User:IlL/Sketchbook

PIE in Hebrew

This Hebrew abjadic script is based on the glottalic theory: "voiced" stops are written as Hebrew emphatic consonants, and "breathy voiced" stops are written as voiced stops. Also note that the "palatal" series of stops is transcribed with the Hebrew affricate series (thus showing a coincidental Satem bias).

Consonants
		Labial	Coronal	Dorsal			Laryngeal
				palatal	plain	labial
Nasal		מ *m	נ *n
Plosive	voiceless	פ *p	ת *t	ס *ḱ	כ *k	כ׳ *kʷ
	voiced/ejective?	(פ׳ *b)	ט *d	צ *ǵ	ק *g	ק׳ *gʷ
	(breathy) voiced	ב *bʰ	ד *dʰ	ז *ǵʰ	ג *gʰ	ג׳ *gʷʰ
Fricative			ש *s				א *Ø ה *h₁ ע *h₂ ע׳ *h₃
Liquid			ר *r ל *l
Semivowel				י *y		ו *w

Ablaut grades
אֶ *e	אָ *o
אֵ *ē	אֹ *ō
אְ *Ø

Schleicher's fable

עָ֫וְיְש הֶ֫סְוׂשךֶ׳

h₂ówis h₁ék’wōsk^we

עָ֫וְיְש, יֶ֫שְמְין עְוְלְעְנֶ֫ע נֶאֶ֫הֶשְת, טֶטָרְסֶ הֶ֫סְוָנְש, תָ֫ם, וָ֫זָם קֶ֫׳רְעְוְם וֶ֫זָנְתְם, תָ֫ם, בָ֫רָם מֶ֫צָעְם, תָ֫ם, דְזֶ֫מָנְם עָאְסְ֫ו בֶ֫רָנְתְם. עָ֫וְיְש הֶ֫סְוָבָש אֶוֶוְכֶ׳(ת): סֵרְט עְגְנְוְתָי מָי וְיְטְנְתֶ֫י דְזְמָ֫נְם הֶ֫סְוָנְש עֶ֫זצָנְתְם. הֶ֫סְוׂש הֶוֶוְך׳: סְלְוְדְי, עָוְי! סֵרְט עְגְנְוְתָי וְיְטְנְתְבָ֫ש: דְזֶ֫מֹ(ן), פָ֫תְיְס, עְוְלְנֶ֫עְם עָ֫וְיָם כְ׳נֶוְתְי שֶ֫בָי גִ֫׳רְמָם וֶ֫שְתְרָם; עֶ֫וְיְבָשךֶ׳ וְלְעְנֶ֫ע נֶ֫הֶסְתְי. תָ֫ט סֶסְלְוְוׂ֫ש עָ֫וְיְש עֶ֫צְרָם אֶבְוְקֶ(ת).

h₂ówis, (H)jésmin h₂wlh₂néh₂ ne éh₁est, dedork’e (h₁)ék’wons, tóm, wóg’^hom g^wérh₂um wég’^hontm, tóm, b^hórom még’oh₂m, tóm, d^hg’^hémonm h₂oHk’ú b^hérontm. h₂ówis (h₁)ék’wob^hos ewewk^we(t): k’ḗrd h₂g^hnutoj moj widntéj d^hg’^hmónm (h₁)ék’wons h₂ég’ontm. (h₁)ék’wōs ewewk^w: k’lud^hí, h₂ówi! k’ḗrd h₂g^hnutoj widntb^hós: d^hg’^hémō(n), pótis, h₂wlnéh₂m h₂ówjom k^wnewti séb^hoj g^whérmom wéstrom; h₂éwib^hosk^we h₂wlh₂néh₂ né h₁esti. Tód k’ek’luwṓs h₂ówis h₂ég’rom eb^huge(t).

Wiobian/de

Unter dem Begriff wiobische Sprache(n) (deutsche Aussprache: /ˈviːobɪʃ/ oder /ˈwiːobɪʃ/, bitte!) versteht man eine divergente Gruppe von eng verwandten aber gegenseitig nicht verständlichen gamedanischen Sprachen, die aus dem Proto-Wiobischen abstammen:

• Proto-Wiobisch
  • "Altwiobisch" (die altwiobische Koiné)
    • Modernes Hochwiobisch (Großwiobisch), die moderne Standardsprache, die auf dem in der Hauptstadt Tußtefar gesprochenen Dialekt basiert
    • Gauf-Dialekt, der zweitgrößte Dialekt
    • Kurmer-Dialekt, in dem Kurmer-Gebirge gesprochen
    • Bäntli-Dialekt
    • Watmer-Dialekt, bekannt wegen seines Konservatismus
  • Andere altwiobische Dialekte (oder Sprachen?)

Das Altwiobische gilt als klassische Sprache: es ist die Sprache des wichtigsten monotheistischen Kulturkreises der Ħèregrem-Welt. (Und es ist ja das Germanisch von der gamedanischen Familie! Wie cool ist das?) Seit ihrer Geburt übten allerdings analytische, ein- oder eineinhalbsilbige (mit Wörtern, die aus eine unbetonte Vorsilbe, gefolgt von einer betonten Vollsilbe, bestehen) Nachbarsprachen (ähnlich den Tai-Kadai-, sinotibetischen und austroasiatischen Sprachen in unserer Welt) einen großen Einfluss auf die wiobische Sprache aus. Daher weist Neuwiobsch eine Art von Diglossie auf: das Neuwiobische wird nach der altwiobischen Aussprache geschrieben, die moderne Aussprache weicht jedoch erheblich von jene des Altwiobischen ab, mit fünf Tönen und einer stark beschränkten Silbenstruktur.

Schrift

Die wiobische Schrift ist ein Alphabet wie das themsarische Alphabet.

Die wiobische Schrift besitzt ein Zeichen namens Lusk-Prann ('Bindestrich') und eins namens Je-Huy (wörtl. 'Und-Platz'). Der Lusk-Prann verbindet ein Nomen im Genitiv mit dem von diesem besessenen Nomen. Das Je-Huy verbindet Bestandteile eines koordinativen Nominal- oder Verbkompositums.

Historische Phonologie

Mittelwiobische Phonologie

Anlaute

Anlautwechsel in Mittelwiobisch

In Mittelwiobisch sind ursprünglich unbetonte Präfixe schon früh abgefallen, haben jedoch morphologischen Anlautwechsel in ursprünglich betonten Wortstämmen hinterlassen. Ursprünglich betonte Präfixe (wie etwa i-, 'un-') und Kompositum-Bestandteile sind immer noch ausgesprochen und werden fett dargestellt.

=Lenition=

Diese Anlautmutation verursachen z.B. die Präfixe be-, ge-, ger-, i-, wenn der Wortstamm in einem ursprünglich stimmhaften (nun aspirierten) Plosiv beginnt.

Anlaut	/pʰ/	/tʰ/	/tɬʰ/	/ʈʰ/	/tɕʰ/	/kʰ/
Leniert	/v/	/z/	/l/	/ʐ/	/ʑ/	/ɣ/

=Nasalisation=

Diese Mutation verursachen Präfixe, die in einem Nasalkonsonanten enden, z.B. die Präfixe en- und wen-.

Phonem	/p/	/pʰ/	/f/	/t/	/tʰ/	/s/	/tɬ/	/tɬʰ/	/ɬ//	/ʈ/	/ʈʰ/	/ʂ/	/tɕ/	/tɕʰ/	/ɕ/	/k/	/kʰ/	/w/	/x/
Nasalisiert	/b/	/m/	/v/	/d/	/n/	/z/	/dɮ/	/nˡ/	/l/	/ɖ/	/ɳ/	/ʐ/	/dʑ/	/ɲ/	/ʑ/	/ŋ/			/ɣ/, /ŋ/

=Verstimmhaftung=

Diese Mutation verursachen dieselben Präfixe, die die Mutation Lenition verursachen, wenn der Stamm in bestimmten (stimmlosen) Frikativen beginnt. Diese könnte daher als Untertyp der Lenition betrachtet werden.

Phonem	/f/	/s/	/ɫ/*	/ʂ/*	/ɕ/	/x/**
Mutiert	/v/	/z/	/l/	/ʐ/	/ʑ/	/ɣ/

* Only consistently affected by productive prefixes and compounding (e.g. unstressed prefixes are not productive).
** Bei diesem Anlaut gibt es Ausnahmen, in dem der letzte Konsonant der Präfix der Anlaut des Wortes wird, ohne eine Mutation zu verursachen.

Verstimmlosung

Diese Mutation verursachen Präfixe wie deß-, les- in Wörtern, die mit einem Nasal, Resonant oder aspirierten Plosiv beginnen.

Phoneme	/m/	/pʰ/	/n/	/tʰ/	/nˡ/	/tɬʰ/	/l/	/ɳ/	/ʈʰ/	/ʐ/	/ɲ/	/tɕʰ/	/j/	/ŋ/	/kʰ/	/w/
Mutiert	/m̥/	/p/	/n̥/	/t/	/ɬ/	/tɬ/	/ɬ/	/ɳ̊/	/ʈ/	/ʂ/	/ɲ̊/	/tɕ/	/ɕ/	/ŋ̊/	/k/	/x/

Grammatik

Der bedeutendste Grammatiker des Altwiobischen war Niumer Kait (altwiob. /ˈniumər ˈkeit/), welcher im Jahre 343 v.C. die Grammatik Nuß-Duom&Eik ("Der Klang und die Grundlage der Sprache") verfasste.

Typologie

Typologisch ist Wiobisch eine SVO-Sprache, welche Präpositionen bevorzugt. Nominale Attribute wie Adjektive, Possessive, und Relativsätze werden jedoch vor dem Nomen gestellt.

Flexion

Nota bene: Ein hochgestelltes ^U bezeichnet, dass der Stamm Umlaut erfährt.

Altwiobisch verfügte über ein Flexionssystem, das Substantive in 2 Numeri und 5 Kasus deklinierte und Verben mit Personal-Suffixe konjugierte. In der gesprochenen Sprache haben diese Affixe schnell erodiert und sind meist gänzlich verloren gegangen oder nur in der Form von Anlaut- bzw. Tonwechsel erhalten geblieben. Seit der Reform der wiobischen Rechtschreibung im Jahre 1811 v.C. werden Personal-, Kasus- und Numerus-Affixe in Substantive, Adjektive und Verben nicht mehr verwendet.

Pronomina

Personalpronomina werden noch im Neuwiobischen flektiert:

Personalpronomina

Person →	1		2
Numerus →	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Kasus ↓
Nominativ	in	ƕind	i	lind
Akkusativ	ine	ƕien	ie	lien
Genitiv	ine	ƕie	ie	lie
Dativ	ins	ƕiens	ies	liens
Prädikativ	inte	ƕinte	iete	linte

Substantive

Alle Substantive werden stets großgeschrieben, aber nicht zwangsläufig Wörter, die im Satzanfang stehen.

Wiobische Nominalflexion
Kasus	Singular	Plural
Nominativ	[SINGULARSTAMM]-Ø	[PLURALSTAMM]-Ø
Akkusativ	[SINGULARSTAMM]-e	[PLURALSTAMM]-n
Genitiv	[SINGULARSTAMM]-Ø	[PLURALSTAMM]-(e)
Dativ	[SINGULARSTAMM]-s	[PLURALSTAMM]-ns
Prädikativ	[SINGULARSTAMM]-e	[PLURALSTAMM]-Ø

Modern Wiobian

Modern Standard Wiobian
Wioƀþnuß
Pronunciation	[/ʑù nwə̀/]
Created by	IlL
Native speakers	70 million (2200 v.C.)
Language family	Gamedan Jankeric Wiobian Modern Standard Wiobian
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qwb

Modern Wiobian (Wioƀþnuß /ʑù nwə̀/) is the most widely spoken form of the Wiobian languages. The written language is based on Classical Wiobian and is highly conservative. Spoken Wiobian diverged rapidly from written Wiobian starting from the fall of classical Wioƀermin.

Todo

• Translate a poem from Old Wiobian into Modern Wiobian. A Bach cantata too

Historical phonology

Initials

• *V-C[+plosive +voiced]- > *V-C[+fricative +voiced] (i.e. voiced plosive initials lenite after a prefix vowel. The prefix is later dropped.)
  • Initial alternations: ƀiul /pʰjə̄w/ 'just' : iƀiul /ˈī.vjə̄w/ 'unjust' : ƀeƀiul /vjə̄w/ 'straighten, put in order'
• *VN-C[+plosive]- > *V-C[+nasal] (i.e. plosive initials nasalize after a nasal)
• *V(N)-C[+fricative +voiced] > *V-C[+fricative +voiced] (i.e. fricative initials become voiced after a prefix)
• voiced initials > aspirated initials
• *C[+coronal]r > *C[+retroflex]

Rimes

• -l [-l] > [-w]
  • Zall 'man' /cal/ > /tɕə̄w/
• -r [-r] > [-ː]
• -VC[+fricative] > -V[+breathy tone] > -V[+low tone]
  • Zall(e)ß 'man (accusative)' /cals/ > Zallß /tɕə̀w/
• -VC[+fricative]C[+plosive] > -V[+low tone]C[+plosive]
  • Raßt 'power' /rast/ > /ʐɛ̀t/
• -VC[+plosive] > -V[+glottalized tone] > -V[+high tone]
• -VC[+nasal]C[+plosive] > -VC[+nasal, +homorganic][+high tone]
• -VC[+nasal]-C[+plosive]V > -VC[+nasal, +homorganic][+mid tone]
• -VC[+nasal]C[+plosive]C[+fricative] > -VC[+nasal, +homorganic][+low tone]
• Trochees become monosyllables
  • Janker 'ocean' [ˈjaŋkər] > /jɔ̄ŋ/
• Trisyllables in the form [stem]-suffix-[stem] become trochees

Phonology

Phonotactics

(C)V(C)^T

Words are mainly monosyllabic, occasionally trochees.

Compounds are left-headed and trochaic.

Initials

Modern Wiobian syllables may begin with one of ~40 possible consonants, though the exact number may vary by dialect. The following mapping generally holds in the standard language:

Modern Standard Wiobian initials

		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	voiceless	sm, hm /m̥/	sn, hn /n̥/		smr /ɳ̊/	smi, sni, hmi, hni /ɲ̊/	hng /ŋ̊/*
	voiced	m, mƀ /m/	n, nđ /n/	ml, mƀl, ngl etc. /nˡ/	mr, mƀr, nđr etc. /ɳ/	nɟ, mƀi, nđi etc. /ɲ/	nk, ng, nqu, nw /ŋ/
Plosive/Affricate	plain	p /p/	t /t/	pl, kl /tɬ/	pr, tr etc. /ʈʂ/	z, pi, ti etc. /tɕ/	k, qu /k/	/ʔ/
	voiced	mp /b/	nt /d/	mpl, nkl /dɮ/	mpr, ntr, nkr etc. /ɖʐ/	nz, mpi, nti etc. /dʑ/
	aspirated	ƀ /pʰ/	đ /tʰ/	ƀl, gl /tɬʰ/	ƀr, đr, gr etc. /ʈʂʰ/	ɟ, ƀi, đi etc. /tɕʰ/	g, gu /kʰ/
Fricative	voiceless	f, sw /f/	þ, ß /s/	fl, hl etc. /ɬ/	fr, þr etc. /ʂ/	s, fi, þi etc. /ɕ/	h, ƕ /x/
	voiced	V(n)f, Vƀ /v/	V(n)þ, V(n)ß, Vđ /z/		r, V(n)fr, V(n)þr, etc. /ʐ/	Vs, Vns, wi, etc. /ʑ/	V(n)h, Vg /ɣ/
Approximant		w, V(n)ƕ /w/		l, V(n)fl, etc. /l/		j, li /j/

* Only in loanwords.

Lots of alternation between initials; some consonants arose entirely from alternation.

Rimes

Only the following final coda consonants may occur: [p t k m n ŋ j w].

Tones

Syllables may have high, mid and low tones.

Nouns

The written language has 4 cases. Case markers are restricted to articles only.

Verbs

Personal endings are obsolete. Most Wiobian speakers perceive the personal endings as archaic without knowing what personal ending is appropriate for a given subject.

Verb stems for present and past exist but are often supplemented with auxiliaries.

Dialects

Wiobian dialects vary the most in their degree of phonological conservatism and sound changes from Classical Wiobian. They are often not mutually intelligible, whence the policy that aggressively standardized the language and discouraged use of the dialects. Ironically this has had the effect of some un-etymological back-formations being used in the spellings of some words.

Classical Wiobian

Introduction

Classical Wiobian (/ˈwiːbiən/ or /ˈwiːɵbiən/ Classical Wiobian: wiöƀeme nuß) is a highly divergent Gamedan language spoken in Wiober in the Jankmin area. (cf. Wiobian Janker 'ocean' < PJank *jenkār 'ibid.' (< PGmd *wjénq- 'water') + *-ōr 'collective suffix') Modern Wiobian is written following Old Wiobian orthographical conventions, but is pronounced much differently than Old Wiobian. Wiobians are notable for their monotheistic faith, whose religious text motivated them to preserve the classical orthography even in the wake of stark sound changes.

Classical Wiobian has a grammarian, Niumer Kait (Niumer is the surname and Kait is a male given name).

Todo:

• Translate some Bach cantatas

Historical phonology

• PGam *h- > *0
• PGam *z > *s
• Lateral obstruents become palatal obstruents
• PGam plain stops become fricatives
• PGam voiced stops become aspirated stops
• PGam ejective stops become implosive stops

Phonology of Classical Wiobian

Phonotactics

(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)

Consonants

Classical Wiobian features a greatly simplified system of ~22 consonants (comparable to Themsarian, with 22 consonants).

Voiceless plosives are not aspirated.

Classical Wiobian consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labiovelar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/		n /n/	[ɲ]	ng /ŋ/
Plosive	voiceless	p /p/		t /t/	z /c/	k /k/	qu /kʷ/	/ʔ/
	voiced	ƀ /b/		đ /d/	ɟ /ɟ/	g /ɡ/
Fricative		f /f~v/	þ /θ~ð/	ß /s~z/	s /ç~ʝ/	h, ch /x~ɣ/	ƕ /xʷ~w/
Trill				r /r/
Approximant				l /l/	j /j/		w /w/

Plosives are devoiced and unreleased syllable-finally.

Vowels

The vowel system is more complex.

Classical Wiobian vowels

	Front				Central	Back
	unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	long		short	long
Close	i /i/	i /iː/	ü /y/	ü /yː/		u /u/	u /uː/
Close-mid	e /e/	e /eː/	ö /ø/	ö /øː/	e /ə/	o /o/	o /oː/
Open-mid	ä /ɛ/	ä /ɛː/				å /ɔ/	å /ɔː/
Open	a /a/	a /aː/

Diphthongs: au aü ei ia ie io iö iu uo üö, pronounced as expected.

Stress

The first syllable of the root was heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings.

Orthography

All and only nouns are capitalized.

Nouns

5 cases:

• nominative
• accusative
• genitive
• dative
• predicative

Indefinite article
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ƕieme, me
Accusative	ƕiemeß, meß
Genitive	ƕiemeþ, meþ
Dative	ƕiemes, mes
Predicative	ƕiem

Hiul - wind
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Hiul	Hiule
Accusative	Hiuleß	Hiulen
Genitive	Hiuleþ	Hiule
Dative	Hiules	Hiulens
Predicative	Hiule	Hiule

Verbs

Subject pronouns are not dropped.

• ^U-en: 1st person singular
• -eß: 2nd person singular
• -en: 3rd person singular animate
• -e: 3rd person singular inanimate
• -eme: 1st person plural exclusive
• -en: 1st person plural inclusive
• -el: 2nd person plural
• ^U-e: 3rd person plural

Many verbs have a past tense stem distinct from the present tense stem. However auxiliary constructions are necessary to unambiguously indicate tense.

Present tense reduplicated stem pep-~piep-:

• inn piepen Zalleß 'I love the man'
• ie (m.)/wie (f.) pepeß 'thou lovest'
• þa pepen 's/he loves'
• þan pepe 'it loves'
• uom pepeme 'we (exc.) love'
• ƕind pepen 'we (inc.) love'
• lind pepel 'ye love'
• þute piepe 'they love'

Imperative is formed with the present tense stem:

• pep! 'love (thou)!'
• pepen! 'let us love!'
• pepel! 'love (ye)!'

Past tense stem pie-:

• inn pien 'I loved'
• ie (m.)/wie (f.) pieß 'thou lovedst'
• þa pien 's/he loved'
• þan pie 'it loved'
• om pien/pieme 'we loved'
• lind piel 'ye loved'
• þute pie 'they loved'

Syntax

Relative clauses

na Đrott himm liuwes nükksen, geto uom naß huoleme.

ANA-SG.NOM thief-NOM 2PL-DAT yesterday steal-3SG.AN here 1EX.NOM ANA.ACC see-1EX

This is where we saw the thief that robbed you yesterday. (Note that the demonstrative na both marks the relativized noun and refers to it.)

geto uom himm liuwes nükksen Đrotteß huoleme.

here 1EX.NOM 2PL-DAT yesterday steal-3SG.AN thief-SG.ACC see-1EX

This is where we saw the thief that robbed you yesterday.

geto uom huoleme gaß nükksen liuwes himm gaß Đrotteß.

here 1EX.NOM see-1EX DEF-SG.ACC steal-3SG.AN 2PL-DAT DEF-SG.ACC thief-SG.ACC

This is where we saw the thief that robbed you yesterday.

Derivational morphology

• ^U(-n): nominalization
• ƀe-: transitive verb prefix
• đen-/đer-: causative
• en-: collective
• i- (< PJank *ī < PGam *hiz): negative
• -n: collective, nominalization
• ner-: causative
• uo- (< PJank *ā < PGam *ʔāz-): augmentative
  • Uores 'wolf' < euphemistically derived from Rüös 'dog'
• wen-: perfective/telic

Semitic notes

u/i merge: Ge'ez; a/i merge: (kinda) Hebrew; a/u merge: (kinda) Socovíc as of 3/16/2015

Or maybe settle for this

iómo, ióma, ióme, iomúma, iomíma, iomíma
léla, léla, léla, leláto, leláte, leláte

ásmoro, ásmor; tásmoro, tásmor; tásmori; iásmoro, iásmor; iásmori; násmoro, násmor; tásmoru; iásmoru

North Semlang 2nd try

• still want conditional a/u merger and nasal Vs
• i-umlaut
  • a, u > ø / _Ci
  • ā > é / _Ci
  • u > ø / _Ci
  • ū > ý / _Ci
  • aw > ǿ / _Ci
  • ay > í / _Ci
• need to start from triptotic declension here:

PNSem

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	yawmu	yawmā(mi)	yawmū(ma)
Accusative	yawma	yawmay(mi)	yawmī(ma)
Genitive	yawmi	yawmay(mi)	yawmī(ma)

Early

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	jóm	jómá(mi)	jómú(m)
Accusative	jóm~jómi	jómé(mi)	jómí(m)
Genitive	jómi	jómé(mi)	jómí(m)

Judeo-Indo-Aryan

A modern Indo-Aryan language spoken by Jews in India.

• Use Babylonian Hebrew, not Tiberian Hebrew
• Differs more from Hindustani than Yiddish does from German
• Lot of additional palatalization

Atzòpic

Atzòpic
hìzbut atzòpį
Pronunciation	[[w:Help:IPA|atsəˈpĩ]]
Created by	–
Language family	Zachydic Raxo-Talsmic Ractamic Atzòpic
Early form	Old Atzòpic

Neguąsitł Linguifeczix, acthìzbutètł dǫsix uicìx!

Motivated by Raxic C[+ejective]V > Atzòpic C[-ejective]V[+creaky] - Hence the ejectives disappear.

/ks/ > /xs/ > /ʃ/

Seven cases:

• nominative -Ø
• accusative -z
• genitive -c (animate sg.?)/-z (inanimate sg.?)/-u (animate pl.?)
• dative -tł
• locative-comitative -x
• ablative -ː~ (nasalized vowel)
• instrumental -ːl

Vowels change according to historical stress positions as well as historical ejective consonants. The Ractamic stress/vowel system start out similarly to Latin, but develop in very different directions.

Consonants
		Labial	Coronal		Palatal	Velar		Uvular	Glottal
			central	lateral		plain	labialized
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			[ŋ]
Plosive	tenuis	p /p/	t /t/			c /k/	qu /kʷ/		h /ʔ/
	aspirated	b /pʰ/	d /tʰ/			g /kʰ/	gu /kʷʰ/
Fricative		f /f/	z /s~z/	ł /ɬ/	x /ʃ/				[ʰ~ɦ]
Affricate	tenuis		tz /ts/	tł /tɬ/	tx /tʃ/
	aspirated		dz /tsʰ/	dł /tɬʰ/	dx /tʃʰ/
Approximant			s /ɹ/	l /l/	y /j/		u /w/
Trill			r /r/

Tīzian

Another Ractamic/Neo-Raxic thing

Music theory terminology

• blackwood[10] major: rāmáth 'diurnal'
• blackwood[10] minor: mináth 'nocturnal'
• the different ways of subtly tuning/i.e. well-temperaments are called 'seasons' (that lengthen or shorten the day and night).

Juttjick Kâmrâ' Waong

I.

Juttjick Kâmrâ' Waong,
Ngüe Quur fâm'oy Plaong;
Zott Mâmzäk prâbeis
Loch lea Dâmgnenn Zweis!
Wnirr Jâmtâmlech ngou,
Feytaön zitt zâ Smou
Möt målei Jimkbael,
Seüruz daodue hael

An ever-present companion,
S/he sought us out in our distress,

Talsmic

Themsarian

In Themsarian the topic is NOT prominent - the topic comes immediately after the verb most of the time?

Old Vernacular Talsmic

Old Vernacular Talsmic dialects are largely similar to Noble Themsarian, but there are grammatical, lexical and stylistic differences:

• Using the subject-infinitive more and more, eventually to express various aspectual and modal meanings.
  • The synthetic preterite falls into disuse, being supplanted by the "after infinitive-subject" construction.
• Collapses all state distinctions in adjectives (into the former predicative form)
• The dual is often not used, except for emphasis or stylistic reasons.

Given topic prominence and topicalization = fronting, new (discourse-new) subject is fronted, since it is new topic. Then this becomes a topic prominent/V2 language as in vernacular Talsmic. Relative clauses are by default VSO but can undergo fronting for focus. Discourse-new object is fronted as well.

Qelorian

• The subject of a relative clause is indexed by adding a pronominal suffix on the head (if they are different)

Núrian

"Double Irish" aesthetic? Namely, fricatives 'h' + aspiration written with 'h'. The same could be accomplished with slenderness with...?

Diachronics lab

Pluractionality ≈ antipassive

we exc/inc > we formal/intimate

Demonstrative/definite affix > construct state: PL-clam-those [of the] man > PL-clam-CONST man

Classifiers are in construct state

this CL NOUN > the.GENDER NOUN

apposition NOUN-1SG NOUN > CL-1SG NOUN > of_i-1SG NOUN_i

PREP-3SG NOUN > CASE.SG-NOUN

CONJ VERB NOUN > PREP NOUN

evidential-marking "because" or "therefore", as opposed to the protasis verb

feminine > abstract > honorific

Dili

Dili (diḷi khokši) is a Bonzic language using sizable clitic complexes.

• Relative clauses occur before the noun. There is no marking save the order.

Witcanese

Wetcanese is a mainly agglutinative, head-final language.

Kòtih wanaih kèpwanchè.

1SG.GEN-ERG mother-ERG 1SG.ABS-hate-WIT

My mother used to hate me.

Phonology

Wetcanese has a simple syllable structure relative to most European languages. Permissible syllable shapes are V, CV, VC, CVC, CGV, and CGVC where G is a glide.

Grammar

Nouns

Noun Declension
Number→ Case↓	Singular		Plural
Absolutive	-0		-w, -u
Ergative	-ih		-wih
Dative	-af		-waf
Locative	-him		-uhim, -whim
Ablative	-chay		-uchay, -wchay
Comitative	-yã		-uyã, -wyã
Instrumental	-run		-urun, -wrun
Essive	-hòg		-uhòg, -whòg
Genitive	-t- (see Genitive declension)

Adjectives and Genitives

Adjectives (including genitives) agree with the noun in case and number. Adjectives take the same endings as nouns. However, many adjectives are genitive adjectives formed form nouns, corresponding to the adjectival suffix in other languages.

Genitive Declension
Number→ Case↓	Singular		Plural
Absolutive	-t		-tèw
Ergative	-tih		-twih
Dative	-taf		-twaf
Locative	-thim		-tuhim
Ablative	-tchay		-tuchay
Comitative	-tyã		-tuyã
Instrumental	-tèrun		-turun
Essive	-thòg		-tuhòg
Genitive	-tèt-

Verbs

Verbs in Wetcanese have no tense or aspect inflection; instead, there is evidentiality and mood which can do double duty as certain tenses The irrealis is the default, unmarked mood/evidentiality, serving the role of the infinitive or the future in other languages.

Wetcanese mood/evidentiality affixes
irrealis	-Ø
witness	-chè
emphatic	-kòd
jurative	-tèmuh
quotative	-sha
mirative	-quh
hearsay	-ot
inferential	-eq
assumptive	-rwè
optative	-mes
imperative	-wõ
potential	-hiw
desiderative	-pãs
admonitive	-ay
permissive	-hyè

Phátu nukuchè...

When did I last see it... (lit. When it was_located-I saw...)

The mirative marks new information that the speaker is witnessing. It often corresponds to present tense. In narratives it is used to exhort the listener for attention.

Qayòlih milám hugaquh.

Hey, the demon's chasing the dog!/Behold, the demon chased the dog.

The quotative is used for information from third-party sources deemed to be authoritative. As such it is the evidential most often encountered in narratives.

Qayòlih milám hugasha.

The demon chased the dog. (narrative)

The admonitive is used in prohibitions and warnings, and for negative purpose clauses.

Phi qhashãsay

Do not wander around

ha ãbè mòsipay

lest this be forgotten

Wetcanese makes use of verbal affixes, instead of intonation (like English) or word order (as in some European languages and Celtic/Hebrew), in order to focus a constituent.

Focus prefixes
absolutive	ne-
ergative	hin-
beneficiary	mac-
instrument	qo-
location	ya-
source	hòt-
goal	up-
time	al-

TAM session

Aspect-mood clitics
Ø	aorist
d(i)-	progressive
	prospective
	inceptive
	continuative
	pausative
	resumptive
	cessative
	retrospective

Person-tense clitics
Number→ Person↓	Singulative		Generic/Partitive		Plurative
Present
1	*na-		*xa- (exclusive); *ŋe- (inclusive)
2			*sa-
3	*zə-		*cə-		*za-
Past
1
2
3
Future
1
2
3
Jussive
1
2
3

Person enclitics
Number→ Person↓	Singulative		Generic/Partitive		Plurative
1
2
3

Nominal declension

Declension
Number→	Generic		Partitive				Singulative				Plurative
Definiteness→			Indefinite		Definite		Indefinite		Definite		Indefinite		Definite
Unpossessed
1sg
2sg
3sg.animate
3sg.inanimate
1ex
1in
2pl
3pl.animate
3pl.inanimate
Impersonal
Partitive

No idea if this will work

Conjugation
Infinitive
Active participle
Antipassive participle
Number→ Person↓	Singulative		Collective/Partitive		Plurative
Aorist
Active voice
1
2
3
Passive voice
1
2
Antipassive voice
3
Imperfect
Active voice
1
2
3
Passive voice
1
2
Antipassive voice
3
Imperative
Active voice
1
2
3

plân tròung or tròung plân
/pˤán ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/ or /ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ pˤán/
plân tròung/tròung plân
teacher house/house teacher
The teacher's house

plân mā tròung or tròung mā plân
/pˤán ma̤ ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/ or /ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ ma̤ pˤán/
plân mā tròung/tròung mā plân
teacher INV house/house INV teacher
The teacher of the house

plân mā srâlk tròung
/pˤán ma̤ kˤī ʂákˤ ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/
plân mā srâkl tròung
teacher INV pure house
The house of the teacher of purity

plân mā kli srâlk tròung
/pˤán ma̤ kˤī ʂákˤ ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/
plân mā kli srâkl tròung
teacher INV DELIM pure house
The teacher of the house of purity