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| =====Post-stressed environments===== | | =====Post-stressed environments===== |
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| ===Early Middle Wiobian===
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| The phonological inventory of Middle Wiobian is inferred from rhyme dictionaries, poetry and transcriptions to and from other languages.
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| ====Phonotactics====
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| ====Initials====
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
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| |+ '''Early Middle Wiobian initials'''
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| ! colspan="2"|
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| ! | Labial
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| ! | Alveolar
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| ! | Palatal
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| ! | Velar
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| ! | Glottal
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" | Nasal
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| ! | <small>voiceless</small>
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| | /m̥/
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| | /n̥/
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| | /ɲ̊/
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| | /ŋ̊/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>voiced</small>
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| | /m/
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| | /n/
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| | /ɲ/
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| | /ŋ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" |Plosive/Affricate
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| ! | <small>plain</small>
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| | /p/
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| | /t/
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| | /tɕ/
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| | /k/
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| | /ʔ/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>voiced</small>
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| | /b/
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| | /d/
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| | /dʑ/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>aspirated</small>
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| | /pʰ/
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| | /tʰ/
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| | /tɕʰ/
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| | /kʰ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Fricative
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| ! | <small>voiceless</small>
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| | /f/
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| | /s/
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| | /ɕ/
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| | /x/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>voiced</small>
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| | /v/
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| | /z/
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| | /ʑ/
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| | /ɣ/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
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| | /w/
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| | /r/, /r̥/, /l/, /l̥/
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| | /j/
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| |}
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| ====Nuclei====
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ '''Early Middle Wiobian vowels'''
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! colspan="4" style="width: 180px; " |Front
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| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
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| |-
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''ī''' /iː/
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| | '''ǖ''' /yː/
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| | '''ū''' /uː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Near-close
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| | '''i''' /ɪ/
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| | '''ei''' /ɪː/
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| | '''ü''' /ʏ/
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| | '''o, u''' /ʊ/
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| | '''uo''' /ʊː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close-mid
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| | '''e''' /e/
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| | '''ē''' /eː/
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| | '''ö''' /ø/
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| | '''ȫ''' /øː/
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| | '''å''' /o/
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| | '''ō''' /oː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open-mid
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| | '''ǟ''' /ɛː/
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| | '''aü''' /œ̠ː/
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| | '''a''' /ɔ/
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| | '''å̄''' /ɔː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''ā''' /æː/
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| | '''ä''' /a/
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| |}
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| ====Coda consonants====
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| The allowed coda consonants are /p t c k m n ɲ ŋ l r w j/, similar to written Khmer or Mường. Plosive finals are unreleased.
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| ====Initial alternations of Early Middle Wiobian====
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| In Middle Wiobian, derivational prefixes have become silent but can trigger four types of initial alternations or mutations. (Stressed/non-silent prefixes are bolded.) Compounding causes mutation too at times.
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| The following tables show the ''usual'' outcomes of alternating environments; they are most valid for instances of initials that come from of simpler onsets. Alternations may be blocked for reflexes of certain complex onsets.
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| =====Lenition=====
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| This mutation is triggered by the prefixes ''be-'', ''þe-'', ''ger-'', '''''i-''''' when the root begins in an aspirated plosive.
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="<!-- width:650px; --> text-align:center;"
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| |-
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| ! Phoneme
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| ! /pʰ/
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| ! /tʰ/
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| ! /tɬʰ/
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| ! /ʈʰ/
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| ! /tɕʰ/
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| ! /kʰ/
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| |-
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| ! Lenited
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| | /v/
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| | /z/
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| | /l/
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| | /ʐ/
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| | /ʑ/
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| | /ɣ/
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| |}
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| =====Nasalization=====
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| This mutation is triggered by the prefixes ''en-'' and ''wen-''.
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="<!-- width:650px; --> text-align:center;"
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| |-
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| ! Phoneme
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| ! /p/
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| ! /pʰ/
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| ! /f/
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| ! /t/
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| ! /tʰ/
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| ! /s/
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| ! /tɬ/
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| ! /tɬʰ/
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| ! /ɬ//
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| ! /ʈ/
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| ! /ʈʰ/
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| ! /ʂ/
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| ! /tɕ/
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| ! /tɕʰ/
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| ! /ɕ/
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| ! /k/
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| ! /kʰ/
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| ! /w/
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| ! /x/
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| ! /ʔ/ < {{recon|h}}, {{recon|ʔ}}
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| ! /ʔ/ < {{recon|q}}
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| |-
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| ! Nasalized
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| | /b/
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| | /m/
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| | /v/
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| | /d/
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| | /n/
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| | /z/
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| | /dɮ/
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| | /nˡ/
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| | /l/
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| | /ɖ/
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| | /ɳ/
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| | /ʐ/
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| | /dʑ/
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| | /ɲ/
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| | /ʑ/
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| |colspan="3"| /ŋ/
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| | /ɣ/, /ŋ/
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| | /m/ or /n/
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| | /ŋ/
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| |}
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| =====Voicing=====
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| This mutation is triggered by the prefixes ''be-'', ''ge-'', ''ger-'', '''''i-''''' when the root begins in certain fricatives.
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="<!-- width:650px; --> text-align:center;"
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| |-
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| ! Phoneme
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| ! /f/
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| ! /s/ <þ>
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| ! /ɫ/*
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| ! /ʂ/*
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| ! /ɕ/
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| ! /x/**
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| |-
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| ! Voiced
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| | /v/
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| | /z/
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| | /l/
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| | /ʐ/
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| | /ʑ/
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| | /ɣ/
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| |}
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| <nowiki>*</nowiki> Only consistently affected by ''productive'' prefixes and compounding (e.g. unstressed prefixes are not productive).<br/>
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| <nowiki>**</nowiki> Has exceptions, where the word takes the last consonant of the prefix as the initial.
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| =====Devoicing=====
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| This mutation is triggered by the prefixes ''deß'' in words beginning with nasals, resonants or aspirated plosives.
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="<!-- width:650px; --> text-align:center;"
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| |-
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| ! Phoneme
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| ! /m/
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| ! /pʰ/
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| ! /n/
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| ! /tʰ/
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| ! /nˡ/
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| ! /tɬʰ/
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| ! /l/
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| ! /ɳ/
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| ! /ʈʰ/
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| ! /ʐ/
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| ! /ɲ/
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| ! /tɕʰ/
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| ! /j/
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| ! /ŋ/
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| ! /kʰ/
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| ! /w/
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| |-
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| ! Devoiced
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| | /m̥/
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| | /p/
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| | /n̥/
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| | /t/
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| | /ɬ/
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| | /tɬ/
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| | /ɬ/
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| | /ɳ̊/
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| | /ʈ/
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| | /ʂ/
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| | /ɲ̊/
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| | /tɕ/
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| | /ɕ/
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| | /ŋ̊/
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| | /k/
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| | /x/
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| |}
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| ====Rimes====
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| ====Stress====
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| ====Tones====
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| Every stressed syllable has tone. There are three tones in syllables ending in a vowel or resonant:
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| *''modal tone'', counterpart to the Chinese level tone
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| *''glottalized tone'', counterpart to the Chinese rising tone
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| *''breathy tone'', counterpart to the Chinese departing tone
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| The breathy tone is used to inflect nouns for case:
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| :''Püll'' /pʰyw/ 'column (nominative)' > ''Püll'''s''''' /pʰyjʰ/ 'column (dative)'
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| :''Fran'' 'mark (nominative)' /freːɐ̯n/ > ''Fran'''s''''' /freːɐ̯ʰn/ 'mark (dative)'
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| No tone change occurs:
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| *when a noun was originally a plural noun and thus takes the ''-ens'' ending for the dative
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| :''Þelort'' /loːt/ 'era, time (nominative)' > ''Þelort'''ens''''' /loːt/ 'era (dative)'
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| *when the noun already has breathy tone
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| :''Klisch'' /klijʰ/ 'prince (nominative)' > ''Klisch'''es''''' /klijʰ/ 'prince (dative)'
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| ===Early Middle Wiobian to Late Middle Wiobian=== | | ===Early Middle Wiobian to Late Middle Wiobian=== |