Natalician: Difference between revisions

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Natalician orthography reflects voice sandhi voicing, a form of consonant mutation with two consonants that meet, and the second is voiced and the first is unvoiced. The first unvoiced consonant {{IPA|[p t f ʃ t͡ʃ θ k s]}} is voiced to {{IPA|[b d v ʒ d͡ʒ ð ɡ z]}}, but the orthography remains unchanged. This usually does not include load words.

====Vowels====

# In native Turkic words, the velar consonants {{IPA|/k, ɡ/}} are [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalized]] to {{IPA|[c, ɟ]}} (similar to [[Russian language|Russian]]) when adjacent to the front vowels {{IPA|/e, i, œ, y/}}. Similarly, the consonant {{IPA|/l/}} is realized as a clear or light {{IPAblink|l̠|l}} next to front vowels (including word finally), and as a velarized {{IPAblink|ɫ̪|ɫ}} next to the central and back vowels {{IPA|/a, ɯ, o, u/}}. These alternations are not indicated orthographically: the same letters {{angbr|k}}, {{angbr|g}}, and {{angbr|l}} are used for both pronunciations. In foreign borrowings and proper nouns, however, these distinct realizations of {{IPA|/k, ɡ, l/}} are [[Contrastive distribution|contrastive]]. In particular, {{IPA|[c, ɟ]}} and clear {{IPAblink|l̠|l}} are sometimes found in conjunction with the vowels {{IPA|[a]}} and {{IPA|[u]}}. This pronunciation can be indicated by adding a [[Circumflex|circumflex accent]] over the vowel: e.g. {{lang|tr|'''gâ'''vur}} ('infidel'), {{lang|tr|mah'''kû'''m}} ('condemned'), {{lang|tr|'''lâ'''zım}} ('necessary'), although the use of this diacritic has become increasingly archaic.{{sfnp|Lewis|2001|pp=3–4, 6–7}} An example of a minimal pair is {{lang|tr|kar}} ('snow') vs. {{lang|tr|kâr}} (with palatalized {{IPA|[c]}}) ('profit').{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}}

# In addition, there is a debatable phoneme, called {{lang|tr|yumuşak g}} ('soft g') and written {{angbr|[[ğ]]}}, which only occurs after a vowel. It is sometimes transcribed {{IPA|/ɰ/}} or {{IPA|/ɣ/}}. Between back vowels, it may be silent or sound like a bilabial [[Glide (linguistics)|glide]]. Between front vowels, it is either silent or realized as {{IPA|[j]}}, depending on the preceding and following vowels. When not between vowels (that is, word finally and before a consonant), it is generally realized as [[vowel length]], lengthening the preceding vowel, or as a slight {{IPA|[j]}} if preceded by a front vowel.{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=7}} According to {{Harvcoltxt|Zimmer|Orgun|1999}}, who transcribe this sound as {{IPA|/ɣ/}}:

#* Word-finally and preconsonantally, it lengthens the preceding vowel.{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}}

#* Between front vowels it is an approximant, either front-velar {{IPAblink|ɰ|ɰ̟}} or palatal {{IPAblink|j}}.{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}}

#* Otherwise, intervocalic {{IPA|/ɣ/}} is phonetically zero (deleted).{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}} Before the loss of this sound, Turkish did not allow vowel sequences in native words, and today the letter {{angbr|ğ}} serves largely to indicate vowel length and vowel sequences where {{IPA|/ɰ/}} once occurred.{{sfnp|Comrie|1997|p=?}}

# The phoneme {{IPA|/ʒ/}} only occurs in loanwords. It's often, but not always, replaced with {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} when it occurs word-initially.

#{{IPAblink|q}} is an allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} before back vowels {{IPA|/a, ɯ, o, u/}} in many dialects in eastern and southeastern Turkey, including Hatay dialect.

#{{IPA|[l]}} can undergo [[Delateralization|delateralisation]] - for example, ''değil'' ("not") is pronounced {{IPA|[de.ij]}} rather than {{IPA|[de.il]}}.

Phonetic notes:

* {{IPA|/m, p, b/}} are [[Bilabial consonant|bilabial]], whereas {{IPA|/f, v/}} vary between bilabial and [[Labiodental consonant|labiodental]].{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=154}}{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=6}}

* Some speakers realize {{IPA|/f/}} as bilabial {{IPAblink|ɸ}} when it occurs before the rounded vowels {{IPA|/y, u, œ, o/}} as well as (although to a lesser extent) word-finally after those rounded vowels. In other environments, it is labiodental {{IPAblink|f}}.{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=6}}

* The main allophone of {{IPA|/v/}} is a voiced labiodental fricative {{IPAblink|v}}. Between two vowels (with at least one of them, usually the following one, being rounded), it is realized as a voiced bilabial approximant {{IPAblink|β̞}}, whereas before or after a rounded vowel (but not between vowels), it is realized as a voiced bilabial fricative {{IPAblink|β}}. Some speakers have only one bilabial allophone.{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=6}}

* {{IPA|/n, t, d, s, z/}} are dental {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|n̪}}, {{IPAplink|t̪}}, {{IPAplink|d̪}}, {{IPAplink|s̪}}, {{IPAplink|z̪}}]}}, {{IPA|/ɫ/}} is velarized dental {{IPAblink|ɫ̪}}, {{IPA|/ɾ/}} is alveolar {{IPAblink|ɾ}}, whereas {{IPA|/l/}} is palatalized post-alveolar {{IPAblink|l̠|l̠ʲ}}.{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|pp=154–155}}{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|pp=5, 7–9}}

** {{IPA|/ɾ/}} is frequently devoiced word-finally and before a voiceless consonant.{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}} According to one source,{{sfnp|Yavuz|Balcı|2011|p=25}} it is only realized as a modal tap intervocalically. Word-initially, a location {{IPA|/ɾ/}} is restricted from occurring in native words, the constriction at the alveolar ridge narrows sufficiently to create frication but without making full contact, {{IPAblink|ɾ̞}}; the same happens in word-final position: {{IPAblink|ɾ̞̊}}{{sfnp|Yavuz|Balcı|2011|p=25}} (which can be mistaken for {{IPA|[ʃ]}} or {{IPA|[ʂ]}} by non-Turkish speakers).

** {{IPA|/ɫ/}} and {{IPA|/l/}} are often also voiceless in the same environments (word-final and before voiceless consonants).{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}}

* Syllable-initial {{IPA|/p, t, c, k/}} are usually aspirated.{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}}

* Final {{IPA|/h/}} may be fronted to a voiceless velar fricative {{IPAblink|x}}.{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}} It may be fronted even further after front vowels, then tending towards a voiceless palatal fricative {{IPAblink|ç}}.

* {{IPA|/b, d, d͡ʒ, ɡ, ɟ/}} are devoiced to {{IPA|[p, t, t͡ʃ, k, c]}} word- and morpheme-finally, as well as before a consonant: {{IPA|/edˈmeɟ/}} ('to do, to make') is pronounced {{IPA|[etˈmec]}}. (This is reflected in the orthography, so that it is spelled {{angbr|etmek}}). When a vowel is added to nouns ending with postvocalic {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, it is [[lenition|lenited]] to {{angbr|ğ}} (see below); this is also reflected in the orthography.<ref group="note">Most monosyllabic words ending in orthographic {{angbr|k}}, such as {{lang|tr|pek}} ('quite'), are phonologically {{IPA|/k c/}}, but nearly all polysyllabic nouns with {{angbr|k}} are phonologically {{IPA|/ɡ/}}. {{Harvcoltxt|Lewis|2001|p=10}}. Proper nouns ending in {{angbr|k}}, such as {{lang|tr|İznik}}, are equally subject to this phonological process but have invariant orthographic rendering.</ref>

===Consonant assimilation===

Because of [[assimilation (phonetics)|assimilation]], an initial voiced consonant of a suffix is devoiced when the word it is attached to ends in a voiceless consonant. For example,

* the [[locative]] of {{lang|tr|şev}} (slope) is {{lang|tr|şev'''d'''e}} (on the slope), but {{lang|tr|şef}} (chef) has locative {{lang|tr|şef'''t'''e}};

* the [[diminutive]] of {{lang|tr|ad}} (name) is {{lang|tr|ad'''c'''ık}} {{IPA|[adˈd͡ʒɯk]}} ('little name'), but {{lang|tr|at}} ('horse') has diminutive {{lang|tr|at'''ç'''ık}} {{IPA|[atˈt͡ʃɯk]}} ('little horse').

===Vowels===

[[file:Natalician_vh_chart.png]]

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When the vowels /i/, /u/ precede or succeed another vowel, they become /j/, /w/ respectively. If both vowels meet one another, only the /i/ will transform into a /j/ while the /u/ remains unchanged.

==== Vowel harmony ====

=== Vowel harmony ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: 1em"

@@ Line 222: / Line 222: @@
 Natalician orthography reflects voice sandhi voicing, a form of consonant mutation with two consonants that meet, and the second is voiced and the first is unvoiced. The first unvoiced consonant {{IPA|[p t f ʃ t͡ʃ θ k s]}} is voiced to {{IPA|[b d v ʒ d͡ʒ ð ɡ z]}}, but the orthography remains unchanged. This usually does not include load words.
-====Vowels====
+# In native Turkic words, the velar consonants {{IPA|/k, ɡ/}} are [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalized]] to {{IPA|[c, ɟ]}} (similar to [[Russian language|Russian]]) when adjacent to the front vowels {{IPA|/e, i, œ, y/}}. Similarly, the consonant {{IPA|/l/}} is realized as a clear or light {{IPAblink|l̠|l}} next to front vowels (including word finally), and as a velarized {{IPAblink|ɫ̪|ɫ}} next to the central and back vowels {{IPA|/a, ɯ, o, u/}}. These alternations are not indicated orthographically: the same letters {{angbr|k}}, {{angbr|g}}, and {{angbr|l}} are used for both pronunciations. In foreign borrowings and proper nouns, however, these distinct realizations of {{IPA|/k, ɡ, l/}} are [[Contrastive distribution|contrastive]]. In particular, {{IPA|[c, ɟ]}} and clear {{IPAblink|l̠|l}} are sometimes found in conjunction with the vowels {{IPA|[a]}} and {{IPA|[u]}}. This pronunciation can be indicated by adding a [[Circumflex|circumflex accent]] over the vowel: e.g. {{lang|tr|'''gâ'''vur}} ('infidel'), {{lang|tr|mah'''kû'''m}} ('condemned'), {{lang|tr|'''lâ'''zım}} ('necessary'), although the use of this diacritic has become increasingly archaic.{{sfnp|Lewis|2001|pp=3–4, 6–7}} An example of a minimal pair is {{lang|tr|kar}} ('snow') vs. {{lang|tr|kâr}} (with palatalized {{IPA|[c]}}) ('profit').{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}}
+# In addition, there is a debatable phoneme, called {{lang|tr|yumuşak g}} ('soft g') and written {{angbr|[[ğ]]}}, which only occurs after a vowel. It is sometimes transcribed {{IPA|/ɰ/}} or {{IPA|/ɣ/}}. Between back vowels, it may be silent or sound like a bilabial [[Glide (linguistics)|glide]]. Between front vowels, it is either silent or realized as {{IPA|[j]}}, depending on the preceding and following vowels. When not between vowels (that is, word finally and before a consonant), it is generally realized as [[vowel length]], lengthening the preceding vowel, or as a slight {{IPA|[j]}} if preceded by a front vowel.{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=7}}  According to {{Harvcoltxt|Zimmer|Orgun|1999}}, who transcribe this sound as {{IPA|/ɣ/}}:
+#* Word-finally and preconsonantally, it lengthens the preceding vowel.{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}}
+#* Between front vowels it is an approximant, either front-velar {{IPAblink|ɰ|ɰ̟}} or palatal {{IPAblink|j}}.{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}}
+#* Otherwise, intervocalic {{IPA|/ɣ/}} is phonetically zero (deleted).{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}}  Before the loss of this sound, Turkish did not allow vowel sequences in native words, and today the letter {{angbr|ğ}} serves largely to indicate vowel length and vowel sequences where {{IPA|/ɰ/}} once occurred.{{sfnp|Comrie|1997|p=?}}
+# The phoneme {{IPA|/ʒ/}} only occurs in loanwords. It's often, but not always, replaced with {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} when it occurs word-initially.
+#{{IPAblink|q}} is an allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} before back vowels {{IPA|/a, ɯ, o, u/}} in many dialects in eastern and southeastern Turkey, including Hatay dialect.
+#{{IPA|[l]}} can undergo [[Delateralization|delateralisation]] - for example, ''değil'' ("not") is pronounced {{IPA|[de.ij]}} rather than {{IPA|[de.il]}}.
+Phonetic notes:
+* {{IPA|/m, p, b/}} are [[Bilabial consonant|bilabial]], whereas {{IPA|/f, v/}} vary between bilabial and [[Labiodental consonant|labiodental]].{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=154}}{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=6}}
+* Some speakers realize {{IPA|/f/}} as bilabial {{IPAblink|ɸ}} when it occurs before the rounded vowels {{IPA|/y, u, œ, o/}} as well as (although to a lesser extent) word-finally after those rounded vowels. In other environments, it is labiodental {{IPAblink|f}}.{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=6}}
+* The main allophone of {{IPA|/v/}} is a voiced labiodental fricative {{IPAblink|v}}. Between two vowels (with at least one of them, usually the following one, being rounded), it is realized as a voiced bilabial approximant {{IPAblink|β̞}}, whereas before or after a rounded vowel (but not between vowels), it is realized as a voiced bilabial fricative {{IPAblink|β}}. Some speakers have only one bilabial allophone.{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=6}}
+* {{IPA|/n, t, d, s, z/}} are dental {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|n̪}}, {{IPAplink|t̪}}, {{IPAplink|d̪}}, {{IPAplink|s̪}}, {{IPAplink|z̪}}]}}, {{IPA|/ɫ/}} is velarized dental {{IPAblink|ɫ̪}}, {{IPA|/ɾ/}} is alveolar {{IPAblink|ɾ}}, whereas {{IPA|/l/}} is palatalized post-alveolar {{IPAblink|l̠|l̠ʲ}}.{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|pp=154–155}}{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|pp=5, 7–9}}
+** {{IPA|/ɾ/}} is frequently devoiced word-finally and before a voiceless consonant.{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}} According to one source,{{sfnp|Yavuz|Balcı|2011|p=25}} it is only realized as a modal tap intervocalically. Word-initially, a location {{IPA|/ɾ/}} is restricted from occurring in native words, the constriction at the alveolar ridge narrows sufficiently to create frication but without making full contact, {{IPAblink|ɾ̞}}; the same happens in word-final position: {{IPAblink|ɾ̞̊}}{{sfnp|Yavuz|Balcı|2011|p=25}} (which can be mistaken for {{IPA|[ʃ]}} or {{IPA|[ʂ]}} by non-Turkish speakers).
+** {{IPA|/ɫ/}} and {{IPA|/l/}} are often also voiceless in the same environments (word-final and before voiceless consonants).{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}}
+* Syllable-initial {{IPA|/p, t, c, k/}} are usually aspirated.{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}}
+* Final {{IPA|/h/}} may be fronted to a voiceless velar fricative {{IPAblink|x}}.{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}} It may be fronted even further after front vowels, then tending towards a voiceless palatal fricative {{IPAblink|ç}}.
+* {{IPA|/b, d, d͡ʒ, ɡ, ɟ/}} are devoiced to {{IPA|[p, t, t͡ʃ, k, c]}} word- and morpheme-finally, as well as before a consonant: {{IPA|/edˈmeɟ/}} ('to do, to make') is pronounced {{IPA|[etˈmec]}}. (This is reflected in the orthography, so that it is spelled {{angbr|etmek}}). When a vowel is added to nouns ending with postvocalic {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, it is [[lenition|lenited]] to {{angbr|ğ}} (see below); this is also reflected in the orthography.<ref group="note">Most monosyllabic words ending in orthographic {{angbr|k}}, such as {{lang|tr|pek}} ('quite'), are phonologically {{IPA|/k c/}}, but nearly all polysyllabic nouns with {{angbr|k}} are phonologically {{IPA|/ɡ/}}. {{Harvcoltxt|Lewis|2001|p=10}}. Proper nouns ending in {{angbr|k}}, such as {{lang|tr|İznik}}, are equally subject to this phonological process but have invariant orthographic rendering.</ref>
+===Consonant assimilation===
+Because of [[assimilation (phonetics)|assimilation]], an initial voiced consonant of a suffix is devoiced when the word it is attached to ends in a voiceless consonant. For example,
+* the [[locative]] of {{lang|tr|şev}} (slope) is {{lang|tr|şev'''d'''e}} (on the slope), but {{lang|tr|şef}} (chef) has locative {{lang|tr|şef'''t'''e}};
+* the [[diminutive]] of {{lang|tr|ad}} (name) is {{lang|tr|ad'''c'''ık}} {{IPA|[adˈd͡ʒɯk]}} ('little name'), but {{lang|tr|at}} ('horse') has diminutive {{lang|tr|at'''ç'''ık}} {{IPA|[atˈt͡ʃɯk]}} ('little horse').
+===Vowels===
 [[file:Natalician_vh_chart.png]]
@@ Line 262: / Line 288: @@
 When the  vowels /i/, /u/ precede or succeed another vowel, they become /j/, /w/ respectively. If both vowels meet one another, only the /i/ will transform into a /j/ while the /u/ remains unchanged.
-==== Vowel harmony ====
+=== Vowel harmony ===
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: 1em"