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| Line 327: |
Line 327: |
| f > b / V_V, l_ | | f > b / V_V, l_ |
| </poem> | | </poem> |
|
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| ===Classical Wiobian===
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| A major source for reconstructing the phonology of Classical Wiobian is borrowings from and into neighboring languages with stable and conservative phonologies, such as [[Trây]]. Modern Wiobic lects are also an important guide.
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| ====Phonotactics====
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| (C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
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| ====Consonants====
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| Classical Wiobian features a greatly simplified system of 23 consonants (comparable to [[Themsarian]], with 22 consonants).
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|
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| Voiceless plosives could either be aspirated or not - the aspirated allophone was in free variation with the unaspirated one. (Und Achtung Deutschsprachige: Im Wiobischen kommt keine Auslautverhärtung vor! This is because I need more open syllables in Modern Wiobian)
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|
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
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| |+ '''Late Classical Wiobian consonants'''
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| ! colspan="2"|
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| ! | Labial
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| ! | Alveolar
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| ! | Palatal
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| ! | Click
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| ! | Velar
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| ! | Labiovelar
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| ! | Glottal
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" | Nasal
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| | '''m''' /m/
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| | '''n''' /n/
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| | [ɲ]
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| | '''ng''' /ŋ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Plosive
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| ! | <small>voiceless</small>
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| | '''p''' /p/
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| | '''t, th''' /t/
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| | '''ŧ''' /!/
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| | '''k''' /k/
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| | '''qu''' /kʷ/
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| | '''Ø, -ḥ''' /ʔ/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>voiced</small>
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| | '''b''' /b/
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| | '''d''' /d/
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| | '''đ''' /g!/
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| | '''g''' /ɡ/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Fricative
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| | '''f''' /f~v/
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| | '''s''' /sʰ/, '''ß''' /s/
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| | '''sch''' /ɧ/
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| | '''ch''' /x~ɣ/
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| | '''h''' /h/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Affricate
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| | '''pf''' /pf/
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| | '''z''' /ts/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Trill
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| | '''r''' /r/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
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| | '''l''' /l/
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| | '''j, -y''' /j/
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| | '''w, -v''' /w/
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| |}
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|
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| ''n'' assimilates before palatal plosives to [ɲ] and before velar plosives to /ŋ/.
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|
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| A syllable cannot begin with a vowel in Wiobian. The "null" initial in the orthography is actually the glottal stop initial.
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|
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| In early Classical Wiobian /h/ and /x/ were allophones in free variation.
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|
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| The gemination sign, transcribed as '''c''', is often used in early classical texts. It acts like the Japanese ''sokuon'' symbol: ''wecl'' /welː/ 'slide! (2nd person singular)'. By late Classical Wiobian most gemination signs fell into disuse and were replaced with double letters. '''c''' only survived as part of the graphemes '''-ck''' for long k, and '''ch''' [x], which must have been in complementary distribution with '''h''' [h] by that time, in view of the fact that ''Nuß-Duom&Eik'' lists [h] and [x] as distinct sounds.
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|
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| All fricatives (namely ''f'', ''þ'', ''s'', ''(c)h'', ''ƕ'') are voiced between voiced segments. The phonemes /θ/ and /ts/ merged into /s/ in late Classical Wiobian; however, only former /θ/ displays the voicing alternation [s~z].
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|
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| Final geminated /ç/ is written '''sch'''.
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|
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| ====Vowels====
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| The vowel system is more complex, distinguishing about 9 vowel qualities with length in stressed syllables.
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|
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| Vowel length was not directly marked on the vowel. In Early Classical Wiobian each vowel had an independent length. This changed in Late Classical Wiobian when vowels before single consonants were lengthened and vowels before two consonants were shortened, so that the orthographic final came to determine vowel length. Thus, ''Tumm'' 'bird' and ''trum'' 'flat' are respectively pronounced in Early Classical Wiobian /tuːmː/ and /trum/, which in Late Classical Wiobian became /tumː/ and /truːm/. Glottal stop finals were also deleted to trigger compensatory lengthening of the vowel, and final [-h] also disappeared, which is why open long vowels are written with an ''-h'' after the vowel.
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|
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ '''Classical Wiobian vowels'''
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! colspan="4" style="width: 180px; " |Front
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| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
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| |-
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''i''' /i/
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| | '''i''' /iː/
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| | '''ü''' /y/
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| | '''ü''' /yː/
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| | '''u''' /u/
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| | '''u''' /uː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close-mid
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| | '''e''' /e/
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| | '''e''' /eː/
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| | '''ö''' /ø/
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| | '''ö''' /øː/
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| | '''e''' /ə/
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| | '''o''' /o/
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| | '''o''' /oː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open-mid
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| | '''ä''' /ɛ/
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| | '''ä''' /ɛː/
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| | '''å''' /ɔ/
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| | '''å''' /ɔː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''a''' /a/
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| | '''a''' /aː/
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| |}
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|
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| Diphthongs: '''au aü ei ia ie io iu uo üö''', pronounced as expected.
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|
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| ====Umlaut processes====
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| Wiobian history and morphology are affected by umlaut processes. The precise conditions are yet to be determined.
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| {{col-begin}}
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| {{col-break}}
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| ''i''-umlaut:
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| *a + i > ä
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| *e + i > i
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| *o + i > ö
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| *u + i > ü
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| *au + i > aü
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| *io + i > üö
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| *ia + i > ie
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| *iu + i > ü
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| {{col-break}}
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| ''u''-umlaut:
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| *a(:) + u > å(:)
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| *e + u > ö
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| *i + u > ü
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| *io + u > üö
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| *iu + u > ü
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| {{col-break}}
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| ''a''-umlaut:
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| *u + a > o
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| *i + a > e
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| {{col-end}}
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|
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| ====Stress====
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| Syllables may have primary or secondary stress. The first syllable of the root is heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings. The first component of compounds receives primary stress while the subsequent parts receive secondary stress.
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|
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| ===Classical Wiobian to Early Middle Wiobian===
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| The development of Classical Wiobian to Middle Wiobian saw tonogenesis and increasing analyticity.
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| ====Initials====
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| <poem>
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| '''Classical Wiobian''':
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| Preinitials/Prefixes: C-V-(n/s)-
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| Initials: s-C-R-
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| </poem>
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| =====No mutation=====
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| <poem>
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| C₁[+plosive]-C₂[+obstruent]- > C₂[+obstruent]-
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| </poem>
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|
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| =====With mutation=====
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| <poem>
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| V-C > C[+lenition]
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| N-C > C[+nasalization]
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| s-C[+obstruent] > C[+obstruent, -voice]
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| C[+obstruent, -voice]-N > N[-voice]
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| C[+obstruent, +voice]-N > N[+voice]
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| </poem>
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|
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| ====Rimes====
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| =====Stressed environments=====
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| Finals after a vowel:
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| *'''-b''' > [-w] + modal
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| *'''-f''' > [-w] + breathy
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| *'''-d, -g''' > + modal
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| *'''-þ, -ß, -h, -ch''' > [-ː] + breathy
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| *'''-ɟ''' > [-j] + modal
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| *'''-s''' > [-j] + breathy
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| *'''-l''' > [-w]/[-j] depending on the vowel + modal
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| *'''-r''' > [-ː] + modal
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| *'''-mp''' > [-m] + glottalized
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| *'''-nd''' > [-n] + glottalized
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| *'''-nz''' > [-ɳ] + glottalized
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| *'''-nk''' > [-ŋ] + glottalized
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| "Entering tone" finals:
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| *'''-p''' > [-p̚]
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| *'''-t''' > [-t̚]
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| *'''-z''' > [-c̚]
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| *'''-k''' > [-k̚]
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|
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| =====Primary stress=====
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| <poem>
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| This is the part of the Great Wiobian Vowel Shift to Early Middle Wiobian:
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|
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| /o u/ > /ʊ/
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| /au ɔː oː/ > /oː/
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| /uo/ > /uː/
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| /ɔ/ > /o/
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| /a/ > /ɔ/
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| /aː/ > /æː/
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| /ɛ/ > /æ/ > /a/
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| /ay/ > /œ̠ː/
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| /ei/ > /ɪː/
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| </poem>
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|
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| =====2ndary stress=====
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| Not very common, analogized to primary stress due to increasing analyticity. Only occurs with some compound word components that have lost their meaning.
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|
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| =====Post-stressed environments=====
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|
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| ===Early Middle Wiobian to Late Middle Wiobian===
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| ====Initials====
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| <poem>
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| palatal > alveolar
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| Cr > retroflex
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| Cl > lateral
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| TONE SPLIT
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| </poem>
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| ====Vowels====
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| <poem>
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| /oː/ > /o/
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| /uː/ > /ʉ/
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| /ʊ/ > /u/
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| /æː/ > /ja/ > /jɔ/
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| /œ̠ː/ > /ɛ/
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| /̠ɛː/ > /jæ/ > /ja/
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| /eː/ > /je/
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| /ø/ > /ə/
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| /øː/ > /ø/
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| /yː/ > /jy/
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| /iː/ > /ji/
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| /ie ia io iu yø/ > /jə jɛ jo ju jø/
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| /ɪː/ > /i/
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| </poem>
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| ====Coda====
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| <poem>
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| /-c/ > /-jk/
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| /-ɲ/ > /-jŋ/
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| /-l/ > /-w/ resp. /-j/ depending on [conditions]
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| /-r/ > /-ː/ resp. /-j/
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| </poem>
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|
| |
| ===Late Middle Wiobian===
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| ====Initials====
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
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| |+ '''Late Middle Wiobian initials'''
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| ! colspan="2"|
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| ! | Labial
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| ! | Dental
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| ! | Alveolar
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| ! | Lateral
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| ! | Retroflex
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| ! | Palatal
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| ! | Velar
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| ! | Glottal
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" | Nasal
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| | /m/
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| |
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| | /n/
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| | /nˡ/
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| | /ɳ/
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| | /ɲ/
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| | /ŋ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Plosive/Affricate
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| ! | <small>plain</small>
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| | /p/
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| | /ts/
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| | /t/
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| | /tɬ/
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| | /ʈʂ/
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| | /tɕ/
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| | /k/
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| | /ʔ/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>aspirated</small>
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| | /pʰ/
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| | /tsʰ/
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| | /tʰ/
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| | /tɬʰ/
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| | /ʈʂʰ/
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| | /tɕʰ/
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| | /kʰ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |Fricative
| |
| | /f/
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| | /s/
| |
| |
| |
| | /ɬ/
| |
| | /ʂ/
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| | /ɕ/
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| | /χ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
| |
| | /w/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | /l/
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| | /ʐ/
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| | /j/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
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|
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| ====Vowels====
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ '''Late Middle Wiobian vowels'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
| |
| ! colspan="4" style="width: 180px; " |Front
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| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
| |
| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>iotated</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>iotated</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>iotated</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>iotated</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="" |Close
| |
| | '''i, ei''' /ɪ/
| |
| | '''ī''' /jɪ/
| |
| | '''ü''' /ʏ/
| |
| | '''ǖ''' /jʏ/
| |
| | '''ū, uo''' /ʉ/
| |
| |
| |
| | '''o, ō, u''' /u/
| |
| | '''iu''' /ju/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="" |Close-mid
| |
| | '''e''' /e/
| |
| | '''ē''' /je/
| |
| | '''ȫ''' /ø/
| |
| | '''üö''' /jø/
| |
| | '''ö''' /ə/
| |
| |
| |
| | '''au, å, å̄, ō''' /o/
| |
| | '''io''' /jo/
| |
| |-
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| ! style="" |Open-mid
| |
| | '''aü''' /ɛ/
| |
| | '''ǟ''' /jɛ/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''a''' /ɔ/
| |
| | '''ia''' /jɔ/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="" |Open
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ä''' /a/
| |
| | '''ā''' /ja/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| After a retroflex consonant iotated vowels lose their iotation, and /i/ resp. /y/ are realized as [ɨ] resp. [ʉ].
| |
|
| |
| ===Late Middle Wiobian to Early Great Wiobian===
| |
| ====Initials====
| |
|
| |
| ====Rimes====
| |