ʀ/ had a special pronunciation [r] for ceremonies, singing and stage performances, and public announcements.

[χ] is an allophone of /ç/ after back vowels.

Vowels

In Early Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature each vowel had an independent length. This changed in Late Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature when vowels before single consonants were lengthened, so that the orthographic final came to determine vowel length. Final -h was also deleted to trigger compensatory lengthening of the vowel, which is why open long vowels are often written with an -h after the vowel.

Early Ancient Wiebian

Early Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature vowels

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/	ie, i, ih /iə~iː/	ü /y/	üe, ü, üh /yə~yː/			u /u/	ue, u, uh /uə~uː/
Mid	e, ä /ɛ/	e, ä /eː/	ö /œ/	ö /øː/	e /ə/		o /o/	o /oː/
Open					a /a/	a /aː/

Diphthongs: au /ɜu/ äu, eu /eʏ~øʏ~eu/ ei /ɛɪ/

Late Ancient Wiebian

Late Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature vowels

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /ɪ/	ie, i /iː/	ü /ʏ/	ü, üh /yː/			u /ʊ/	u, uh /uː/
Mid	e, ä /ɛ/	e, ee, eh, ä, äh /eː/	ö /œ/	ö, öh /øː/	e /ə/		o /ɔ/	o, oo, oh /oː/
Open					a /a/	a, aa, ah /aː/

Diphthongs: au /aʊ/ äu, eu /ɔʏ/ ei /aɪ/

Stress

Syllables may have primary or secondary stress. The first syllable of the root is heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings. The first component of compounds receives primary stress while the subsequent parts receive secondary stress.

Grammar

Parts of speech

Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature inflected nouns with endings. Case/number and personal endings were eventually elided or turned into tone distinctions. Writers were nevertheless expected to write all case and personal endings, until the 1811 v.C. re-standardization of the orthography abolished personal endings as well as most number/case endings.

Nouns

Nouns can be preceded by a definite article ein.

definite article (similarly for possessive pronouns ending in -ein):

• ms: ein eine ein eines
• fs: eine einer einen einer
• dual: einer einer einend einend
• mp: einen einen einst einens
• fp: einer einer einst einen

strong adjective:

• ms: -en -es -e -es
• fs: -e -er -er -en
• dual: -ig -ig -isch -isch
• mp: -te -ten -st -ens
• fp: -er -ern -st -en

Gender

Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. Nouns of each gender take their respective verb endings and pronouns in Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature.

Number

Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature has three numbers, like Proto-Gamedan: singular, dual and plural.

The dual is marked by dual case suffixes.

Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature has many morphological ways of forming plurals, some of which may be combined.

• -e suffix
• -en suffix
• ⁱ-er
• -et suffix
• De- prefix
• ⁱ "de-umlauting" the singular stem
• plural ablaut

The plural form of a noun was unpredictable.

The genitive plural could be in a third ablaut grade.

Case endings

In Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature, nouns are also inflected in 4 cases:

• Nominative: subject
• Accusative: direct object, some adverbial expressions
• Dative: indirect object, some adverbial expressions, possessor after Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature
• Genitive: it's your bog-standard genitive case.
  • The genitive is often "hyphenated" to the word it modifies because of its ambiguity.

First declension
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	Gein	Geiner	Geine
Accusative	Geine	Geiner	Geinen
Genitive	Gein-	Geinend	Geinen-
Dative	Geines, Geins	Geinend	Geinens

Case and adpositions

• đei - from (gen)
• ehr - for (dat)
• gar - to, towards (acc)
• falt - before (dat)
• sie - onto/on (acc/dat)
• kub - into/in (acc/dat)
• bich - with (dat)

Adjectives

Definite: Just one ending, -e

Degree

Wiebian uses analytic constructions for degrees of adjectives.

In Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature, to form the comparative one attaches the semi-serial verb &kloh ('cross') to the predicative form of the adjective. (The same applies to verbs.) The standard of comparison is in the accusative. The superlative is identical to the comparative.

Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature forms the negative comparative by using the adverb quäs hioleng after the finite verb. The standard of comparison is in the dative.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Person →	1			1+2		2
Number →	Singular	Dual	Plural	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Case ↓
Nominative	nu	uhm		wich	winden	sie	lich	linden
Accusative	nue	uhmen		wich	wien	sie	lich	lien
Genitive	inn	uhme		wind	wie	sie	lind	lie
Possessive pronouns	nein	mein		winder	wein	sein	linder	lein
Dative	ins	uhmens		wind	wiens	sies	lind	liens

Wiebian lacks true third-person pronouns. The closest equivalents are the demonstratives mi 'this' and a 'that'.

Verbs

Verbs have stem forms for present, past and verbal noun which are not always distinct. (A similar but more well preserved system is found in Themsarian). Verbs are often additionally marked by auxiliary words to disambiguate the tense, because most forms are identical or very similar.

The three principal parts are thus the present imperative, the past 2s form and the verbal noun.

The citation form is the present stem, which is also the short 2nd person singular imperative in Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature.

Jussive endings are only found in special registers.

Personal endings

In Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature, the verb is also inflected for person.

Athematic stems umlaut in the present for certain persons; thematic stems always umlaut in the preterite.

Imperative endings
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.in	-	-ner	-n
2	-Ø	-ler	-l

Indicative endings
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	i-n	-end	-em
1.in	-	-ner	-en
2	i-er	-ler	-el
3.m	i-n	i-ung	i-e
3.f	i-s

Formation of verbal principal parts

Verbal nouns are formed by one of the following methods:

• -s
• ablaut
• ⁱ-el
• -en
• -ke
• Prefix Ge-

TAM auxiliary constructions

Some tense constructions

Meaning	Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature construction
perfect	duom + [subject]-DAT + (zraf can go here for progressive) + [verb]-VERBAL_NOUN-ACC

Numerals

Cardinals 0-10: ühm, wahm, discher, narg, đauf, sälisch, stuhm, rut, lerz, pfarb, kier

Ordinals are formed with the suffix -er: pfalter, stefter, narger, đaufer, sälischer, stuhmer, ruter, lerzer, pfarber, kierer

Syntax

Word order

Constituents are arranged in V2 order in both Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature and most modern topolects (with more variation allowed in classical poetry). Noun modifiers (adjectives and possessors) almost always precede the modified noun.

Truth value

For negation, Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature uses a negative verb mei (present).

Conjunctions

Conjunctions

• zug - and
• am - or
• sinder - but

Derivational morphology

Some suffixes are pronounced differently depending on the final consonant of the root.

• be-: intensive/applicative/denominal verb prefix (stolen from German)
  • berast 'make powerful, strengthen' < Rast 'power'
• des-: detransitivizing/valency-decreasing
• em-/en-: perfective; causative/valency-incrementing
• ^U-em: adjectival/attributive/place noun suffix
  • Jündemruoger 'tapestry of life'
• -er: collective, augmentative, place noun, resultative
  • Pfuger 'throne' < Pfug 'chair'
  • Ruger 'statue' < rug, rieg, Rugs 'carve'
  • Jenger 'ocean, sea' < Jeng 'water'
• ger-: inceptive, dynamic
  • gerŧest: 'initiate' < ŧest 'run' (intransitive)
• irr- (< PGam *hiz): negative
  • irrbeul 'not straight, unjust' < beul 'straight, just'
• -lein agent noun, someone associated with [NOUN]
  • Winklein 'mortal' < wink- 'die' + -lein
• -mack: resultative, ability
• -null: prototypical member of a set, Ur-
• -nung, -ung: singulative/diminutive
• -s (~ Thm. infinitve -s): verbal nouns, nominalization
• -zi: abstract noun, -ness/-hood
• wech-: perfective/telic
• -zim: characterized by [noun]

Sample texts

The North Wind and the Sun

Ein Simmhall im eine Unde

Wahmer besprillung ein Simmhall im eine Unde, ja klöhen luhs feud, westers zug ŧäches Zemmes Desŧolzes Schammerlein gerzweiden. Ach gerockung, der ein beđecken pfalts gar ein Schammerlein quetzen ahn Zemme, brühnen Grechs der klöhen luhs feud. Ein Simmhall gerschwichten zug reier Rast, sinter jahr aust schwichten a, ahner aust ŧölzen ein Schammerlein ahn Zemme trieg ahn, im berten berts desflästen ein Simmhall đei ahn Gernurts. Immer enhächtes eine Unde ahn ŧächern Fleiđen, im irrsterŧes quitzen ein Schammerlein ahn Zemme. Mieder fügeln ein Simmhall Bereugs, der eine Unde klöhen luhs feud đei and.

The North Wind and the Sun

The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak. They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveler take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveler fold his cloak around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then the Sun shined out warmly, and immediately the traveler took off his cloak. And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1

Reite Wäher desschrefft [] im [] gund [] im []. Ans []

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

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